黄土高原白草塬土地利用变化对地下水补给的影响
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摘要
为研究黄土高原土地利用变化对地下水补给的影响,在甘肃会宁县白草塬采集农地、杏林地、杏林‖柠条地和杏林‖苜蓿地4种土地利用方式0～10 m剖面土样,通过制定表征土壤水分亏缺的指标和氯离子质量平衡法,从土壤水分含量、储水量、干燥化和深层渗漏量等角度分析了土地利用变化对地下水补给的可能影响。结果表明:不同土地利用方式对土壤水分作用强度和深度不同。0～10 m剖面的平均土壤含水量表现为农地>杏林地>杏林‖柠条地>杏林‖苜蓿地。0～5 m包含杏树的两种间作地平均土壤含水量已达到或接近萎蔫湿度,土壤达到中度甚至重度干燥化;5～10 m各利用方式干燥化程度有所减轻。4种样地土壤水分深层渗漏量为8.8～13.6 mm·a~(-1),占多年平均降雨量的4.0%。由于土地利用类型转换时间不到10年,尽管土地利用变化对土壤水分有较大影响,但对地下水补给的影响尚不显著。
To evaluate the impacts of changes in land use on groundwater recharge,we sampled 10 m soil profiles under four types of land uses(farmlands, apricot orchards, apricot-caragana intercropping lands, and apricot-alfalfa intercropping lands) on Baicao loess tableland. After determining the soil water contents and chloride contents in soil water, we quantified the land use change impacts on groundwater based on some indices including soil water content, water storage, desiccation, and deep drainage. Different types of land uses have impacts on soil water with varying magnitudes and depths. The averaged soil water contents across the 10 m profiles were in the order of farmlands > apricot orchards> apricot-caragana intercropping lands >apricot-alfalfa intercropping lands. The two intercropping lands with apricot had soil water contents that were very close to the wilting point in the 0～5 m soil profiles, which subsequently resulted in moderate or even severe desiccation. But, the desiccation was alleviated with the depth, especially in the soil of 5～10 m deep. The deep drainages of soil water under the four land uses ranged from 8.8 to 13.6 mm·a~(-1), accounting for 4.0% of average annual precipitation. Since the changes from farmlands to other types occurred within last 10 years, the impacts of the land use changes on the groundwater recharge were not significant though their effects on soil water contents were large.
To evaluate the impacts of changes in land use on groundwater recharge,we sampled 10 m soil profiles under four types of land uses(farmlands, apricot orchards, apricot-caragana intercropping lands, and apricot-alfalfa intercropping lands) on Baicao loess tableland. After determining the soil water contents and chloride contents in soil water, we quantified the land use change impacts on groundwater based on some indices including soil water content, water storage, desiccation, and deep drainage. Different types of land uses have impacts on soil water with varying magnitudes and depths. The averaged soil water contents across the 10 m profiles were in the order of farmlands > apricot orchards> apricot-caragana intercropping lands >apricot-alfalfa intercropping lands. The two intercropping lands with apricot had soil water contents that were very close to the wilting point in the 0～5 m soil profiles, which subsequently resulted in moderate or even severe desiccation. But, the desiccation was alleviated with the depth, especially in the soil of 5～10 m deep. The deep drainages of soil water under the four land uses ranged from 8.8 to 13.6 mm·a~(-1), accounting for 4.0% of average annual precipitation. Since the changes from farmlands to other types occurred within last 10 years, the impacts of the land use changes on the groundwater recharge were not significant though their effects on soil water contents were large.
引文
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[2] 李玉山.新时期水土保持与面临的科学技术问题[J].中国水土保持,2007,(3):1-3.
[3] 信忠保,余新晓,张满良,等.黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同土地利用的土壤养分特征[J].干旱区研究,2012,29(3):379-384.
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[8] 程立平,刘文兆,李志,等.长武黄土塬区土地利用变化对潜水补给的影响[J].水科学进展,2016,27(5):670-678.
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[15] Gates J B,Edmunds W M,Ma J,et al.Estimating groundwater recharge in a cold desert environment in northern China using chloride[J].Hydrogeol Journal,2008,16(5):893-910.
[16] 陈植华,徐恒力.确定干旱—半干旱地区降水入渗补给量的新方法—氯离子示踪法[J].地质科技情报,1996,15(3):87-92.
[17] Cheng L P,Liu W Z,Li Z,et al.Study of soil water movement and groundwater recharge for the loess tableland using environmental tracers[J].Transactions of the Asabe,2014,57(1):23-30.
[18] 汪丙国,靳孟贵,王文峰,等.氯离子示踪法在河北平原地下水垂向入渗补给量评价中的应用[J].节水灌溉,2006,(3):16-20.
[19] 蒲金涌,冯建英,姚晓红,等.甘肃黄土高原土壤农业水分常数分布特征[J].干旱地区农业研究,2008,26(3):205-209.
