Carbon isotope and environmental changes in lakes in arid Northwest China
|
摘要
The stable carbon isotope composition(δ~(13) C) of lacustrine sediments, which can record changes in past environmental conditions such as the C4/C3 terrestrial vegetation composition, has been widely used for the reconstruction of terrestrial ecosystems and global climate changes. It has also been widely used in paleolimnological studies in arid northwestern China. In recent years, however, an increasing number of studies have enriched the environmental significance reflected by the stable carbon isotope geochemistry of lakes; therefore, the interpretation of lake δ~(13) C variations in paleoenvironmental reconstructions should be carefully evaluated from various aspects. In this paper, previous studies from the past several decades on the lacustrineδ~(13) C variations in arid northwestern China were reviewed, and the possible mechanisms of the δ~(13) C variations were discussed.Our study will provide a reference for the application of carbon isotope geochemistry in paleoenvironmental reconstructions.
The stable carbon isotope composition(δ~(13) C) of lacustrine sediments, which can record changes in past environmental conditions such as the C4/C3 terrestrial vegetation composition, has been widely used for the reconstruction of terrestrial ecosystems and global climate changes. It has also been widely used in paleolimnological studies in arid northwestern China. In recent years, however, an increasing number of studies have enriched the environmental significance reflected by the stable carbon isotope geochemistry of lakes; therefore, the interpretation of lake δ~(13) C variations in paleoenvironmental reconstructions should be carefully evaluated from various aspects. In this paper, previous studies from the past several decades on the lacustrineδ~(13) C variations in arid northwestern China were reviewed, and the possible mechanisms of the δ~(13) C variations were discussed.Our study will provide a reference for the application of carbon isotope geochemistry in paleoenvironmental reconstructions.
The stable carbon isotope composition(δ~(13) C) of lacustrine sediments, which can record changes in past environmental conditions such as the C4/C3 terrestrial vegetation composition, has been widely used for the reconstruction of terrestrial ecosystems and global climate changes. It has also been widely used in paleolimnological studies in arid northwestern China. In recent years, however, an increasing number of studies have enriched the environmental significance reflected by the stable carbon isotope geochemistry of lakes; therefore, the interpretation of lake δ~(13) C variations in paleoenvironmental reconstructions should be carefully evaluated from various aspects. In this paper, previous studies from the past several decades on the lacustrineδ~(13) C variations in arid northwestern China were reviewed, and the possible mechanisms of the δ~(13) C variations were discussed.Our study will provide a reference for the application of carbon isotope geochemistry in paleoenvironmental reconstructions.
引文
Aichner B,Feakins S J,Lee J E,Herzschuh U,Liu X.2015.High-resolution leaf wax carbon and hydrogen isotopic record of the late Holocene paleoclimate in arid Central Asia.Clim Past,11:619-633
Aichner B,Herzschuh U,Wilkes H,Vieth A,B?hner J.2010b.δD values of n-alkanes in Tibetan lake sediments and aquatic macrophytes-A surface sediment study and application to a 16 ka record from Lake Koucha.Org Geochem,41:779-790
Aichner B,Herzschuh U,Wilkes H.2010c.Influence of aquatic macrophytes on the stable carbon isotopic signatures of sedimentary organic matter in lakes on the Tibetan Plateau.Org Geochem,41:706-718
Aichner B,Wilkes H,Herzschuh U,Mischke S,Zhang C.2010a.Biomarker and compound-specificδ13C evidence for changing environmental conditions and carbon limitation at Lake Koucha,eastern Tibetan Plateau.J Paleolimnol,43:873-899
An Z,Colman S M,Zhou W,Li X,Brown E T,Jull A J T,Cai Y,Huang Y,Lu X,Chang H,Song Y,Sun Y,Xu H,Liu W,Jin Z,Liu X,Cheng P,Liu Y,Ai L,Li X,Liu X,Yan L,Shi Z,Wang X,Wu F,Qiang X,Dong J,Lu F,Xu X.2012.Interplay between the Westerlies and Asian monsoon recorded in Lake Qinghai sediments since 32 ka.Sci Rep,2:619
Casta?eda I S,Schouten S.2011.A review of molecular organic proxies for examining modern and ancient lacustrine environments.Quat Sci Rev,30:2851-2891
