Application of channel-belt scaling relationship to Middle Jurassic source-to-sink system in the Saishiteng area of the northern Qaidam Basin,NW China
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摘要
Palaeodrainage basin,as an important component of the source-to-sink system,contains critical information on provenance and palaeoenvironment.Previous studies indicate that the scaling relationships of source-to-sink system components generally follow power laws,and channel-belt thickness represents a reliable first-order proxy for the drainage area.In this study,a database of borehole cores and geophysical well logs of the Jurassic coal measures from Saishiteng area in the northern Qaidam Basin was used to reconstruct the palaeogeography,and to identify single-story channel-belts.Three palaeochannels,namely,River A,River B and River C,were identified which were persistent throughout the Dameigou and Shimengou Formations during the Middle Jurassic.The mean channel-belt thicknesses of River A,River B and River C in the Dameigou Formation were 9.8 m,8.9 m and 7.9 m,respectively,and those in the Shimengou Formation were 7.4 m,6.2 m and 5.4 m,respectively.We estimate the drainage area of three major rivers by using scaling relationships between drainage area and channel-belt thickness.The drainage areas of River A,River B and River C in the Dameigou Formation were 63.0×10~3 km~2,50.1×10~3 km~2 and 37.7×10~3 km~2,respectively,and those in the Shimengou Formation were 32.3×10~3 km~2,21.2×10~3 km~2 and15.3×10~3 km~2,respectively.The drainage basin lengths of River A,River B and River C in the Dameigou Formation were 300.4 km,239 km and 180.2 km,respectively,and those in the Shimengou Formation were 154.3 km,101.3 km and 73.1 km,respectively.For both the Dameigou and Shimengou Formations,River A showed the largest scale,followed by River B and River C succeedingly,which was mainly determined by the stretch direction of provenance in the southern Qilian Mountains.The variations of channel-belt thickness,drainage area and drainage basin length between Dameigou and Shimengou Formations are the response of source-to-sink system to the transformation from extension to compression depression during the Middle Jurassic in the northern Qaidam Basin.
Palaeodrainage basin,as an important component of the source-to-sink system,contains critical information on provenance and palaeoenvironment.Previous studies indicate that the scaling relationships of source-to-sink system components generally follow power laws,and channel-belt thickness represents a reliable first-order proxy for the drainage area.In this study,a database of borehole cores and geophysical well logs of the Jurassic coal measures from Saishiteng area in the northern Qaidam Basin was used to reconstruct the palaeogeography,and to identify single-story channel-belts.Three palaeochannels,namely,River A,River B and River C,were identified which were persistent throughout the Dameigou and Shimengou Formations during the Middle Jurassic.The mean channel-belt thicknesses of River A,River B and River C in the Dameigou Formation were 9.8 m,8.9 m and 7.9 m,respectively,and those in the Shimengou Formation were 7.4 m,6.2 m and 5.4 m,respectively.We estimate the drainage area of three major rivers by using scaling relationships between drainage area and channel-belt thickness.The drainage areas of River A,River B and River C in the Dameigou Formation were 63.0×10~3 km~2,50.1×10~3 km~2 and 37.7×10~3 km~2,respectively,and those in the Shimengou Formation were 32.3×10~3 km~2,21.2×10~3 km~2 and15.3×10~3 km~2,respectively.The drainage basin lengths of River A,River B and River C in the Dameigou Formation were 300.4 km,239 km and 180.2 km,respectively,and those in the Shimengou Formation were 154.3 km,101.3 km and 73.1 km,respectively.For both the Dameigou and Shimengou Formations,River A showed the largest scale,followed by River B and River C succeedingly,which was mainly determined by the stretch direction of provenance in the southern Qilian Mountains.The variations of channel-belt thickness,drainage area and drainage basin length between Dameigou and Shimengou Formations are the response of source-to-sink system to the transformation from extension to compression depression during the Middle Jurassic in the northern Qaidam Basin.
