Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Giant Long-Runout Landslide: A Case Study of the Gamisi Ancient Landslide in the Upper Minjiang River, China
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摘要
The upper reaches of the Minjiang River are in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, where active faults are well developed and earthquakes frequently occur. Anomalous climate change and the extremely complex geomechanical properties of rock and soil have resulted in a number of geohazards. Based on the analysis of remote sensing interpretations, geological field surveys, geophysical prospecting and geological dating results, this paper discusses the developmental characteristics of the Gamisi ancient landslide in Songpan County, Sichuan Province, and investigates its geological age and formation mechanism. This study finds that the Gamisi ancient landslide is in the periglacial region of the Minshan Mountain and formed approximately 25 ka BP. The landslide initiation zone has a collapse and slide zone of approximately 22.65×106–31.7×106 m3 and shows a maximum sliding distance of approximately 1.42 km, with an elevation difference of approximately 310 m between the back wall of the landslide and the leading edge of the accumulation area. The landslide movement was characterized by a high speed and long runout. During the sliding process, the landslide body eroded and dammed the ancient Minjiang River valley. The ancient river channel was buried 30-60 m below the surface of the landslide accumulation area. Geophysical prospecting and drilling observations revealed that the ancient riverbed was approximately 80-100 m thick. After the dam broke, the Minjiang River was migrated to the current channel at the leading edge of the landslide. The Gamisi ancient landslide was greatly affected by the regional crustal uplift, topography, geomorphology and paleoclimatic change. The combined action of periglacial karstification and climate change caused the limestone at the rear edge of the landslide fractured, thus providing a lithological foundation for landslide occurrence. Intense tectonic activity along the Minjiang Fault, which runs through the middle and trailing parts of the Gamisi ancient landslide, may have been the main factor inducing landsliding. Studying the Gamisi ancient landslide is of great significance for investigating the regional response to paleoclimatic change and geomorphologic evolution of the Minjiang Fault since the late Pleistocene and for disaster prevention and mitigation.
The upper reaches of the Minjiang River are in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, where active faults are well developed and earthquakes frequently occur. Anomalous climate change and the extremely complex geomechanical properties of rock and soil have resulted in a number of geohazards. Based on the analysis of remote sensing interpretations, geological field surveys, geophysical prospecting and geological dating results, this paper discusses the developmental characteristics of the Gamisi ancient landslide in Songpan County, Sichuan Province, and investigates its geological age and formation mechanism. This study finds that the Gamisi ancient landslide is in the periglacial region of the Minshan Mountain and formed approximately 25 ka BP. The landslide initiation zone has a collapse and slide zone of approximately 22.65×106–31.7×106 m3 and shows a maximum sliding distance of approximately 1.42 km, with an elevation difference of approximately 310 m between the back wall of the landslide and the leading edge of the accumulation area. The landslide movement was characterized by a high speed and long runout. During the sliding process, the landslide body eroded and dammed the ancient Minjiang River valley. The ancient river channel was buried 30-60 m below the surface of the landslide accumulation area. Geophysical prospecting and drilling observations revealed that the ancient riverbed was approximately 80-100 m thick. After the dam broke, the Minjiang River was migrated to the current channel at the leading edge of the landslide. The Gamisi ancient landslide was greatly affected by the regional crustal uplift, topography, geomorphology and paleoclimatic change. The combined action of periglacial karstification and climate change caused the limestone at the rear edge of the landslide fractured, thus providing a lithological foundation for landslide occurrence. Intense tectonic activity along the Minjiang Fault, which runs through the middle and trailing parts of the Gamisi ancient landslide, may have been the main factor inducing landsliding. Studying the Gamisi ancient landslide is of great significance for investigating the regional response to paleoclimatic change and geomorphologic evolution of the Minjiang Fault since the late Pleistocene and for disaster prevention and mitigation.