Casta?eda I S,Werne J P,Johnsona T C.2009.Influence of climate change on algal community structure and primary productivity of Lake Malawi(East Africa)from the Last Glacial Maximum to present.Limnol Oceanogr,54:2431-2447
Chen C T A,Lan H C,Lou J Y,Chen Y C.2003.The dry Holocene megathermal in Inner Mongolia.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,193:181-200
Chen J,Wan G,Wang F,Zhang D D,Huang R,Zhang F,Schmidt R.2002.Environmental records of carbon in recent lake sediments.Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,45:875-884
Chikaraishi Y,Naraoka H.2003.Compound-specificδD-δ13C analyses of n-alkanes extracted from terrestrial and aquatic plants.Phytochemistry,63:361-371
Chu G,Sun Q,Xie M,Lin Y,Shang W,Zhu Q,Shan Y,Xu D,Rioual P,Wang L,Liu J.2014.Holocene cyclic climatic variations and the role of the Pacific Ocean as recorded in varved sediments from northeastern China.Quat Sci Rev,102:85-95
Cranwell P A,Eglinton G,Robinson N.1987.Lipids of aquatic organisms as potential contributors to lacustrine sediments-II.Org Geochem,11:513-527
Doberschütz S,Frenzel P,Haberzettl T,Kasper T,Wang J,Zhu L,Daut G,Schwalb A,M?usbacher R.2014.Monsoonal forcing of Holocene paleoenvironmental change on the central Tibetan Plateau inferred using a sediment record from Lake Nam Co(Xizang,China).J Paleolimnol,51:253-266
Duan Y,Wu Y,Cao X,Zhao Y,Ma L.2014.Hydrogen isotope ratios of individual n-alkanes in plants from Gannan Gahai Lake(China)and surrounding area.Org Geochem,77:96-105
Duan Y,Xu L.2012.Distributions of n-alkanes and their hydrogen isotopic composition in plants from Lake Qinghai(China)and the surrounding area.Appl Geochem,27:806-814
Eglinton G,Calvin M.1967.Chemical fossils.Sci Am,216:32-43
Eglinton G,Hamilton R J.1967.Leaf epicuticular waxes.Science,156:1322-1335
Eglinton T I,Eglinton G.2008.Molecular proxies for paleoclimatology.Earth Planet Sci Lett,275:1-16
Fang J,Wu F,Xiong Y,Li F,Du X,An D,Wang L.2014.Source characterization of sedimentary organic matter using molecular and stable carbon isotopic composition of n-alkanes and fatty acids in sediment core from Lake Dianchi,China.Sci Total Environ,473-474:410-421
Ficken K J,Li B,Swain D L,Eglinton G.2000.An n-alkane proxy for the sedimentary input of submerged/floating freshwater aquatic macrophytes.Org Geochem,31:745-749
Filley T R,Freeman K H,Bianchi T S,Baskaran M,Colarusso L A,Hatcher P G.2001.An isotopic biogeochemical assessment of shifts in organic matter input to Holocene sediments from Mud Lake,Florida.Org Geochem,32:1153-1167
Finlay J C,Kendall C.2007.Stable isotope tracing of temporal and spatial variability in organic matter sources to freshwater ecosystems.In:Michener R,Lajtha K,eds.Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science.2nd ed.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing.283-333
Freeman K H,Hayes J M,Trendel J M,Albrecht P.1990.Evidence from carbon isotope measurements for diverse origins of sedimentary hydrocarbons.Nature,343:254-256
Gao L,Hou J,Toney J,MacDonald D,Huang Y.2011.Mathematical modeling of the aquatic macrophyte inputs of mid-chain n-alkyl lipids to lake sediments:Implications for interpreting compound specific hydrogen isotopic records.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,75:3781-3791
Guenther F,Aichner B,Siegwolf R,Xu B,Yao T,Gleixner G.2013.Asynthesis of hydrogen isotope variability and its hydrological significance at the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Quat Int,313-314:3-16
Han J,Calvin M.1969.Hydrocarbon distribution of algae and bacteria,and microbiological activity in sediments.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,64:436-443
Hayes J M,Freeman K H,Popp B N,Hoham C H.1990.Compoundspecific isotopic analyses:A novel tool for reconstruction of ancient biogeochemical processes.Org Geochem,16:1115-1128
Hedges J I,Oades J M.1997.Comparative organic geochemistries of soils and marine sediments.Org Geochem,27:319-361
Hu X,Zhu L,Wang Y,Wang J,Peng P,Ma Q,Hu J,Lin X.2014.Climatic significance of n-alkanes and their compound-specificδD values from lake surface sediments on the Southwestern Tibetan Plateau.Chin Sci Bull,59:3022-3033
Huang Y,Street-Perrott F A,Metcalfe S E,Brenner M,Moreland M,Freeman K H.2001.Climate change as the dominant control on glacialinterglacial variations in C3and C4plant abundance.Science,293:1647-1651
Huang Y,Street-Perrott F A,Perrott R A,Metzger P,Eglinton G.1999.Glacial-interglacial environmental changes inferred from molecular and compound-specificδ13C analyses of sediments from Sacred Lake,Mt.Kenya.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,63:1383-1404