[20] 韩承鼎.甘肃省白银市水土保持可持续发展探讨[J].亚热带水土保持,2011,23(1):39-41.
[21] 靳春胜,黄孝刚,张立原,等.六盘山东西两侧黄土古土壤容重的特征及其古气候指示意义[J].地质学报,2008,82(5):702-709.
[22] 李玉山,韩仕峰,汪正华.黄土高原土壤水分性质及其分区[J].水土保持研究,1985,(2):1-17.
[23] 阎太白,王德潜.洛川塬黄土潜水的补给机制及黄土含水特征[J].地质论评,1983,29(5):418-427.
[24] 李哲敏,高春雨,张劲松.退耕还林工程生态效益评价方法初探[J].中国农业资源与区划,2006,27(6):55-59.
[25] 曹裕,李军,张社红,等.黄土高原苹果园深层土壤干燥化特征[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(15):72-79.
[26] 程立平,刘文兆.黄土塬区土壤水分分布特征及其对不同土地利用方式的响应[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(9):203-207.
[27] Huang T M,Yang S,Liu J L,et al.How much information can soil solute profiles reveal about groundwater recharge?[J].Geosciences Journal,2016,20(4):495-502.
[28] Tan H B,Liu Z H,Rao W B,et al.Stable isotopes of soil water:Implications for soil water and shallow groundwater recharge in hill and gully regions of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2017,243:1-9.
[29] Li Z,Chen X,Liu W Z,et al.Determination of groundwater recharge mechanism in the deep loessial unsaturated zone by environmental tracers[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,586:827-835.
[30] Allison G,Hughes M.The use of environmental chloride and tritium to estimate total recharge to an unconfined aquifer[J].Australian Journal of Soil Research,1978,16(2):181-195.
[31] Scanlon B R.Evaluation of moisture flux from chloride data in desert soils[J].Journal of Hydrology,1991,128(91):137-156.
[32] Phillips F M.Environmental tracers for water movement in desert soils of the American Southwest[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1994,58(1):15-24.
[33] Scanlon B R.Uncertainties in estimating water fluxes and residence times using environmental tracers in an arid unsaturated zone[J].Water Resources Research,2000,36(2):395-409.
[34] 王延平,韩明玉,张林森,等.洛川苹果园土壤水分变化特征[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(3):731-738.
[35] 向伟,林雪青,张志强,等.黄土塬区土地利用变化对深剖面土壤水分的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(4):12-17.
[36] Wang Z Q,Liu B Y,Liu G,et al.Soil water depletion depth by planted vegetation on the Loess Plateau[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2009,52(6):835-842.
[37] 李玉山.黄土区土壤水分循环特征及其对陆地水分循环的影响[J].生态学报,1983,3(2):91-101.
[38] 黄明斌,杨新民,李玉山.黄土区渭北旱塬苹果基地对区域水循环的影响[J].地理学报,2001,56(1):7-13.
[39] Huang T M,Pang Z H.Estimating groundwater recharge following land-use change using chloride mass balance of soil profiles:a case study at Guyuan and Xifeng in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Hydrogeol Journal,2011,19(1):177-186.
[40] Peck A J,Hurle D H.Chloride balance of some farmed and forested catchments in Southwestern Australia[J].Water Resources Research,1973,9(3):648-657.
[2] 李玉山.新时期水土保持与面临的科学技术问题[J].中国水土保持,2007,(3):1-3.
[3] 信忠保,余新晓,张满良,等.黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同土地利用的土壤养分特征[J].干旱区研究,2012,29(3):379-384.
[4] 黄明斌,杨新民,李玉山.黄土高原生物利用型土壤干层的水文生态效应研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2003,11(3):113-116.
[5] Chen L D,Wang J P,Wei W,et al.Effects of landscape restoration on soil water storage and water use in the Loess Plateau Region,China[J].Forest Ecology & Management,2010,259(7):1291-1298.
[6] Zhou J,Fu B J,Gao G Y,et al.Effects of precipitation and restoration vegetation on soil erosion in a semi-arid environment in the Loess Plateau,China[J].Catena,2016,137(137):1-11.
[7] Li Z,Liu W Z,Zhang X C,et al.Impacts of land use change and climate variability on hydrology in an agricultural catchment on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2009,377(1-2):35-42.
[8] 程立平,刘文兆,李志,等.长武黄土塬区土地利用变化对潜水补给的影响[J].水科学进展,2016,27(5):670-678.
[9] Li Z,Lin X Q,Coles A E,et al.Catchment-scale surface water-groundwater connectivity on China’s Loess Plateau[J].Catena,2017,152:268-276.
[10] Mccartney M P,Neal C.Water flow pathways and the water balance within a head-water catchment containing a dambo:inferences drawn from hydrochemical investigations[J].Hydrology & Earth System Sciences,1999,3(4):581-591.
[11] Eriksson E,Khunakasem V.Chloride concentration in groundwater,recharge rate and rate of deposition of chloride in the Israel Coastal Plain[J].Journal of Hydrology,1969,7(2):178-197.
