南昌市大气颗粒物污染特征及PM_(2.5)来源解析
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摘要
为探讨2013年南昌市大气颗粒物的污染特征及分布状况,收集南昌市9个大气监测站点实时发布的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)数据,分析了ρ(PM_(10))、ρ(PM_(2.5))和ρ(PM_(2.5))/ρ(PM_(10))的变化规律及其与气态污染物的相关性,并结合污染严重的秋季时段,采用PCA-MLR(主成分分析-多元线性回归)模型对大气PM_(2.5)中化学组分来源进行解析.结果表明:①ρ(PM_(10))和ρ(PM_(2.5))的年均值分别为(115. 4±39. 1)(69. 1±26. 8)μg/m~3,均超过GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准限值,ρ(PM_(10))和ρ(PM_(2.5))的最高值分别出现在石化、省外办监测站点,最低值出现在林科所监测站点.ρ(PM_(10))和ρ(PM_(2.5))季节性变化特征明显,呈冬季>春、秋两季>夏季的趋势,全年ρ(PM_(10))超标天数占比为25. 48%,ρ(PM_(2.5))超标天数占比为36. 71%,各季度ρ(PM_(2.5))超标天数占比均高于ρ(PM_(10)).②受人为活动和边界层高度的影响,ρ(PM_(2.5))和ρ(PM_(10))日变化呈双峰双谷形态,一个波峰出现在08:00—10:00,另一个波峰出现在20:00—22:00,并且晚间小时峰值高于早间,最低值出现在15:00.③ρ(PM_(2.5))/ρ(PM_(10))年均值为60. 3%,在冬季最高达65. 1%,相关性分析发现ρ(PM_(10))与ρ(PM_(2.5))存在较显著的线性关系,表明二者具有同源性.④ρ(PM_(10))、ρ(PM_(2.5))均与ρ(SO_2)、ρ(NO_2)、ρ(CO)呈显著正相关,并且冬季相关性高于夏、秋两季;而ρ(PM_(10))、ρ(PM_(2.5))均与ρ(O_3)全年呈显著负相关,并且夏、秋两季相关性高于冬季,说明气态污染物的二次转化对ρ(PM_(2.5))和ρ(PM_(10))有较大影响.⑤南昌市秋季PM_(2.5)的最大污染源为道路扬尘/机动车尾气混合污染源,其次分别为施工扬尘源、燃煤源、冶炼尘/生物质燃烧混合污染源,各污染源对PM_(2.5)的贡献率分别为40. 9%、35. 8%、12. 4%、10. 9%.研究显示,南昌市PM_(2.5)的污染程度较PM_(10)严重,PM_(2.5)已成为南昌市大气颗粒物污染的主要组分,PM_(2.5)主要来源为城市扬尘和机动车尾气.
To investigate the pollution characteristics of the PM in Nanchang City in 2013,the mass concentration,ratio of PM and its correlation with gaseous pollutants were analyzed by collecting the air quality data in real time at 9 air monitoring stations in Nanchang City. Meanwhile,the source of chemical components in PM_(2.5) was analyzed using PCA-MLR model in the severely polluted autumn. The results showed that:( 1) The annual concentrations of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) were( 115. 4±39. 1) and( 69. 1±26. 8) μg/m~3 respectively,both higher than the national secondary standard. The highest levels of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) appeared at Petrochemical and Provincial Foreign Affairs Office,while the lowest PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) happened at Forestry Research Institute. The concentration of PM exhibited apparent seasonality,following the order: winter > spring and autumn > summer. The PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) levels failed to meet Grade Ⅱ standards in 25. 48% and 36. 71% of the whole year,respectively. The days of PM_(2.5) level exceeding the new Grade Ⅱ standards in each quarter was higher than that of PM_(10) level.( 2) The diurnal variation of PM level was in the form of double peaks and double valleys,which was mainly influenced by human activities and boundary layer height. One peak was between 08: 00 and 10: 00,and the other was between 20: 00 and 22: 00.The hourly peak in the evening was higher than that in the morning,and the lowest occurred at 15: 00.( 3) The annual average ratio between the monthly mean concentration of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) was 60. 3%,and the highest reached 65. 1% in winter.( 4) Correlation analysis indicated that the monthly mean concentration of PM_(2.5) had very significant linear correlation with PM_(10),having the same source.There was significantly positive correlation between the daily mean concentrations of PM and NO_2,SO_2,CO_2 and the correlation in winter was stronger than that in summer and autumn,while the correlation between the mass concentrations of PM and O_3 had a significantly negative correlation throughout the year,and was stronger in summer and autumn than that in winter. This negative correlation can be explained by the reaction of O_3 with NO_2 which indicated that the secondary transformation of gaseous pollutants had a significant impact on the concentration of PM.( 5) The largest source of PM_(2.5) in autumn in Nanchang City was mixed pollution source of road dust and vehicle exhaust,followed by construction dust,fly coal combustion and smelting dust/biomass burning,with contributions of 40. 9%,35. 8%,12. 4% and 10. 9%,respectively. The overall results suggest that the pollution of PM_(2.5) in Nanchang is more serious than that of PM_(10),PM_(2.5) has become the main component of air particulate matter pollution in Nanchang City,and the major pollution sources are urban dust and vehicle exhaust.