Ishiwatari R,Yamamoto S,Shinoyama S.2006.Lignin and fatty acid records in Lake Baikal sediments over the last 130 kyr:A comparison with pollen records.Org Geochem,37:1787-1802
Jia G,Bai Y,Yang X,Xie L,Wei G,Ouyang T,Chu G,Liu Z,Peng P.2015.Biogeochemical evidence of Holocene East Asian summer and winter monsoon variability from a tropical maar lake in southern China.Quat Sci Rev,111:51-61
Kunst L,Samuels A L.2003.Biosynthesis and secretion of plant cuticular wax.Prog Lipid Res,42:51-80
Liu H,Liu W.2017.Concentration and distributions of fatty acids in algae,submerged plants and terrestrial plants from the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Org Geochem,113:17-26
Liu W G,Yang H,Wang H Y,Yao Y,Wang Z,Cao Y N.2016a.Influence of aquatic plants on the hydrogen isotope composition of sedimentary long-chain n-alkanes in the Lake Qinghai region,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Sci China Earth Sci,59:1368-1377
Liu W,Li X,An Z,Xu L,Zhang Q.2013.Total organic carbon isotopes:Anovel proxy of lake level from Lake Qinghai in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China.Chem Geol,347:153-160
Liu W,Wang Z,Li X.2016b.The contribution of aquatic plants to sedimentary n-alkanesδ13C values using to qualify compositions of terrigenous plants in Lake Qinghai on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(in Chinese).Quat Sci,36:623-629
Liu W,Yang H,Wang H,An Z,Wang Z,Leng Q.2015.Carbon isotope composition of long chain leaf wax n-alkanes in lake sediments:A dual indicator of paleoenvironment in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Org Geochem,83-84:190-201
Liu X,Wang S,Shen J,Zhang E.2003.The variation characteristics and influencing factors of organic carbon isotopes in Lake Qinghai sediments since 16 ka(in Chinese).Prog Nat Sci,13:169-173
Lu H,Liu W,Wang H,Zhang C L.2013.Carbon isotopic composition of isoprenoid tetraether in surface sediments of Lake Qinghai and surrounding soils.Org Geochem,60:54-61
Lücke A,Schleser G H,Zolitschka B,Negendank J F W.2003.A Lateglacial and Holocene organic carbon isotope record of lacustrine palaeoproductivity and climatic change derived from varved lake sediments of Lake Holzmaar,Germany.Quat Sci Rev,22:569-580
Luo C,Liu W,Peng Z,Yang D,He J,Liu G,Zhang P.2008.Stable carbon isotope record of organic matter from the Lop-Nur lacustrine sediment in Xinjiang,northwest China(in Chinese).Quat Sci,28:621-628
Maberly S C,Madsen T V.2002.Freshwater angiosperm carbon concentrating mechanisms:Processes and patterns.Funct Plant Biol,29:393-405
Mead R,Xu Y,Chong J,JafféR.2005.Sediment and soil organic matter source assessment as revealed by the molecular distribution and carbon isotopic composition of n-alkanes.Org Geochem,36:363-370
Meyers P A.2003.Applications of organic geochemistry to paleolimnological reconstructions:A summary of examples from the Laurentian Great Lakes.Org Geochem,34:261-289
Meyers P A,Ishiwatari R.1993.Lacustrine organic geochemistry-An overview of indicators of organic matter sources and diagenesis in lake sediments.Org Geochem,20:867-900
Meyers P A,Lallier-vergés E.1999.Lacustrine sedimentary organic matter records of late Quaternary paleoclimates.J Paleolimnol,21:345-372
Mischke S,Kramer M,Zhang C,Shang H,Herzschuh U,Erzinger J.2008.Reduced early Holocene moisture availability in the Bayan Har Mountains,northeastern Tibetan Plateau,inferred from a multi-proxy lake record.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,267:59-76
Mügler I,Sachse D,Werner M,Xu B,Wu G,Yao T,Gleixner G.2008.Effect of lake evaporation onδD values of lacustrine n-alkanes:Acomparison of Nam Co(Tibetan Plateau)and Holzmaar(Germany).Org Geochem,39:711-729
Nott C J,Xie S,Avsejs L A,Maddy D,Chambers F M,Evershed R P.2000.n-Alkane distributions in ombrotrophic mires as indicators of vegetation change related to climatic variation.Org Geochem,31:231-235
Ostrom P H,Ostrom N E,Henry J,Eadie B J,Meyers P A,Robbins J A.1998.Changes in the trophic state of Lake Erie:Discordance between molecularδ13C and bulkδ13C sedimentary records.Chem Geol,152:163-179
Pancost R D,Baas M,van Geel B,Sinninghe DamstéJ S.2002.Biomarkers as proxies for plant inputs to peats:An example from a subboreal ombrotrophic bog.Org Geochem,33:675-690