The upper reaches of the Minjiang River are in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, where active faults are well developed and earthquakes frequently occur. Anomalous climate change and the extremely complex geomechanical properties of rock and soil have resulted in a number of geohazards. Based on the analysis of remote sensing interpretations, geological field surveys, geophysical prospecting and geological dating results, this paper discusses the developmental characteristics of the Gamisi ancient landslide in Songpan County, Sichuan Province, and investigates its geological age and formation mechanism. This study finds that the Gamisi ancient landslide is in the periglacial region of the Minshan Mountain and formed approximately 25 ka BP. The landslide initiation zone has a collapse and slide zone of approximately 22.65×106–31.7×106 m3 and shows a maximum sliding distance of approximately 1.42 km, with an elevation difference of approximately 310 m between the back wall of the landslide and the leading edge of the accumulation area. The landslide movement was characterized by a high speed and long runout. During the sliding process, the landslide body eroded and dammed the ancient Minjiang River valley. The ancient river channel was buried 30-60 m below the surface of the landslide accumulation area. Geophysical prospecting and drilling observations revealed that the ancient riverbed was approximately 80-100 m thick. After the dam broke, the Minjiang River was migrated to the current channel at the leading edge of the landslide. The Gamisi ancient landslide was greatly affected by the regional crustal uplift, topography, geomorphology and paleoclimatic change. The combined action of periglacial karstification and climate change caused the limestone at the rear edge of the landslide fractured, thus providing a lithological foundation for landslide occurrence. Intense tectonic activity along the Minjiang Fault, which runs through the middle and trailing parts of the Gamisi ancient landslide, may have been the main factor inducing landsliding. Studying the Gamisi ancient landslide is of great significance for investigating the regional response to paleoclimatic change and geomorphologic evolution of the Minjiang Fault since the late Pleistocene and for disaster prevention and mitigation.
引文
Burchfiel,B.C.,Chen,Z.L.,Liu,Y.P.,and Royden L.H.,1995.Tectonics of the Longmen Shan and adjacent regions.International Geology Review,37(8):661-735.
Burchfiel,B.C.,Royden L.H.,vander Hilst,R.D.,Chen,Z.,King,R.W.,Li,C.,Lv,J.,Yao,H.,and Kirby,E.,2008.Ageological and geophysical context for the Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008,Sichuan,People's Republic of China.GSA Today,18:4-11.
Chai,H.J.,Liu,H.C.,2002.Study on landslide damming of river in upper of Minjiang River.Journal of Mountain Science,20(5):616-620(in Chinese with English abstract).
Chen,S.F.,Wilson,C.J.L.,Deng,Q.D.,Zhao,X.L.,and Zhi,L.L.,1994.Active faulting and block movement associated with large earthquakes in the Minshan and Longmen mountains,northeastern Tibetan plateau.Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth,99(B12):24025-24038.
Cheng,E.L.,1981.Recent tectonic stress field and tectonic movement of the Sichuan province and its vicinity.Acta Seismologica Sinica,3(3):231-241(in Chinese with English abstract).
Densmore,A.L.,Yong,L.,Ellis,M.A.,and Zhou,R.J.,2005.Active tectonics and erosional unloading at the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau.Journal of Mountain Science,2(2):146-154.
Guerrero,J.,and Gutiérrez,F.,2017.Gypsum scarps and asymmetric fluvial valleys in evaporitic terrains.The role of river migration,landslides,karstification and lithology(Ebro River,NE Spain).Geomorphology,297:137-152.
Guo,C.B.,Zhang,Y.S.,Wang,T.,Sun,P.,Jiang,L.W.,Du,Y.B.,and Yang,Z.H.,2017.Discussion on geological hazards and major engineering geological problems in the middle part of the north-south active tectonic zone,China.Journal of Geomechanics,2(5):707-722(in Chinese with English abstract).
Guo,J.,Xu,M.,Zhao,Y.,and He,S.M.,2013.Formation and reactivation mechanism of an ancient landslide in Heshui reservoir of Minjiang River,China.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science and Technology Edition),40(6):721-728(in Chinese with English abstract).
Guo,C.B.,Montgomery,D.R.,Zhang,Y.S.,Wang,K.,and Yang,Z.H.,2015.Quantitative assessment of landslide susceptibility along the Xianshuihe Fault zone,Tibetan Plateau,China.Geomorphology,248(1):93-110.
