澜沧江中游河段中国结鱼栖息地模拟
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摘要
为了定量化评估和预测不同水库流量下泄情况对生物栖息地变化的影响,选取澜沧江特有的经济鱼类——中国结鱼作为指示物种,构建栖息地模型模拟其适宜的生境范围。根据成鱼生活习性和产卵行为等关键因子建立栖息地适宜度评价指标(HSI),通过耦合一维水动力模型和HSI建立中国结鱼栖息地模型。基于模型模拟结果,得到成鱼加权可用面积(WUA_d)和产卵加权可用面积(WUA_s),并运用Mann-Kendall测试分析漫湾大坝建设前后WUA_s和WUA_d的变化趋势。结果表明:漫湾大坝建设期和运行期WUA_s和WUA_d分别发生突变。对中国结鱼的产卵场(WUA_s)而言,大坝对最低和中等级别的栖息地有显著影响,对最优级别的栖息地影响较小;对中国结鱼的成鱼(WUA_d)而言,大坝降低了中等和最优的WUA_d。产卵所需的最佳流量(2 200～3 200 m~3/s)大于成鱼生存所要求的最佳流量(510～760 m~3/s),因此为了给不同时期的鱼类提供适宜的生境,应尽量保持流量的多样性。
In order to quantitatively evaluate and predict the change of habitat for different reservoir discharge, select the Tor sinensis as the indicator species, and establishethe habitat model tosimulate suitable habitat range of it. For the key habitat factors which affects fish adult and spawning behavior of Tor sinensis, the habitat suitability index(HSI) is established according to their living habits. Tor sinensis habitat model isdeveloped by coupling an one-dimensional(1-D) hydraulic model with habitat suitability index(HIS). Based on model simulation results, the Weighted Usable Areas for adult(WUA_d) and spawning(WUA_s) are obtained. The Mann-Kendall test isused to analyze the variation trend of WUA_s and WUA_dbefore and after the construction of the Manwan dam. The result shows that,abrupt respective changes in WUA_d and WUA_soccurreduring the dam construction and operation period. To the spawning site of Tor sinensis(WUA_s), the dam has a remarkable influence upon the minimal and medium level habitats, while less influence on the optimal habitats. And for the adult Tor sinensis(WUA_d),the dam reduced the medium and optimal WUA_d. The pawning required optimal discharge(2 200～3 200 m~3/s) is more than adult required discharge(510～760 m~3/s). So diversity discharges should be maintained to provide suitable habitat for fish of different age.
In order to quantitatively evaluate and predict the change of habitat for different reservoir discharge, select the Tor sinensis as the indicator species, and establishethe habitat model tosimulate suitable habitat range of it. For the key habitat factors which affects fish adult and spawning behavior of Tor sinensis, the habitat suitability index(HSI) is established according to their living habits. Tor sinensis habitat model isdeveloped by coupling an one-dimensional(1-D) hydraulic model with habitat suitability index(HIS). Based on model simulation results, the Weighted Usable Areas for adult(WUA_d) and spawning(WUA_s) are obtained. The Mann-Kendall test isused to analyze the variation trend of WUA_s and WUA_dbefore and after the construction of the Manwan dam. The result shows that,abrupt respective changes in WUA_d and WUA_soccurreduring the dam construction and operation period. To the spawning site of Tor sinensis(WUA_s), the dam has a remarkable influence upon the minimal and medium level habitats, while less influence on the optimal habitats. And for the adult Tor sinensis(WUA_d),the dam reduced the medium and optimal WUA_d. The pawning required optimal discharge(2 200～3 200 m~3/s) is more than adult required discharge(510～760 m~3/s). So diversity discharges should be maintained to provide suitable habitat for fish of different age.
引文
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[23] FABRIS L,LAZZARO G,BUDDENDORF W B,et al.A general analytical approach for assessing the effects of hydroclimatic variability on fish habitat[J].Journal of Hydrology,2018.
[24] LU B,SHEN F,TONG X R,et al.The correlation between fish diversity and hydrological parameters in Lancang-Mekong River and its upper tributaries[J].Journal of Kunming University,2010,32(3):58- 61.
[25] ZHAI H,CUI B,HU B.Prediction of river ecological integrity after cascade hydropower dam construction on the mainstream of rivers in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region (LRGR),China[J].Ecological Engineering,2010,36(4):361- 372.
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[27] HE Y L,ZHANG Y P.The climate characteristics and change trends on basins of Lancangjiang Valley in Yunnan Province[J].Journal of Mountain Research,2004,22(5):539- 548.
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[29] 褚新洛.云南鱼类志(上册)[M].北京:科学出版社,1989.