Peters K E,Walters C C,Moldowan J M.2005.The Biomarker Guide,Biomarkers and Isotopes in Petroleum Exploration and Earth History.New York:Cambridge University Press
Rao Z,Jia G,Qiang M,Zhao Y.2014.Assessment of the difference between mid-and long chain compound specificδD n-alkanes values in lacustrine sediments as a paleoclimatic indicator.Org Geochem,76:104-117
Rieley G,Collier R J,Jones D M,Eglinton G,Eakin P A,Fallick A E.1991.Sources of sedimentary lipids deduced from stable carbon-isotope analyses of individual compounds.Nature,352:425-427
Sachse D,Radke J,Gleixner G.2004.Hydrogen isotope ratios of recent lacustrine sedimentary n-alkanes record modern climate variability.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,68:4877-4889
Sachse D,Radke J,Gleixner G.2006.δD values of individual n-alkanes from terrestrial plants along a climatic gradient-Implications for the sedimentary biomarker record.Org Geochem,37:469-483
Sauer P E,Eglinton T I,Hayes J M,Schimmelmann A,Sessions A L.2001.Compound-specific D/H ratios of lipid biomarkers from sediments as a proxy for environmental and climatic conditions.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,65:213-222
Schimmelmann A,Lewan M D,Wintsch R P.1999.D/H isotope ratios of kerogen,bitumen,oil,and water in hydrous pyrolysis of source rocks containing kerogen types I,II,IIS,and III.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,63:3751-3766
Schneider P,Hook S J,Radocinski R G,Corlett G K,Hulley G C,Schladow S G,Steissberg T E.2009.Satellite observations indicate rapid warming trend for lakes in California and Nevada.Geophys Res Lett,36:1-6
Sessions A L,Sylva S P,Summons R E,Hayes J M.2004.Isotopic exchange of carbon-bound hydrogen over geologic timescales.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,68:1545-1559
Shen J.2009.Progress and prospect of palaeolimnology research in China.J Lake Sci,21:307-313
Shen J,Liu X,Wang S,Matsumoto R.2005.Palaeoclimatic changes in the Qinghai Lake area during the last 18000 years.Quat Int,136:131-140
Silliman J E,Meyers P A,Bourbonniere R A.1996.Record of postglacial organic matter delivery and burial in sediments of Lake Ontario.Org Geochem,24:463-472
Simoneit B R T.1977.The Black Sea,a sink for terrigenous lipids.Deep Sea Res,24:813-830
Sinninghe DamstéJ S,Verschuren D,Ossebaar J,Blokker J,van Houten R,van der Meer M T J,Plessen B,Schouten S.2011.A 25000-year record of climate-induced changes in lowland vegetation of eastern equatorial Africa revealed by the stable carbon-isotopic composition of fossil plant leaf waxes.Earth Planet Sci Lett,302:236-246
Street-Perrott F A,Huang Y,Perrott R A,Eglinton G,Barker P,Ben Khelifa L,Harkness D D,Olago D O.1997.Impact of lower atmospheric carbon dioxide on tropical mountain ecosystems.Science,278:1422-1426
Sun B,Yue L,Lai Z,Liu W.2014.Paleoclimate change recorded by sediment organic carbon isotopes of Lake Barkol since 14 ka BP(inChinese).Quat Sci,34:418-424
Sun Q,Xie M,Shi L,Zhang Z,Lin Y,Shang W,Wang K,Li W,Liu J,Chu G.2013.Alkanes,compound-specific carbon isotope measures and climate variation during the last millennium from varved sediments of Lake Xiaolongwan,northeast China.J Paleolimnol,50:331-344
Sun W,Zhang E,Jones R T,Liu E,Shen J.2016.Biogeochemical processes and response to climate change recorded in the isotopes of lacustrine organic matter,southeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,453:93-100
Thomas E K,Huang Y,Morrill C,Zhao J,Wegener P,Clemens S C,Colman S M,Gao L.2014.Abundant C4plants on the Tibetan Plateau during the Lateglacial and early Holocene.Quat Sci Rev,87:24-33
Touchette B W,Burkholder J A M.2000.Overview of the physiological ecology of carbon metabolism in seagrasses.J Exp Mar Biol Ecol,250:169-205
Tuo J,Wu C,Zhang M,Chen R.2011.Distribution and carbon isotope composition of lipid biomarkers in Lake Erhai and Lake Gahai sediments on the Tibetan Plateau.J Great Lakes Res,37:447-455
Wang S,Zhang Z.1999.New development of research on environmental change reflected by lake sediments in China(in Chinese).Chin Sci Bull,44:579-587
Wang Z,Liu W.2012.Carbon chain length distribution in n-alkyl lipids:Aprocess for evaluating source inputs to Lake Qinghai.Org Geochem,50:36-43
Wünnemann B,Mischke S,Chen F.2006.A Holocene sedimentary record from Bosten Lake,China.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,234:223-238
Xiao J,Wu J,Si B,Liang W,Nakamura T,Liu B,Inouchi Y.2006.Holocene climate changes in the monsoon/arid transition reflected by carbon concentration in Daihai Lake of Inner Mongolia.Holocene,16:551-560