Palaeodrainage basin,as an important component of the source-to-sink system,contains critical information on provenance and palaeoenvironment.Previous studies indicate that the scaling relationships of source-to-sink system components generally follow power laws,and channel-belt thickness represents a reliable first-order proxy for the drainage area.In this study,a database of borehole cores and geophysical well logs of the Jurassic coal measures from Saishiteng area in the northern Qaidam Basin was used to reconstruct the palaeogeography,and to identify single-story channel-belts.Three palaeochannels,namely,River A,River B and River C,were identified which were persistent throughout the Dameigou and Shimengou Formations during the Middle Jurassic.The mean channel-belt thicknesses of River A,River B and River C in the Dameigou Formation were 9.8 m,8.9 m and 7.9 m,respectively,and those in the Shimengou Formation were 7.4 m,6.2 m and 5.4 m,respectively.We estimate the drainage area of three major rivers by using scaling relationships between drainage area and channel-belt thickness.The drainage areas of River A,River B and River C in the Dameigou Formation were 63.0×10~3 km~2,50.1×10~3 km~2 and 37.7×10~3 km~2,respectively,and those in the Shimengou Formation were 32.3×10~3 km~2,21.2×10~3 km~2 and15.3×10~3 km~2,respectively.The drainage basin lengths of River A,River B and River C in the Dameigou Formation were 300.4 km,239 km and 180.2 km,respectively,and those in the Shimengou Formation were 154.3 km,101.3 km and 73.1 km,respectively.For both the Dameigou and Shimengou Formations,River A showed the largest scale,followed by River B and River C succeedingly,which was mainly determined by the stretch direction of provenance in the southern Qilian Mountains.The variations of channel-belt thickness,drainage area and drainage basin length between Dameigou and Shimengou Formations are the response of source-to-sink system to the transformation from extension to compression depression during the Middle Jurassic in the northern Qaidam Basin.
引文
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Anderson,J.B.,D.J.Wallace,A.R.Simms,A.B.Rodriguez,R.W.R.Weight,and Z.P.Taha.2016.Recycling sediments between source and sink during a eustatic cycle:Systems of Late Quaternary northwestern Gulf of Mexico Basin.EarthScience Reviews 153:111-138.
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Bhattacharya,J.P.,P.Copeland,T.F.Lawton,and J.Holbrook.2016.Estimation of source area,river paleo-discharge,paleoslope,and sediment budgets of linked deep-time depositional systems and implications for hydrocarbon potential.Earth-Science Reviews 153:77-110.
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Blum,M.D.,and J.H.Womack.2009.Climate change,sea-level change,and fluvial sediment supply to Deepwater systems.In External controls on deep water depositional systems:Climate,sea-level,and sediment flux.SEPM Special Publication,ed.B.Kneller,O.J.Martinsen,and B.McCaffrey,vol.92,15-39.
Bridge,J.S.,and R.S.Tye.2000.Interpreting the dimensions of ancient fluvial channel bars,channels,and channel belts from wireline-logs and cores.AAPGBulletin 84(8):1205-1228.
Carter,L.,A.R.Orpin,and S.A.Kuehl.2010.From mountain source to ocean sink-The passage of sediment across an active margin,Waipaoa sedimentary system,New Zealand.Marine Geology 270:1-10.
Dai,J.S.,X.S.Ye,L.J.Tang,Z.J.Jin,W.B.Shao,Y.Hu,and B.S.Zhang.2003.Tectonic units and oil-gas potential of the Qaidam Basin.Chinese Journal of Geology38(3):291-296(in Chinese with English abstract).
Dang,Y.Q.,Y.Hu,H.L.Yu,Y.Song,and F.Z.Yang.2003.Petroleum geology of the northern Qaidam Basin,NW China.Beijing:Geological Publishing House(in Chinese).
Davidson,S.K.,and A.J.Hartley.2014.A quantitative approach to linking drainage area and distributive-fluvial-system area in modern and ancient endorheic basins.Journal of Sedimentary Research 84(11):1005-1020.
Davidson,S.K.,and C.P.North.2009.Geomorphological regional curves for prediction of drainage area and screening modern analogues for rivers in the rock record.Journal of Sedimentary Research 79(10):773-792.