[30] 中国科学院昆明动物研究所.澜沧江中下游梯级水电站建设对水生生物的影响评估报告[R].昆明:中国科学院昆明动物研究所,2004.
[31] 云南大学生命科学与化学学院,云南省漫湾发电厂.云南澜沧江漫湾水电站库区生态环境与生物资源[M].昆明:云南科技出版社,2000.
[32] ZHANG S H,XIA Z X,WANG T W.A real-time interactive simulation framework for watershed decision making using numerical models and virtual environment[J].Journal of Hydrology,2013,493(24):95- 104.
[33] BENJANKAR R,TONINA D,MCKEAN J.One-dimensional and two-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling derived flow properties:impacts on aquatic habitat quality predictions[J].Earth Surface Processes & Landforms,2015,40(3):340- 356.
[34] RIBEIRO L,KRETSCHMER N,NASCIMENTO J,et al.Evaluating piezometric trends using the Mann-Kendall test on the alluvial aquifers of the Elqui river basin,Chile[J].Hydrological Sciences Journal,2015,60(10):1840- 1852.
[35] FATHIAN F,DEHGHAN Z,BAZRKAR M H,et al.Trends in hydrological and climatic variables affected by four variations of the Mann-Kendall approach in Urmia Lake basin,Iran[J].Hydrological Sciences Journal,2016,61(5):892- 904.
[36] DA SILVA R M,SANTOS C A G,MOREIRA M,et al.Rainfall and river flow trends using Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope estimator statistical tests in the Cobres River basin[J].Natural Hazards,2015,77(2):1205- 1221.
[37] TURNER J,LU H,WHITE I,et al.Absence of 21st century warming on Antarctic Peninsula consistent with natural variability[J].Nature,2016,535(7612):411- 415.
[38] TABARI H,MAROFI S,AEINI A,et al.Trend analysis of reference evapotranspiration in the western half of Iran[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2011,151(2):128- 136.
[39] LIU Q,YANG Z,CUI B.Spatial and temporal variability of annual precipitation during 1961-2006 in Yellow River Basin,China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,361(3- 4):330- 338.
[2] JEREMY ST,DAVID PG,MARK LW,et al.Effects of lowhead dams on riffle-dwelling fishes and macroinvertebrates in a Midwestern River[J].Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,2004,133(3):705- 717.
[3] YI Y J,WANG Z Y,YANG Z F.Two-dimensional habitat modeling of Chinese sturgeon spawning sites[J].Ecological Modelling,2010,221(5):864- 875.
[4] NADON M J,METCALFE R A,WILLIAMS C J,et al.Assessing the effects of dams and waterpower facilities on riverine dissolved organic matter composition[J].Hydrobiologia,2015,744(1):145- 164.
[5] KENNETH F T,RODNEY D G,DENNIS W R.Quantifying flow dependent changes in subyearling fall chinook salmon rearing habitat using two-dimensional spatially explicit modeling[J].North American Journal of Fisheries Management,2002,22(3):713- 726.
[6] YI Y J,WANG Z Y,YANG Z F.Impact of the Gezhouba and Three Gorges Dams on habitat suitability of carps in the Yangtze River.[J].Journal of Hydrology,2010,387(3):283- 291.
[7] MCDONNELL R A,BROOKS S M,MCDONNELL R A.Hierarchical modelling of the environmental impacts of river impoundment based on a GIS.[J].Hydrological Processes,2015,14(11- 12):2123- 2142.
[8] WEN X,LIU Z,LEI X,et al.Future changes in Yuan River ecohydrology:individual and cumulative impacts of climates change and cascade hydropower development on runoff and aquatic habitat quality[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,633:1403- 1417.
[9] 刘明典,陈大庆,段辛斌,等.澜沧江云南段鱼类区系组成与分布[J].中国水产科学,2011,18(1):156- 170.
[10] PASTERNACK G B,BOUNRISAVONG M K,PARIKH K K.Backwater control on riffle-pool hydraulics,fish habitat quality,and sediment transport regime in gravel-bed rivers[J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,357(1- 2):125- 139.
[11] LEE S,KIM S K,CHOI S U.Physical habitat simulation considering stream morphology change due to flood[J].Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers,2014,34(3):805- 812.
[12] CHOI S,KIM S K,CHOI B,et al.Impact of hydropeaking on downstream fish habitat at the Goesan Dam in Korea[J].Ecohydrology,2017,10(6).
[13] MAEDA S.A simulation-optimization method for ecohydraulic design of fish habitat in a canal[J].Ecological Engineering,2013,61(8):182- 189.
[14] 易雨君,程曦,周静.栖息地适宜度评价方法研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2013(5):887- 893.