Xie S,Liang B,Guo J,Yi Y,Evershed R P,Maddy D,Chambers F M.2003.Biomarkers and the related global change(in Chinese).Quat Sci,23:521-528
Xie S,Yao T,Kang S,Xu B,Duan K,Thompson L G.2000.Geochemical analyses of a Himalayan snowpit profile:Implications for atmospheric pollution and climate.Org Geochem,31:15-23
Xu H,Ai L,Tan L,An Z.2006.Stable isotopes in bulk carbonates and organic matter in recent sediments of Lake Qinghai and their climatic implications.Chem Geol,235:262-275
Yang H,Huang Y.2003.Preservation of lipid hydrogen isotope ratios in Miocene lacustrine sediments and plant fossils at Clarkia,northern Idaho,USA.Org Geochem,34:413-423
Zhang C,Chen F,Shang H,Cao J.2004.The paleoenvironmental significance of organic carbon isotope in lacustrine sediments in the arid China:An example from Sanjiaocheng palaeolake in Minqin(in Chinese).Quat Sci,24:88-94
Zhang E,Shen J,Wang S,Yin Y,Zhu Y,Xia W.2004.Quantitative reconstruction of paleosalinity in Lake Qinghai since 0.9 ka(in Chinese).Chin Sci Bull,49:697-701
Zhang J,Jia G.2009.Application of plant-derived n-alkanes and their compound-specific hydrogen isotopic composition in paleoenvironment research(in Chinese).Adv Earth Sci,24:874-881
Zhao C,Yu Z,Zhao Y,Ito E,Kodama K P,Chen F.2010.Holocene millennial-scale climate variations documented by multiple lake-level proxies in sediment cores from Hurleg Lake,Northwest China.J Paleolimnol,44:995-1008
Zhu L,Wu Y,Wang J,Lin X,Ju J,Xie M,Li M,M?usbacher R,Schwalb A,Daut G.2008.Environmental changes since 8.4 ka reflected in the lacustrine core sediments from Nam Co,central Tibetan Plateau,China.Holocene,18:831-839
Aichner B,Herzschuh U,Wilkes H,Vieth A,B?hner J.2010b.δD values of n-alkanes in Tibetan lake sediments and aquatic macrophytes-A surface sediment study and application to a 16 ka record from Lake Koucha.Org Geochem,41:779-790
Aichner B,Herzschuh U,Wilkes H.2010c.Influence of aquatic macrophytes on the stable carbon isotopic signatures of sedimentary organic matter in lakes on the Tibetan Plateau.Org Geochem,41:706-718
Aichner B,Wilkes H,Herzschuh U,Mischke S,Zhang C.2010a.Biomarker and compound-specificδ13C evidence for changing environmental conditions and carbon limitation at Lake Koucha,eastern Tibetan Plateau.J Paleolimnol,43:873-899
An Z,Colman S M,Zhou W,Li X,Brown E T,Jull A J T,Cai Y,Huang Y,Lu X,Chang H,Song Y,Sun Y,Xu H,Liu W,Jin Z,Liu X,Cheng P,Liu Y,Ai L,Li X,Liu X,Yan L,Shi Z,Wang X,Wu F,Qiang X,Dong J,Lu F,Xu X.2012.Interplay between the Westerlies and Asian monsoon recorded in Lake Qinghai sediments since 32 ka.Sci Rep,2:619
Casta?eda I S,Schouten S.2011.A review of molecular organic proxies for examining modern and ancient lacustrine environments.Quat Sci Rev,30:2851-2891
Casta?eda I S,Werne J P,Johnsona T C.2009.Influence of climate change on algal community structure and primary productivity of Lake Malawi(East Africa)from the Last Glacial Maximum to present.Limnol Oceanogr,54:2431-2447
Chen C T A,Lan H C,Lou J Y,Chen Y C.2003.The dry Holocene megathermal in Inner Mongolia.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,193:181-200
Chen J,Wan G,Wang F,Zhang D D,Huang R,Zhang F,Schmidt R.2002.Environmental records of carbon in recent lake sediments.Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,45:875-884
Chikaraishi Y,Naraoka H.2003.Compound-specificδD-δ13C analyses of n-alkanes extracted from terrestrial and aquatic plants.Phytochemistry,63:361-371
Chu G,Sun Q,Xie M,Lin Y,Shang W,Zhu Q,Shan Y,Xu D,Rioual P,Wang L,Liu J.2014.Holocene cyclic climatic variations and the role of the Pacific Ocean as recorded in varved sediments from northeastern China.Quat Sci Rev,102:85-95
Cranwell P A,Eglinton G,Robinson N.1987.Lipids of aquatic organisms as potential contributors to lacustrine sediments-II.Org Geochem,11:513-527
Doberschütz S,Frenzel P,Haberzettl T,Kasper T,Wang J,Zhu L,Daut G,Schwalb A,M?usbacher R.2014.Monsoonal forcing of Holocene paleoenvironmental change on the central Tibetan Plateau inferred using a sediment record from Lake Nam Co(Xizang,China).J Paleolimnol,51:253-266
Duan Y,Wu Y,Cao X,Zhao Y,Ma L.2014.Hydrogen isotope ratios of individual n-alkanes in plants from Gannan Gahai Lake(China)and surrounding area.Org Geochem,77:96-105
Duan Y,Xu L.2012.Distributions of n-alkanes and their hydrogen isotopic composition in plants from Lake Qinghai(China)and the surrounding area.Appl Geochem,27:806-814
Eglinton G,Calvin M.1967.Chemical fossils.Sci Am,216:32-43