Guo,C.B.,Zhang,Y.S.,Montgomery D.R.,Du,Y.B.,Zhang,G.Z.,and Wang,S.F.,2016.How unusual is the long-runout of the earthquake-triggered giant Luanshibao landslide,Tibetan Plateau,China?Geomorphology,259:145-154.
Hsu,K.J.,1975.Catastrophic debris streams(sturzstroms)generated by rockfalls.Geological Society of America Bulletin,86(1):129-140.
Hungr,O.,Evans,S.G.,Bovis,M.J.,and Hutchinson,J.N.,2001.A review of the classification of landslides of the flow type.Environmental and Engineering Geoscience,7(3):221-238.
Jiang,L.W.,Wang,S.T.,and Liu,H.C.,2002.Research on hypergene geological hazards in the upstream of Min river.Journal of Geological Hazards and Environment Preservation,13(1):13-17(in Chinese with English abstract).
Kirby,E.,Whipple,K.X.,Burchfiel,B.C.,Tang,W.Q.,and Chen,Z.L.,2000.Neotectonics of the Min Shan,China:implications for mechanisms driving Quaternary deformation along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Geological Society of America Bulletin,112(3):375-393.
Li,F.,Liu,H.G.,Jia,Q.C.,Xu,X.W.,Zhang,X.L.,and Gong,F.,2018.Holocene active characteristics of the northern segment of the Minjiang Fault in the eastern margin of the Tibetan playeau.Seismology and Geology,40(1):97-106(in Chinese with English abstract).
Martel,S.J.,2004.Mechanics of landslide initiation as a shear fracture phenomenon.Marine Geology,203(3):319-339.
Nicoletti,P.G.,Sorrisovalvo,M.,1991.Geomorphic controls of the shape and mobility of rock avalanches.Geological Society of America Bulletin,103(10):1365-1373.
Qiang,H.,Ma,S.H.,and Gong,Y.,1995.Discussions on the Minjiang Fault.Earthquake Research in China,11(2):140-146(in Chinese with English abstract).
Shen,Z.K.,Sun,J.B.,Zhang,P.Z.,Wan,Y.G.,Wang,M.,Roland B,Zeng,Y.H,Gan,W.J.,Liao,H.,and Wang,Q.L.,2009.Slip maxima at fault junctions and rupturing of barriers during the2008 Wenchuan earthquake.Nature Geoscience,2(10):718-724.
Si,J.T.,Liu,S.,2008.Geological features,deformation sequence and evolution of the Minjiang fault on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau.Acta Geologica Sichuan,28(1):1-5(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tang,W.Q.,Liu,Y.P.,Chen,Z.L.,Zhang,Z.Q.,and Zhao,J.X.,2004.The preliminary study of the tectonic activities along the boundary faults around the Minshan uplift,western Sichuan.Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology,24(4):31-34(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tsui,P.C.,Cruden,D.M.,1984.Deformation associated with gypsum karst in the Salt River escarpment,northeastern Alberta.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,21(8):949-959.
Viero,A.,Furlanis,S.,Squarzoni,C.,Teza,G.,Galgaro,A.,and Gianolla,P.,2013.Dynamics and mass balance of the 2007Cima Una rockfall(eastern Alps,Italy).Landslides,10(4):393-408.
Wang,L.S.,Wang,X.Q.,Xu,X.N.,and Cui,J.,2007.What happened on the upstream of Minjiang River in Sichuan Province 20000 years ago.Earth Science Frontiers,14(4):189-196(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,L.S.,Yang,L.Z.,Li,T.B.,and Wei,H.,2000.Evolution mechanism of Jiaochang earthquake landslide on Ming River and its controlling.Journal of Geological Hazards and Environment Preservation,11(3):195-199(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,Y.S.,Huang R.Q.,Duan,H.P.,and Wei,M.,2006.An intensive erosion event in the last glaciation in the west of China.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science and Technology Edition),33(1):73-76(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,P.,Qiu,W.L.,Zhang,B.,Wang,J.C.,2011.Soft-sediment deformation structures in the sediments of Diexi paleodammed lakes in upper reaches of Minjiang River,east Tibet.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,40(4):865-872.