[12] Scanlon B R,Keese K E,Flint A L,et al.Global synthesis of groundwater recharge in semiarid and arid regions[J].Hydrological Processes,2006,20(15):3335-3370.
[13] Silburn D M,Cowie B A,Thornton C M.The brigalow catchment Study revisited:Effects of land development on deep drainage determined from non-steady chloride profiles[J].Journal of Hydrology,2009,373(3):487-498.
[14] Radford B J,Silburn D M,Forster B A.Soil chloride and deep drainage responses to land clearing for cropping at seven sites in central Queensland,northern Australia[J].Journal of Hydrology,2009,379(1-2):20-29.
[15] Gates J B,Edmunds W M,Ma J,et al.Estimating groundwater recharge in a cold desert environment in northern China using chloride[J].Hydrogeol Journal,2008,16(5):893-910.
[16] 陈植华,徐恒力.确定干旱—半干旱地区降水入渗补给量的新方法—氯离子示踪法[J].地质科技情报,1996,15(3):87-92.
[17] Cheng L P,Liu W Z,Li Z,et al.Study of soil water movement and groundwater recharge for the loess tableland using environmental tracers[J].Transactions of the Asabe,2014,57(1):23-30.
[18] 汪丙国,靳孟贵,王文峰,等.氯离子示踪法在河北平原地下水垂向入渗补给量评价中的应用[J].节水灌溉,2006,(3):16-20.
[19] 蒲金涌,冯建英,姚晓红,等.甘肃黄土高原土壤农业水分常数分布特征[J].干旱地区农业研究,2008,26(3):205-209.
[20] 韩承鼎.甘肃省白银市水土保持可持续发展探讨[J].亚热带水土保持,2011,23(1):39-41.
[21] 靳春胜,黄孝刚,张立原,等.六盘山东西两侧黄土古土壤容重的特征及其古气候指示意义[J].地质学报,2008,82(5):702-709.
[22] 李玉山,韩仕峰,汪正华.黄土高原土壤水分性质及其分区[J].水土保持研究,1985,(2):1-17.
[23] 阎太白,王德潜.洛川塬黄土潜水的补给机制及黄土含水特征[J].地质论评,1983,29(5):418-427.
[24] 李哲敏,高春雨,张劲松.退耕还林工程生态效益评价方法初探[J].中国农业资源与区划,2006,27(6):55-59.
[25] 曹裕,李军,张社红,等.黄土高原苹果园深层土壤干燥化特征[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(15):72-79.
[26] 程立平,刘文兆.黄土塬区土壤水分分布特征及其对不同土地利用方式的响应[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(9):203-207.
[27] Huang T M,Yang S,Liu J L,et al.How much information can soil solute profiles reveal about groundwater recharge?[J].Geosciences Journal,2016,20(4):495-502.
[28] Tan H B,Liu Z H,Rao W B,et al.Stable isotopes of soil water:Implications for soil water and shallow groundwater recharge in hill and gully regions of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2017,243:1-9.
[29] Li Z,Chen X,Liu W Z,et al.Determination of groundwater recharge mechanism in the deep loessial unsaturated zone by environmental tracers[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,586:827-835.
[30] Allison G,Hughes M.The use of environmental chloride and tritium to estimate total recharge to an unconfined aquifer[J].Australian Journal of Soil Research,1978,16(2):181-195.
[31] Scanlon B R.Evaluation of moisture flux from chloride data in desert soils[J].Journal of Hydrology,1991,128(91):137-156.
[32] Phillips F M.Environmental tracers for water movement in desert soils of the American Southwest[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1994,58(1):15-24.
[33] Scanlon B R.Uncertainties in estimating water fluxes and residence times using environmental tracers in an arid unsaturated zone[J].Water Resources Research,2000,36(2):395-409.
[34] 王延平,韩明玉,张林森,等.洛川苹果园土壤水分变化特征[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(3):731-738.
[35] 向伟,林雪青,张志强,等.黄土塬区土地利用变化对深剖面土壤水分的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(4):12-17.
[36] Wang Z Q,Liu B Y,Liu G,et al.Soil water depletion depth by planted vegetation on the Loess Plateau[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2009,52(6):835-842.
[37] 李玉山.黄土区土壤水分循环特征及其对陆地水分循环的影响[J].生态学报,1983,3(2):91-101.
[38] 黄明斌,杨新民,李玉山.黄土区渭北旱塬苹果基地对区域水循环的影响[J].地理学报,2001,56(1):7-13.
[39] Huang T M,Pang Z H.Estimating groundwater recharge following land-use change using chloride mass balance of soil profiles:a case study at Guyuan and Xifeng in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Hydrogeol Journal,2011,19(1):177-186.
[40] Peck A J,Hurle D H.Chloride balance of some farmed and forested catchments in Southwestern Australia[J].Water Resources Research,1973,9(3):648-657.