Eglinton G,Hamilton R J.1967.Leaf epicuticular waxes.Science,156:1322-1335
Eglinton T I,Eglinton G.2008.Molecular proxies for paleoclimatology.Earth Planet Sci Lett,275:1-16
Fang J,Wu F,Xiong Y,Li F,Du X,An D,Wang L.2014.Source characterization of sedimentary organic matter using molecular and stable carbon isotopic composition of n-alkanes and fatty acids in sediment core from Lake Dianchi,China.Sci Total Environ,473-474:410-421
Ficken K J,Li B,Swain D L,Eglinton G.2000.An n-alkane proxy for the sedimentary input of submerged/floating freshwater aquatic macrophytes.Org Geochem,31:745-749
Filley T R,Freeman K H,Bianchi T S,Baskaran M,Colarusso L A,Hatcher P G.2001.An isotopic biogeochemical assessment of shifts in organic matter input to Holocene sediments from Mud Lake,Florida.Org Geochem,32:1153-1167
Finlay J C,Kendall C.2007.Stable isotope tracing of temporal and spatial variability in organic matter sources to freshwater ecosystems.In:Michener R,Lajtha K,eds.Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science.2nd ed.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing.283-333
Freeman K H,Hayes J M,Trendel J M,Albrecht P.1990.Evidence from carbon isotope measurements for diverse origins of sedimentary hydrocarbons.Nature,343:254-256
Gao L,Hou J,Toney J,MacDonald D,Huang Y.2011.Mathematical modeling of the aquatic macrophyte inputs of mid-chain n-alkyl lipids to lake sediments:Implications for interpreting compound specific hydrogen isotopic records.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,75:3781-3791
Guenther F,Aichner B,Siegwolf R,Xu B,Yao T,Gleixner G.2013.Asynthesis of hydrogen isotope variability and its hydrological significance at the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Quat Int,313-314:3-16
Han J,Calvin M.1969.Hydrocarbon distribution of algae and bacteria,and microbiological activity in sediments.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,64:436-443
Hayes J M,Freeman K H,Popp B N,Hoham C H.1990.Compoundspecific isotopic analyses:A novel tool for reconstruction of ancient biogeochemical processes.Org Geochem,16:1115-1128
Hedges J I,Oades J M.1997.Comparative organic geochemistries of soils and marine sediments.Org Geochem,27:319-361
Hu X,Zhu L,Wang Y,Wang J,Peng P,Ma Q,Hu J,Lin X.2014.Climatic significance of n-alkanes and their compound-specificδD values from lake surface sediments on the Southwestern Tibetan Plateau.Chin Sci Bull,59:3022-3033
Huang Y,Street-Perrott F A,Metcalfe S E,Brenner M,Moreland M,Freeman K H.2001.Climate change as the dominant control on glacialinterglacial variations in C3and C4plant abundance.Science,293:1647-1651
Huang Y,Street-Perrott F A,Perrott R A,Metzger P,Eglinton G.1999.Glacial-interglacial environmental changes inferred from molecular and compound-specificδ13C analyses of sediments from Sacred Lake,Mt.Kenya.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,63:1383-1404
Ishiwatari R,Yamamoto S,Shinoyama S.2006.Lignin and fatty acid records in Lake Baikal sediments over the last 130 kyr:A comparison with pollen records.Org Geochem,37:1787-1802
Jia G,Bai Y,Yang X,Xie L,Wei G,Ouyang T,Chu G,Liu Z,Peng P.2015.Biogeochemical evidence of Holocene East Asian summer and winter monsoon variability from a tropical maar lake in southern China.Quat Sci Rev,111:51-61
Kunst L,Samuels A L.2003.Biosynthesis and secretion of plant cuticular wax.Prog Lipid Res,42:51-80
Liu H,Liu W.2017.Concentration and distributions of fatty acids in algae,submerged plants and terrestrial plants from the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Org Geochem,113:17-26
Liu W G,Yang H,Wang H Y,Yao Y,Wang Z,Cao Y N.2016a.Influence of aquatic plants on the hydrogen isotope composition of sedimentary long-chain n-alkanes in the Lake Qinghai region,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Sci China Earth Sci,59:1368-1377
Liu W,Li X,An Z,Xu L,Zhang Q.2013.Total organic carbon isotopes:Anovel proxy of lake level from Lake Qinghai in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China.Chem Geol,347:153-160
Liu W,Wang Z,Li X.2016b.The contribution of aquatic plants to sedimentary n-alkanesδ13C values using to qualify compositions of terrigenous plants in Lake Qinghai on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(in Chinese).Quat Sci,36:623-629
Liu W,Yang H,Wang H,An Z,Wang Z,Leng Q.2015.Carbon isotope composition of long chain leaf wax n-alkanes in lake sediments:A dual indicator of paleoenvironment in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Org Geochem,83-84:190-201
