模拟降雨对常绿植物叶表面滞留颗粒物的影响
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摘要
降雨能够冲洗植物表面滞留的颗粒物并将其带入土壤中,使植物表面恢复滞尘能力。本文采用人工模拟降雨,以木犀(Osmanthus fragrans)、海桐(Pittosporum tobira)、女贞(Ligustrum lucidum)、石楠(Photinia serrulata)、荷花玉兰(Magnolia grandiflora)和白皮松(Pinus bungeana) 6种常绿植物为研究对象,选取60和90 mm·h~(-1)两个雨强,历时60 min,从不同粒径颗粒物(被孔径10μm滤膜截留的颗粒物,标记为PM_(>10);通过孔径10μm滤膜而被2.5μm截留的颗粒物标记为PM_(2.5～10);通过孔径2.5μm滤膜的颗粒物标记为PM_(2.5))的洗脱率、滞留颗粒物阈值、建立拟合关系3个方面阐述了降雨和颗粒物之间的动态关系。结果表明:降雨对叶面各粒径颗粒物均有明显的洗脱作用,PM、PM_(>10)、PM_(2.5～10)和PM_(2.5)的洗脱率分别为54.55%～95.07%、49.83%～96.00%、63.15%～93.63%和75.80%～91.84%;且90mm·h~(-1)雨强对PM和PM_(>10)的洗脱率较60 mm·h~(-1)高(P<0.05);降雨强度对PM_(> 10)的洗脱率影响显著,对于PM_(2.5～10)和PM_(2.5)的影响不明显; 6种植物滞留PM和PM_(>10)的阈值由大到小为白皮松>女贞>荷花玉兰>石楠>海桐>木犀;降雨初期,叶表面颗粒物洗脱率随降雨历时先急剧上升,随后趋于平稳;降雨量与颗粒物洗脱率有良好的拟合关系,随着降雨量的增大,颗粒物的洗脱率呈对数升高,并且在降雨初期30 min内颗粒物洗脱率上升较快,随后上升趋势趋于平缓。
Plants can recover their ability in capturing particulate matter( PM) deposited on leaf surface through the washing of rainfall. In this study,six evergreen plant species( Osmanthus fragrans,Pittosporum tobira,Ligustrum lucidum,Photinia serrulata,Magnolia grandiflora,and Pinus bungeana) were selected to investigate the wash-off effects,retention threshold,and the relationships between rainfall and wash-off efficiency under two rainfall intensities( 60 and 90 mm·h~(-1)) and different duration( 0,5,10,15,20,30,45,60 min). The PM deposited on leaf surface were classified into three size fractions: PM_(>10)( particles intercepted by 10 μm membrane),PM_(2.5-10)( particles pass through 10 μm membrane and intercepted by 2. 5 μm membrane),and PM_(2.5)( particles pass through 2.5 μm membrane). The results showed that rainfall can remove most of the PM and its size fractions deposited on leaf surfaces. The elution rate ranged from 54. 55% to 95. 07%,49. 83% to 96. 00%,63. 15% to 93. 63% and 75. 80% to91.84% for PM,PM_(>10),PM_(2.5-10) and PM_(2.5),respectively. The elution rates of PM and PM_(>10) under the rainfall intensity of 90 mm·h~(-1) were higher than those of PM_(2.5-10) and PM_(2.5). Rainfall intensity had significant effects on the elution rates of PM_(>10),but with no effects on PM_(2.5-10) and PM_(2.5). The threshold of retaining PM and PM_(>10) for the six species ranked as( from large to small) : P. bungeana>L. lucidum>M. grandiflora>P. serrulata>P. tobira>O. fragrans. The washoff efficiency increased sharply at the beginning of rainfall,and then increased very slowly. The rainfall and particulate matter wash-off efficiency were well correlated. As rainfall increased,the PM wash-off efficiency increased logarithmically. The PM wash-off efficiency increased rapidly within 30 minutes,and then increased in a very low speed.