Wang,Y.F.,Cheng,Q.G.,Lin,Q.W.,Li,K.,and Yang,H.F.,2018.Insights into the kinematics and dynamics of the Luanshibao rock avalanche(Tibetan plateau,China)based on its complex surface landforms.Geomorphology,317:170-183.
Wu,R.A.,Zhang,Y.S,Guo,C.B.,Yang,Z.H.,Ren,S.S.,and Tong,B.,2018.Reactivation characteristics and dynamic hazard prediction of an ancient landslide in the east margin of Tibetan Plateau.Environmental Earth Sciences,77(16):573.
Yan,E.C.,Liu,H.C.,and Zhang,Z.Y.,1998.A study on the distribution regularity of landslide in the Minjiang River between Maowen and Wenchuan County.Mountain Research,16(2):109-113(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yuan R.M.,Tang C.L.,Deng Q.H.,2015.Effect of the acceleration component normal to the sliding surface on earthquake-induced landslide triggering.Landslides,12(2):335-344.
Zhang,M.,Yin,Y.P.,Wu,S.R.,and Zhang,Y.S.,2010.Development status and prospects of studies on kinematics of long runout rock avalanches.Journal of Engineering Geology,18(6):805-818(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,Y.Q.,Li,H.L.,Wu,M.L.,and Liao,C.T.,2012.Late Cenozoicthrust and nappe structure along the Minjiang upstream:evidence from a drill hole.Geological review,58(2):215-223(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,H.P.,Liu,S.F.,Yang,N.,Zhang,Y.Q.,and Zhang,G.W.,2010.Geomorphic characteristics of the Minjiang drainage basin(eastern Tibetan plateau)and its tectonic implications:new insights from a digital elevation model study.Island Arc,15(2):239-250.
Zhang,M.,Yin,Y.P.,2013.Dynamics,mobility-controlling factors and transport mechanisms of rapid long-runout rock avalanches in China.Engineering Geology,167(12):37-58.
Zhao,X.L.,Deng,Q.D.,and Chen,S.F.,1994.Tectonic geomorphology of the central segment of the Longmenshan thrust belt,western Sichuan,southwestern China.Seismology and Geology,16(4):422-428(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou,R.J.,Pu,X.H.,He,Y.L.,Li,X.G.,and Ge,T.Y.,2000.Recent activity of Minjiang Fault Zone,uplift of Minshan Block and their relationship with seismicity of Sichuan.Seismology and Geology,22(3):285-294(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou,X.G.,2013.On periglacial karst in the Minshan mountains.Acta Geologica Sichuan,33(4):479-487(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhu,J.L.,2014.A preliminary study on the upper reaches of Minjiang River Terrace.Master's thesis of Chengdu University of technology(in Chinese with English abstract).
Burchfiel,B.C.,Royden L.H.,vander Hilst,R.D.,Chen,Z.,King,R.W.,Li,C.,Lv,J.,Yao,H.,and Kirby,E.,2008.Ageological and geophysical context for the Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008,Sichuan,People's Republic of China.GSA Today,18:4-11.
Chai,H.J.,Liu,H.C.,2002.Study on landslide damming of river in upper of Minjiang River.Journal of Mountain Science,20(5):616-620(in Chinese with English abstract).
Chen,S.F.,Wilson,C.J.L.,Deng,Q.D.,Zhao,X.L.,and Zhi,L.L.,1994.Active faulting and block movement associated with large earthquakes in the Minshan and Longmen mountains,northeastern Tibetan plateau.Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth,99(B12):24025-24038.
Cheng,E.L.,1981.Recent tectonic stress field and tectonic movement of the Sichuan province and its vicinity.Acta Seismologica Sinica,3(3):231-241(in Chinese with English abstract).
Densmore,A.L.,Yong,L.,Ellis,M.A.,and Zhou,R.J.,2005.Active tectonics and erosional unloading at the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau.Journal of Mountain Science,2(2):146-154.