Liu X,Wang S,Shen J,Zhang E.2003.The variation characteristics and influencing factors of organic carbon isotopes in Lake Qinghai sediments since 16 ka(in Chinese).Prog Nat Sci,13:169-173
Lu H,Liu W,Wang H,Zhang C L.2013.Carbon isotopic composition of isoprenoid tetraether in surface sediments of Lake Qinghai and surrounding soils.Org Geochem,60:54-61
Lücke A,Schleser G H,Zolitschka B,Negendank J F W.2003.A Lateglacial and Holocene organic carbon isotope record of lacustrine palaeoproductivity and climatic change derived from varved lake sediments of Lake Holzmaar,Germany.Quat Sci Rev,22:569-580
Luo C,Liu W,Peng Z,Yang D,He J,Liu G,Zhang P.2008.Stable carbon isotope record of organic matter from the Lop-Nur lacustrine sediment in Xinjiang,northwest China(in Chinese).Quat Sci,28:621-628
Maberly S C,Madsen T V.2002.Freshwater angiosperm carbon concentrating mechanisms:Processes and patterns.Funct Plant Biol,29:393-405
Mead R,Xu Y,Chong J,JafféR.2005.Sediment and soil organic matter source assessment as revealed by the molecular distribution and carbon isotopic composition of n-alkanes.Org Geochem,36:363-370
Meyers P A.2003.Applications of organic geochemistry to paleolimnological reconstructions:A summary of examples from the Laurentian Great Lakes.Org Geochem,34:261-289
Meyers P A,Ishiwatari R.1993.Lacustrine organic geochemistry-An overview of indicators of organic matter sources and diagenesis in lake sediments.Org Geochem,20:867-900
Meyers P A,Lallier-vergés E.1999.Lacustrine sedimentary organic matter records of late Quaternary paleoclimates.J Paleolimnol,21:345-372
Mischke S,Kramer M,Zhang C,Shang H,Herzschuh U,Erzinger J.2008.Reduced early Holocene moisture availability in the Bayan Har Mountains,northeastern Tibetan Plateau,inferred from a multi-proxy lake record.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,267:59-76
Mügler I,Sachse D,Werner M,Xu B,Wu G,Yao T,Gleixner G.2008.Effect of lake evaporation onδD values of lacustrine n-alkanes:Acomparison of Nam Co(Tibetan Plateau)and Holzmaar(Germany).Org Geochem,39:711-729
Nott C J,Xie S,Avsejs L A,Maddy D,Chambers F M,Evershed R P.2000.n-Alkane distributions in ombrotrophic mires as indicators of vegetation change related to climatic variation.Org Geochem,31:231-235
Ostrom P H,Ostrom N E,Henry J,Eadie B J,Meyers P A,Robbins J A.1998.Changes in the trophic state of Lake Erie:Discordance between molecularδ13C and bulkδ13C sedimentary records.Chem Geol,152:163-179
Pancost R D,Baas M,van Geel B,Sinninghe DamstéJ S.2002.Biomarkers as proxies for plant inputs to peats:An example from a subboreal ombrotrophic bog.Org Geochem,33:675-690
Peters K E,Walters C C,Moldowan J M.2005.The Biomarker Guide,Biomarkers and Isotopes in Petroleum Exploration and Earth History.New York:Cambridge University Press
Rao Z,Jia G,Qiang M,Zhao Y.2014.Assessment of the difference between mid-and long chain compound specificδD n-alkanes values in lacustrine sediments as a paleoclimatic indicator.Org Geochem,76:104-117
Rieley G,Collier R J,Jones D M,Eglinton G,Eakin P A,Fallick A E.1991.Sources of sedimentary lipids deduced from stable carbon-isotope analyses of individual compounds.Nature,352:425-427
Sachse D,Radke J,Gleixner G.2004.Hydrogen isotope ratios of recent lacustrine sedimentary n-alkanes record modern climate variability.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,68:4877-4889
Sachse D,Radke J,Gleixner G.2006.δD values of individual n-alkanes from terrestrial plants along a climatic gradient-Implications for the sedimentary biomarker record.Org Geochem,37:469-483
Sauer P E,Eglinton T I,Hayes J M,Schimmelmann A,Sessions A L.2001.Compound-specific D/H ratios of lipid biomarkers from sediments as a proxy for environmental and climatic conditions.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,65:213-222
Schimmelmann A,Lewan M D,Wintsch R P.1999.D/H isotope ratios of kerogen,bitumen,oil,and water in hydrous pyrolysis of source rocks containing kerogen types I,II,IIS,and III.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,63:3751-3766
Schneider P,Hook S J,Radocinski R G,Corlett G K,Hulley G C,Schladow S G,Steissberg T E.2009.Satellite observations indicate rapid warming trend for lakes in California and Nevada.Geophys Res Lett,36:1-6
Sessions A L,Sylva S P,Summons R E,Hayes J M.2004.Isotopic exchange of carbon-bound hydrogen over geologic timescales.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,68:1545-1559