Deng,S.H.,Y.Z.Lu,Y.Zhao,R.Fan,Y.D.Wang,X.J.Yang,X.Li,and B.N.Sun.2017.The Jurassic palaeoclimate regionalization and evolution of China.Earth Science Frontiers 24(1):106-142(in Chinese with English abstract).
Du,J.J.,S.A.Zhang,W.F.Xiao,and W.Jiang.2017.Geochemistry characteristics of middle-lower Jurassic clastic rocks in the northern margin of Qaidam Basin and their geological significance.Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment39(6):721-734(in Chinese with English abstract).
Durkin,P.R.,S.M.Hubbard,R.L.Boyd,and D.A.Leckie.2015.Stratigraphic expression of intra-point-bar erosion and rotation.Journal of Sedimentary Research 85(10):1238-1257.
Feng,Z.Z.2004.Single factor analysis and multifactor comprehensive mapping method-Reconstruction of quantitative lithofacies palaeogeography.Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition)6(1):3-19(in Chinese with English abstract).
Fuller,I.C.,and M.Marden.2010.Rapid channel response to variability in sediment supply:Cutting and filling of the Tarndale Fan,Waipaoa catchment,New Zealand.Marine Geology 270:45-54.
Galloway,W.E.1981.Depositional architecture of Cenozoic gulf coastal plain fluvial systems.In Recent and ancient nonmarine depositional environments:Models for exploration.SEPM Special Publication,ed.F.G.Etheridge,and R.M.Flores,vol.31,127-155.
Gibling,M.R.2006.Width and thickness of fluvial channel bodies and valley fills in the geological record:A literature compilation and classification.Journal of Sedimentary Research 76(5):731-770.
Helland-Hansen,W.,T.O.S?mme,O.J.Martinsen,I.Lunt,and J.Thurmond.2016.Deciphering Earth's natural hourglasses:Perspectives on source-to-sink analysis.Journal of Sedimentary Research 86(9):1008-1033.
Holbrook,J.,and H.Wanas.2014.A fulcrum approach to assessing source-to-sink mass balance using channel paleohydrologic parameters derivable from common fluvial data sets with an example from the cretaceous of Egypt.Journal of Sedimentary Research 84(5):349-372.
Hovius,N.1998.Controls on sediment supply by large rivers.In Relative role of Eustasy,climate,and tectonism in continental rocks.SEPM Special Publication,ed.K.W.Shanley,and P.J.McCabe,vol.59,2-16.
Hubbard,S.M.,D.G.Smith,H.Nielsen,D.A.Leckie,M.Fustic,R.J.Spencer,and L.Bloom.2011.Seismic geomorphology and sedimentology of a tidally influenced river deposit,lower cretaceous Athabasca oil sands,Alberta,Canada.AAPG Bulletin 95(7):1123-1145.
Jin,Z.J.,M.L.Zhang,L.J.Tang,and J.C.Li.2004.Evolution of Meso-Cenozoic Qaidam Basin and its control on oil and gas.Oil and Gas Geology 25(6):603-608(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,M.,L.Y.Shao,L.Liu,J.Lu,B.Spiro,H.J.Wen,and Y.H.Li.2016.Lacustrine basin evolution and coal accumulation of the middle Jurassic in the Saishiteng coalfield,northern Qaidam Basin,China.Journal of Palaeogeography 5(3):205-220.
Li,M.,L.Y.Shao,J.Lu,B.Spiro,H.J.Wen,and Y.H.Li.2014.Sequence stratigraphy and paleogeography of the middle Jurassic coal measures in the Yuqia coalfield,northern Qaidam Basin,northwestern China.AAPG Bulletin 98(12):2531-2550.
Li,Z.X.,D.D.Wang,D.W.Lv,Y.Li,H.Y.Liu,P.L.Wang,Y.Liu,J.Q.Liu,and D.D.Li.2017.The geologic settings of Chinese coal deposits.International Geology Review 60(5-6):548-578.
Liu,Q.H.,X.M.Zhu,S.L.Li,C.G.Xu,X.F.Du,H.Y.Li,and W.L.Shi.2017a.Source-tosink system of the steep slope fault in the western Shaleitian uplift.Earth Science 42(11):1883-1896(in Chinese with English abstract).
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