Guerrero,J.,and Gutiérrez,F.,2017.Gypsum scarps and asymmetric fluvial valleys in evaporitic terrains.The role of river migration,landslides,karstification and lithology(Ebro River,NE Spain).Geomorphology,297:137-152.
Guo,C.B.,Zhang,Y.S.,Wang,T.,Sun,P.,Jiang,L.W.,Du,Y.B.,and Yang,Z.H.,2017.Discussion on geological hazards and major engineering geological problems in the middle part of the north-south active tectonic zone,China.Journal of Geomechanics,2(5):707-722(in Chinese with English abstract).
Guo,J.,Xu,M.,Zhao,Y.,and He,S.M.,2013.Formation and reactivation mechanism of an ancient landslide in Heshui reservoir of Minjiang River,China.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science and Technology Edition),40(6):721-728(in Chinese with English abstract).
Guo,C.B.,Montgomery,D.R.,Zhang,Y.S.,Wang,K.,and Yang,Z.H.,2015.Quantitative assessment of landslide susceptibility along the Xianshuihe Fault zone,Tibetan Plateau,China.Geomorphology,248(1):93-110.
Guo,C.B.,Zhang,Y.S.,Montgomery D.R.,Du,Y.B.,Zhang,G.Z.,and Wang,S.F.,2016.How unusual is the long-runout of the earthquake-triggered giant Luanshibao landslide,Tibetan Plateau,China?Geomorphology,259:145-154.
Hsu,K.J.,1975.Catastrophic debris streams(sturzstroms)generated by rockfalls.Geological Society of America Bulletin,86(1):129-140.
Hungr,O.,Evans,S.G.,Bovis,M.J.,and Hutchinson,J.N.,2001.A review of the classification of landslides of the flow type.Environmental and Engineering Geoscience,7(3):221-238.
Jiang,L.W.,Wang,S.T.,and Liu,H.C.,2002.Research on hypergene geological hazards in the upstream of Min river.Journal of Geological Hazards and Environment Preservation,13(1):13-17(in Chinese with English abstract).
Kirby,E.,Whipple,K.X.,Burchfiel,B.C.,Tang,W.Q.,and Chen,Z.L.,2000.Neotectonics of the Min Shan,China:implications for mechanisms driving Quaternary deformation along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Geological Society of America Bulletin,112(3):375-393.
Li,F.,Liu,H.G.,Jia,Q.C.,Xu,X.W.,Zhang,X.L.,and Gong,F.,2018.Holocene active characteristics of the northern segment of the Minjiang Fault in the eastern margin of the Tibetan playeau.Seismology and Geology,40(1):97-106(in Chinese with English abstract).
Martel,S.J.,2004.Mechanics of landslide initiation as a shear fracture phenomenon.Marine Geology,203(3):319-339.
Nicoletti,P.G.,Sorrisovalvo,M.,1991.Geomorphic controls of the shape and mobility of rock avalanches.Geological Society of America Bulletin,103(10):1365-1373.
Qiang,H.,Ma,S.H.,and Gong,Y.,1995.Discussions on the Minjiang Fault.Earthquake Research in China,11(2):140-146(in Chinese with English abstract).
Shen,Z.K.,Sun,J.B.,Zhang,P.Z.,Wan,Y.G.,Wang,M.,Roland B,Zeng,Y.H,Gan,W.J.,Liao,H.,and Wang,Q.L.,2009.Slip maxima at fault junctions and rupturing of barriers during the2008 Wenchuan earthquake.Nature Geoscience,2(10):718-724.
Si,J.T.,Liu,S.,2008.Geological features,deformation sequence and evolution of the Minjiang fault on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau.Acta Geologica Sichuan,28(1):1-5(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tang,W.Q.,Liu,Y.P.,Chen,Z.L.,Zhang,Z.Q.,and Zhao,J.X.,2004.The preliminary study of the tectonic activities along the boundary faults around the Minshan uplift,western Sichuan.Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology,24(4):31-34(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tsui,P.C.,Cruden,D.M.,1984.Deformation associated with gypsum karst in the Salt River escarpment,northeastern Alberta.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,21(8):949-959.