To investigate the pollution characteristics of the PM in Nanchang City in 2013,the mass concentration,ratio of PM and its correlation with gaseous pollutants were analyzed by collecting the air quality data in real time at 9 air monitoring stations in Nanchang City. Meanwhile,the source of chemical components in PM_(2.5) was analyzed using PCA-MLR model in the severely polluted autumn. The results showed that:( 1) The annual concentrations of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) were( 115. 4±39. 1) and( 69. 1±26. 8) μg/m~3 respectively,both higher than the national secondary standard. The highest levels of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) appeared at Petrochemical and Provincial Foreign Affairs Office,while the lowest PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) happened at Forestry Research Institute. The concentration of PM exhibited apparent seasonality,following the order: winter > spring and autumn > summer. The PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) levels failed to meet Grade Ⅱ standards in 25. 48% and 36. 71% of the whole year,respectively. The days of PM_(2.5) level exceeding the new Grade Ⅱ standards in each quarter was higher than that of PM_(10) level.( 2) The diurnal variation of PM level was in the form of double peaks and double valleys,which was mainly influenced by human activities and boundary layer height. One peak was between 08: 00 and 10: 00,and the other was between 20: 00 and 22: 00.The hourly peak in the evening was higher than that in the morning,and the lowest occurred at 15: 00.( 3) The annual average ratio between the monthly mean concentration of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) was 60. 3%,and the highest reached 65. 1% in winter.( 4) Correlation analysis indicated that the monthly mean concentration of PM_(2.5) had very significant linear correlation with PM_(10),having the same source.There was significantly positive correlation between the daily mean concentrations of PM and NO_2,SO_2,CO_2 and the correlation in winter was stronger than that in summer and autumn,while the correlation between the mass concentrations of PM and O_3 had a significantly negative correlation throughout the year,and was stronger in summer and autumn than that in winter. This negative correlation can be explained by the reaction of O_3 with NO_2 which indicated that the secondary transformation of gaseous pollutants had a significant impact on the concentration of PM.( 5) The largest source of PM_(2.5) in autumn in Nanchang City was mixed pollution source of road dust and vehicle exhaust,followed by construction dust,fly coal combustion and smelting dust/biomass burning,with contributions of 40. 9%,35. 8%,12. 4% and 10. 9%,respectively. The overall results suggest that the pollution of PM_(2.5) in Nanchang is more serious than that of PM_(10),PM_(2.5) has become the main component of air particulate matter pollution in Nanchang City,and the major pollution sources are urban dust and vehicle exhaust.
引文
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[2] ZHOU Y,FU J S,ZHUANG G,et al. Risk-based prioritization among air pollution control strategies in Yangtze River Delta,China[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives,2010,118(9):1204-1210.
[3] CHEN C,ZHAO B. Review of relationship between indoor and outdoor particles:I/O ratio,infiltration factor and penetration factor[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(2):275-288.
[4] BERNARD S M,SAMET J M,GRAMBSCH A,et al.The potential impacts of climate variability and change on air pollution-related health effects in the United States[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives,2001,109(S2):199-209.
[5] CHEN C,WESCHLER C J. Assessing the influence of indoor exposure to‘outdoor ozone’on the relationship between ozone and short-term mortality in U.S. communities[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2012,120(2):235-240.
[6] CHEN C,ZHAO B,WESCHLER C J.Indoor exposure to‘outdoor PM_(10)’:assessing its influence on the relationship between PM_(10)and short-term mortality in U. S. cities[J]. Epidemiology,2012,23(6):870-878.
[7] WANG J,HU Z,CHEN Y,et al.Contamination characteristics and possible sources of PM_(10)and PM_(2. 5)in different functional areas of Shanghai,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,68(2):221-229.
[8] CHENG T,WANG L G,XU Y. Chemical characteristics of Asian dust aerosol from Hunshan Dake Sandland in northern China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(16):2903-2911.
[9] CHOI Y S,HO C H,CHEN D,et al. Spectral analysis of weekly variation in PM_(10)mass concentration and meteorological conditions over China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(4):655-666.
[10] QI F,CHONG S,XUE M W,et al. Impact of a dust storm on characteristics of particle matter(PM)in:Guangzhou,China[J].Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2013,49(1):121-131.
[11] HUANG H,ZOU C,CAO J,et al.Water-soluble ions in PM_(2. 5)on the Qianhu Campus of Nanchang University,Nanchang City:indooroutdoor distribution and source implications[J]. Aerosol&Air Quality Research,2012,12(3):435-443.
[12] LIU F,LU X,WU M,et al. Pollution characters and source apportionment of heavy metals in PM2. 1in Nanjing[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2014,8(2):652-658.
[13] LI C,DU S Y,BAI Z P,et al.Application of land use regression for estimating concentrations of major outdoor air pollutants in Jinan,China[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A(Applied Physics&Engineering),2010,11(11):857-867.
[14] YANG C,PENG X,HUANG W,et al. A time-stratified casecrossover study of fine particulate matter air pollution and mortality in Guangzhou,China[J]. International Archives of Occupational&Environmental Health,2012,85(5):579-585.
[15] ZHANG F,KRAFFT T,YE B,et al. The lag effects and seasonal differences of air pollutants on allergic rhinitis in Beijing[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,442:172-176.
[16] WANG J,ZHAO B,WANG S,et al. Particulate matter pollution over China and the effects of control policies[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2017,584/585:426-447.
[17] ZHAO Y,YU R,HU G,et al. Chemical characteristics and Pb isotopic compositions of PM_(2. 5)in Nanchang, China[J].Particuology,2017,32(3):95-102.
[18]秦文,刘小真.南昌市大气污染主要参数浓度昼夜分布特征[J].绿色科技,2015(12):203-205.
[19]刘禹淇,陈报章,郭立峰,等.南昌市固定燃烧点源大气污染物排放清单及特征[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(5):1855-1863.LIU Yuqi,CHEN Baozhang,GUO Lifeng,et al. Atmospheric pollutant emission inventory and characteristics from stationary combustion point source in Nanchang City[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017,37(5):1855-1863.
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