Shen J.2009.Progress and prospect of palaeolimnology research in China.J Lake Sci,21:307-313
Shen J,Liu X,Wang S,Matsumoto R.2005.Palaeoclimatic changes in the Qinghai Lake area during the last 18000 years.Quat Int,136:131-140
Silliman J E,Meyers P A,Bourbonniere R A.1996.Record of postglacial organic matter delivery and burial in sediments of Lake Ontario.Org Geochem,24:463-472
Simoneit B R T.1977.The Black Sea,a sink for terrigenous lipids.Deep Sea Res,24:813-830
Sinninghe DamstéJ S,Verschuren D,Ossebaar J,Blokker J,van Houten R,van der Meer M T J,Plessen B,Schouten S.2011.A 25000-year record of climate-induced changes in lowland vegetation of eastern equatorial Africa revealed by the stable carbon-isotopic composition of fossil plant leaf waxes.Earth Planet Sci Lett,302:236-246
Street-Perrott F A,Huang Y,Perrott R A,Eglinton G,Barker P,Ben Khelifa L,Harkness D D,Olago D O.1997.Impact of lower atmospheric carbon dioxide on tropical mountain ecosystems.Science,278:1422-1426
Sun B,Yue L,Lai Z,Liu W.2014.Paleoclimate change recorded by sediment organic carbon isotopes of Lake Barkol since 14 ka BP(inChinese).Quat Sci,34:418-424
Sun Q,Xie M,Shi L,Zhang Z,Lin Y,Shang W,Wang K,Li W,Liu J,Chu G.2013.Alkanes,compound-specific carbon isotope measures and climate variation during the last millennium from varved sediments of Lake Xiaolongwan,northeast China.J Paleolimnol,50:331-344
Sun W,Zhang E,Jones R T,Liu E,Shen J.2016.Biogeochemical processes and response to climate change recorded in the isotopes of lacustrine organic matter,southeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,453:93-100
Thomas E K,Huang Y,Morrill C,Zhao J,Wegener P,Clemens S C,Colman S M,Gao L.2014.Abundant C4plants on the Tibetan Plateau during the Lateglacial and early Holocene.Quat Sci Rev,87:24-33
Touchette B W,Burkholder J A M.2000.Overview of the physiological ecology of carbon metabolism in seagrasses.J Exp Mar Biol Ecol,250:169-205
Tuo J,Wu C,Zhang M,Chen R.2011.Distribution and carbon isotope composition of lipid biomarkers in Lake Erhai and Lake Gahai sediments on the Tibetan Plateau.J Great Lakes Res,37:447-455
Wang S,Zhang Z.1999.New development of research on environmental change reflected by lake sediments in China(in Chinese).Chin Sci Bull,44:579-587
Wang Z,Liu W.2012.Carbon chain length distribution in n-alkyl lipids:Aprocess for evaluating source inputs to Lake Qinghai.Org Geochem,50:36-43
Wünnemann B,Mischke S,Chen F.2006.A Holocene sedimentary record from Bosten Lake,China.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,234:223-238
Xiao J,Wu J,Si B,Liang W,Nakamura T,Liu B,Inouchi Y.2006.Holocene climate changes in the monsoon/arid transition reflected by carbon concentration in Daihai Lake of Inner Mongolia.Holocene,16:551-560
Xie S,Liang B,Guo J,Yi Y,Evershed R P,Maddy D,Chambers F M.2003.Biomarkers and the related global change(in Chinese).Quat Sci,23:521-528
Xie S,Yao T,Kang S,Xu B,Duan K,Thompson L G.2000.Geochemical analyses of a Himalayan snowpit profile:Implications for atmospheric pollution and climate.Org Geochem,31:15-23
Xu H,Ai L,Tan L,An Z.2006.Stable isotopes in bulk carbonates and organic matter in recent sediments of Lake Qinghai and their climatic implications.Chem Geol,235:262-275
Yang H,Huang Y.2003.Preservation of lipid hydrogen isotope ratios in Miocene lacustrine sediments and plant fossils at Clarkia,northern Idaho,USA.Org Geochem,34:413-423
Zhang C,Chen F,Shang H,Cao J.2004.The paleoenvironmental significance of organic carbon isotope in lacustrine sediments in the arid China:An example from Sanjiaocheng palaeolake in Minqin(in Chinese).Quat Sci,24:88-94
Zhang E,Shen J,Wang S,Yin Y,Zhu Y,Xia W.2004.Quantitative reconstruction of paleosalinity in Lake Qinghai since 0.9 ka(in Chinese).Chin Sci Bull,49:697-701
Zhang J,Jia G.2009.Application of plant-derived n-alkanes and their compound-specific hydrogen isotopic composition in paleoenvironment research(in Chinese).Adv Earth Sci,24:874-881
Zhao C,Yu Z,Zhao Y,Ito E,Kodama K P,Chen F.2010.Holocene millennial-scale climate variations documented by multiple lake-level proxies in sediment cores from Hurleg Lake,Northwest China.J Paleolimnol,44:995-1008
Zhu L,Wu Y,Wang J,Lin X,Ju J,Xie M,Li M,M?usbacher R,Schwalb A,Daut G.2008.Environmental changes since 8.4 ka reflected in the lacustrine core sediments from Nam Co,central Tibetan Plateau,China.Holocene,18:831-839