Viero,A.,Furlanis,S.,Squarzoni,C.,Teza,G.,Galgaro,A.,and Gianolla,P.,2013.Dynamics and mass balance of the 2007Cima Una rockfall(eastern Alps,Italy).Landslides,10(4):393-408.
Wang,L.S.,Wang,X.Q.,Xu,X.N.,and Cui,J.,2007.What happened on the upstream of Minjiang River in Sichuan Province 20000 years ago.Earth Science Frontiers,14(4):189-196(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,L.S.,Yang,L.Z.,Li,T.B.,and Wei,H.,2000.Evolution mechanism of Jiaochang earthquake landslide on Ming River and its controlling.Journal of Geological Hazards and Environment Preservation,11(3):195-199(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,Y.S.,Huang R.Q.,Duan,H.P.,and Wei,M.,2006.An intensive erosion event in the last glaciation in the west of China.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science and Technology Edition),33(1):73-76(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,P.,Qiu,W.L.,Zhang,B.,Wang,J.C.,2011.Soft-sediment deformation structures in the sediments of Diexi paleodammed lakes in upper reaches of Minjiang River,east Tibet.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,40(4):865-872.
Wang,Y.F.,Cheng,Q.G.,Lin,Q.W.,Li,K.,and Yang,H.F.,2018.Insights into the kinematics and dynamics of the Luanshibao rock avalanche(Tibetan plateau,China)based on its complex surface landforms.Geomorphology,317:170-183.
Wu,R.A.,Zhang,Y.S,Guo,C.B.,Yang,Z.H.,Ren,S.S.,and Tong,B.,2018.Reactivation characteristics and dynamic hazard prediction of an ancient landslide in the east margin of Tibetan Plateau.Environmental Earth Sciences,77(16):573.
Yan,E.C.,Liu,H.C.,and Zhang,Z.Y.,1998.A study on the distribution regularity of landslide in the Minjiang River between Maowen and Wenchuan County.Mountain Research,16(2):109-113(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yuan R.M.,Tang C.L.,Deng Q.H.,2015.Effect of the acceleration component normal to the sliding surface on earthquake-induced landslide triggering.Landslides,12(2):335-344.
Zhang,M.,Yin,Y.P.,Wu,S.R.,and Zhang,Y.S.,2010.Development status and prospects of studies on kinematics of long runout rock avalanches.Journal of Engineering Geology,18(6):805-818(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,Y.Q.,Li,H.L.,Wu,M.L.,and Liao,C.T.,2012.Late Cenozoicthrust and nappe structure along the Minjiang upstream:evidence from a drill hole.Geological review,58(2):215-223(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,H.P.,Liu,S.F.,Yang,N.,Zhang,Y.Q.,and Zhang,G.W.,2010.Geomorphic characteristics of the Minjiang drainage basin(eastern Tibetan plateau)and its tectonic implications:new insights from a digital elevation model study.Island Arc,15(2):239-250.
Zhang,M.,Yin,Y.P.,2013.Dynamics,mobility-controlling factors and transport mechanisms of rapid long-runout rock avalanches in China.Engineering Geology,167(12):37-58.
Zhao,X.L.,Deng,Q.D.,and Chen,S.F.,1994.Tectonic geomorphology of the central segment of the Longmenshan thrust belt,western Sichuan,southwestern China.Seismology and Geology,16(4):422-428(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou,R.J.,Pu,X.H.,He,Y.L.,Li,X.G.,and Ge,T.Y.,2000.Recent activity of Minjiang Fault Zone,uplift of Minshan Block and their relationship with seismicity of Sichuan.Seismology and Geology,22(3):285-294(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou,X.G.,2013.On periglacial karst in the Minshan mountains.Acta Geologica Sichuan,33(4):479-487(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhu,J.L.,2014.A preliminary study on the upper reaches of Minjiang River Terrace.Master's thesis of Chengdu University of technology(in Chinese with English abstract).
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