[15] LI R,CHEN Q,TONINA D,et al.Effects of upstream reservoir regulation on the hydrological regime and fish habitats of the Lijiang River,China[J].Ecological Engineering,2015,76:75- 83.
[16] JOWETT I G.Instream flow methods:a comparison of approaches[J].River Research & Applications,2015,13(2):115- 127.
[17] WEN X,LIU Z,LEI X,et al.Future changes in Yuan River ecohydrology:individual and cumulative impacts of climates change and cascade hydropower development on runoff and aquatic habitat quality.[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,633:1403.
[18] CHEN J X,QIAO R Z,LI W H,et al.Research on the ecological water demand based on physical habitat simulation model[J].Advanced Materials Research,2014,1022:376- 379.
[19] 李若男,陈求稳,吴世勇,等.模糊数学方法模拟水库运行影响下鱼类栖息地的变化[J].生态学报,2010,30(1):128- 137.
[20] 易雨君,张尚弘.长江四大家鱼产卵场栖息地适宜度模拟[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2011(S1):123- 129.
[21] 孙嘉宁,张土乔,Zhu D Z,等.白鹤滩水库回水支流的鱼类栖息地模拟评估[J].水利水电技术,2013,44(10):17- 22.
[22] CEOLA S,PUGLIESE A,VENTURA M,et al.Hydro-power production and fish habitat suitability:assessing impact and effectiveness of ecological flows at regional scale[J].Advances in Water Resources,2018,116:29- 39.
[23] FABRIS L,LAZZARO G,BUDDENDORF W B,et al.A general analytical approach for assessing the effects of hydroclimatic variability on fish habitat[J].Journal of Hydrology,2018.
[24] LU B,SHEN F,TONG X R,et al.The correlation between fish diversity and hydrological parameters in Lancang-Mekong River and its upper tributaries[J].Journal of Kunming University,2010,32(3):58- 61.
[25] ZHAI H,CUI B,HU B.Prediction of river ecological integrity after cascade hydropower dam construction on the mainstream of rivers in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region (LRGR),China[J].Ecological Engineering,2010,36(4):361- 372.
[26] 陈丽晖,何大明.澜沧江-湄公河水电梯级开发的生态影响[J].地理学报,2000(5):577- 586.
[27] HE Y L,ZHANG Y P.The climate characteristics and change trends on basins of Lancangjiang Valley in Yunnan Province[J].Journal of Mountain Research,2004,22(5):539- 548.
[28] 王娟,杜凡,杨宇明,等.中国云南澜沧江自然保护区科学考察研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.
[29] 褚新洛.云南鱼类志(上册)[M].北京:科学出版社,1989.
[30] 中国科学院昆明动物研究所.澜沧江中下游梯级水电站建设对水生生物的影响评估报告[R].昆明:中国科学院昆明动物研究所,2004.
[31] 云南大学生命科学与化学学院,云南省漫湾发电厂.云南澜沧江漫湾水电站库区生态环境与生物资源[M].昆明:云南科技出版社,2000.
[32] ZHANG S H,XIA Z X,WANG T W.A real-time interactive simulation framework for watershed decision making using numerical models and virtual environment[J].Journal of Hydrology,2013,493(24):95- 104.
[33] BENJANKAR R,TONINA D,MCKEAN J.One-dimensional and two-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling derived flow properties:impacts on aquatic habitat quality predictions[J].Earth Surface Processes & Landforms,2015,40(3):340- 356.
[34] RIBEIRO L,KRETSCHMER N,NASCIMENTO J,et al.Evaluating piezometric trends using the Mann-Kendall test on the alluvial aquifers of the Elqui river basin,Chile[J].Hydrological Sciences Journal,2015,60(10):1840- 1852.
[35] FATHIAN F,DEHGHAN Z,BAZRKAR M H,et al.Trends in hydrological and climatic variables affected by four variations of the Mann-Kendall approach in Urmia Lake basin,Iran[J].Hydrological Sciences Journal,2016,61(5):892- 904.
[36] DA SILVA R M,SANTOS C A G,MOREIRA M,et al.Rainfall and river flow trends using Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope estimator statistical tests in the Cobres River basin[J].Natural Hazards,2015,77(2):1205- 1221.
[37] TURNER J,LU H,WHITE I,et al.Absence of 21st century warming on Antarctic Peninsula consistent with natural variability[J].Nature,2016,535(7612):411- 415.
[38] TABARI H,MAROFI S,AEINI A,et al.Trend analysis of reference evapotranspiration in the western half of Iran[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2011,151(2):128- 136.
[39] LIU Q,YANG Z,CUI B.Spatial and temporal variability of annual precipitation during 1961-2006 in Yellow River Basin,China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,361(3- 4):330- 338.
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