Plants can recover their ability in capturing particulate matter( PM) deposited on leaf surface through the washing of rainfall. In this study,six evergreen plant species( Osmanthus fragrans,Pittosporum tobira,Ligustrum lucidum,Photinia serrulata,Magnolia grandiflora,and Pinus bungeana) were selected to investigate the wash-off effects,retention threshold,and the relationships between rainfall and wash-off efficiency under two rainfall intensities( 60 and 90 mm·h~(-1)) and different duration( 0,5,10,15,20,30,45,60 min). The PM deposited on leaf surface were classified into three size fractions: PM_(>10)( particles intercepted by 10 μm membrane),PM_(2.5-10)( particles pass through 10 μm membrane and intercepted by 2. 5 μm membrane),and PM_(2.5)( particles pass through 2.5 μm membrane). The results showed that rainfall can remove most of the PM and its size fractions deposited on leaf surfaces. The elution rate ranged from 54. 55% to 95. 07%,49. 83% to 96. 00%,63. 15% to 93. 63% and 75. 80% to91.84% for PM,PM_(>10),PM_(2.5-10) and PM_(2.5),respectively. The elution rates of PM and PM_(>10) under the rainfall intensity of 90 mm·h~(-1) were higher than those of PM_(2.5-10) and PM_(2.5). Rainfall intensity had significant effects on the elution rates of PM_(>10),but with no effects on PM_(2.5-10) and PM_(2.5). The threshold of retaining PM and PM_(>10) for the six species ranked as( from large to small) : P. bungeana>L. lucidum>M. grandiflora>P. serrulata>P. tobira>O. fragrans. The washoff efficiency increased sharply at the beginning of rainfall,and then increased very slowly. The rainfall and particulate matter wash-off efficiency were well correlated. As rainfall increased,the PM wash-off efficiency increased logarithmically. The PM wash-off efficiency increased rapidly within 30 minutes,and then increased in a very low speed.
引文
李凤霞.2018.西安城市绿地生态效益评价体系及价值估算研究(博士学位论文).西安:西安建筑科技大学.
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王会霞,石辉,王彦辉.2015.典型天气下植物叶面滞尘动态变化.生态学报,35(6):1696-1705.
王会霞,石辉,李秧秧.2010.西安市常见绿化植物叶片润湿性能及其影响因素.生态学杂志,29(4):630-636.
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谢元博,陈娟,李巍.2014.雾霾重污染期间北京居民对高浓度PM2.5持续暴露的健康风险及其损害价值评估.环境科学,35(1):1-8.
徐晓梧,余新晓,宝乐,等.2017.模拟降雨对常绿植物叶表面滞尘的影响.生态学报,37(20):6785-6791.
颜景理.2016.北京城市居民区植被格局及其滞尘效应研究.中国科学院大学.
杨佳,王会霞,石辉,等.2015.北京9个树种叶片滞尘量及叶面微形态解释.环境科学研究,28(3):384-392.
禹见达,卿定增,朱兆杰,等.2015.降雨冲击力试验研究.工程力学,32(s1):11-14.
中华人民共和国生态环境部.2018.2017中国生态环境状况公报.http://www.mee.gov.cn/hjzl/zghjzkgb/lnzghjzkgb/201805/P020180531534645032372.pdf
左娜,王会霞,杨贞,等.2017.不同径级白皮松滞留空气中颗粒物的特征.生态学杂志,36(2):367-373.
Grace J.1978.The turbulent boundary layer over a flapping Populus leaf.Plant,Cell and Environment,1:35-39
Kaupp H,Blumenstock M,McLachlan MS.2000.Retention and mobility of atmospheric particle-associated organic pollutant PCDD/Fs and PAHs in maize leaves.New Phytologist,148:473-480.
Liu L,Guan DS,Peart MR,et al.2013.The dust retention capacities of urban vegetation:A case study of Guangzhou,South China.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,20:6601-6610.
Nowak DJ,Crane DE,Stevens JC.2006.Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States.Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,4:115-123.
Nowak DJ,Hirabayashi S,Doyle M,et al.2018.Air pollution removal by urban forests in Canada and its effect on air quality and human health.Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,29:40-48.
Nowak DJ,Hirabayashi S,Bodine A,et al.2013.Modeled PM2.5removal by trees in ten U.S.cities and associated health effects.Environmental Pollution,178:395-402.
Przybysz A,S?b? A,Hanslin HM,et al.2014.Accumulation of particulate matter and trace elements on vegetation as affected by pollution level,rainfall and the passage of time.Science of the Total Environment,481:360-369.
Rodríguez-Germade I,Mohamed KJ,Rey D,et al.2014.The influence of weather and climate on the reliability of magnetic properties of tree leaves as proxies for air pollution monitoring.Science of the Total Environment,468-469:892-902.
S?b? A,Popek R,Nawrot B,et al.2012.Plant species differences in particulate matter accumulation on leaf surfaces.Science of the Total Environment,427-428:347-354.
Steubing L.1982.Problems of bioindication and the necessity of standardization.Der Internist,884-885:49-52.
刘凡,谭钦文,江霞,等.2018.成都市冬季相对湿度对颗粒物浓度和大气能见度的影响.环境科学,39(4):1466-1472.
刘辰明,张志强,陈立欣,等.2018.降雨对北方城市5种典型城市绿化树种叶面滞尘的影响.生态学报,38(7):2353-2361.
王蕾,哈斯,刘连友,等.2006.北京市春季天气状况对针叶树叶面颗粒物附着密度的影响.生态学杂志,25(8):998-1002.
王会霞,石辉,王彦辉.2015.典型天气下植物叶面滞尘动态变化.生态学报,35(6):1696-1705.
王会霞,石辉,李秧秧.2010.西安市常见绿化植物叶片润湿性能及其影响因素.生态学杂志,29(4):630-636.
王赞红,李纪标.2006.城市街道常绿灌木植物叶片滞尘能力及滞尘颗粒物形态.生态环境,15(2):327-330.
魏小芳,石辉,段保正,等.2017.西安市城市公园树木多样性特征研究.水土保持研究,24(2):162-166,172.
谢滨泽,王会霞,杨佳,等.2014.北京常见阔叶绿化植物滞留PM2.5能力与叶面微结构的关系.西北植物学报,34(12):2432-2438.
谢元博,陈娟,李巍.2014.雾霾重污染期间北京居民对高浓度PM2.5持续暴露的健康风险及其损害价值评估.环境科学,35(1):1-8.
徐晓梧,余新晓,宝乐,等.2017.模拟降雨对常绿植物叶表面滞尘的影响.生态学报,37(20):6785-6791.
颜景理.2016.北京城市居民区植被格局及其滞尘效应研究.中国科学院大学.
杨佳,王会霞,石辉,等.2015.北京9个树种叶片滞尘量及叶面微形态解释.环境科学研究,28(3):384-392.
禹见达,卿定增,朱兆杰,等.2015.降雨冲击力试验研究.工程力学,32(s1):11-14.
中华人民共和国生态环境部.2018.2017中国生态环境状况公报.http://www.mee.gov.cn/hjzl/zghjzkgb/lnzghjzkgb/201805/P020180531534645032372.pdf
左娜,王会霞,杨贞,等.2017.不同径级白皮松滞留空气中颗粒物的特征.生态学杂志,36(2):367-373.
Grace J.1978.The turbulent boundary layer over a flapping Populus leaf.Plant,Cell and Environment,1:35-39
Kaupp H,Blumenstock M,McLachlan MS.2000.Retention and mobility of atmospheric particle-associated organic pollutant PCDD/Fs and PAHs in maize leaves.New Phytologist,148:473-480.
Liu L,Guan DS,Peart MR,et al.2013.The dust retention capacities of urban vegetation:A case study of Guangzhou,South China.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,20:6601-6610.
Nowak DJ,Crane DE,Stevens JC.2006.Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States.Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,4:115-123.
Nowak DJ,Hirabayashi S,Doyle M,et al.2018.Air pollution removal by urban forests in Canada and its effect on air quality and human health.Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,29:40-48.
Nowak DJ,Hirabayashi S,Bodine A,et al.2013.Modeled PM2.5removal by trees in ten U.S.cities and associated health effects.Environmental Pollution,178:395-402.
Przybysz A,S?b? A,Hanslin HM,et al.2014.Accumulation of particulate matter and trace elements on vegetation as affected by pollution level,rainfall and the passage of time.Science of the Total Environment,481:360-369.
Rodríguez-Germade I,Mohamed KJ,Rey D,et al.2014.The influence of weather and climate on the reliability of magnetic properties of tree leaves as proxies for air pollution monitoring.Science of the Total Environment,468-469:892-902.
S?b? A,Popek R,Nawrot B,et al.2012.Plant species differences in particulate matter accumulation on leaf surfaces.Science of the Total Environment,427-428:347-354.
Steubing L.1982.Problems of bioindication and the necessity of standardization.Der Internist,884-885:49-52.
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