Variation and relationship between soil moisture and environmental factors in the source region of the Yangtze River from 2005 to 2016
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摘要
This study analyzed soil moisture, soil erosion, and vegetation in the source region of the Yangtze River from 2005 to 2016. We found that soil moisture showed an increasing trend from 2005 to 2009 but decreased from 2009 to 2016. The surface soil moisture was severely affected by seasonal changes in the source region of the Yangtze River, especially in the soil from 0 to 40 cm. However, seasonal variation of soil moisture deeper than 40 cm was different from that in the upper layer. Soil moisture below 40 cm wasn't affected by the seasonal variation. Soil moisture from 0 to 50 cm and the average thickness of wind deposition showed a positive correlation in the study area from 2005 to 2016. For environmental protection in the source region of the Yangtze River, wind deposition played a role in water retention. Similarly, a positive correlation also existed between the average thickness of wind erosion and soil moisture. Deep-soil moisture was the key factor for vegetation structure on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results are also helpful for further understanding the variation of soil moisture on the Tibetan Plateau and providing a scientific basis for effectively protecting and controlling the ecological environment in the future.
This study analyzed soil moisture, soil erosion, and vegetation in the source region of the Yangtze River from 2005 to 2016. We found that soil moisture showed an increasing trend from 2005 to 2009 but decreased from 2009 to 2016. The surface soil moisture was severely affected by seasonal changes in the source region of the Yangtze River, especially in the soil from 0 to 40 cm. However, seasonal variation of soil moisture deeper than 40 cm was different from that in the upper layer. Soil moisture below 40 cm wasn't affected by the seasonal variation. Soil moisture from 0 to 50 cm and the average thickness of wind deposition showed a positive correlation in the study area from 2005 to 2016. For environmental protection in the source region of the Yangtze River, wind deposition played a role in water retention. Similarly, a positive correlation also existed between the average thickness of wind erosion and soil moisture. Deep-soil moisture was the key factor for vegetation structure on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results are also helpful for further understanding the variation of soil moisture on the Tibetan Plateau and providing a scientific basis for effectively protecting and controlling the ecological environment in the future.
This study analyzed soil moisture, soil erosion, and vegetation in the source region of the Yangtze River from 2005 to 2016. We found that soil moisture showed an increasing trend from 2005 to 2009 but decreased from 2009 to 2016. The surface soil moisture was severely affected by seasonal changes in the source region of the Yangtze River, especially in the soil from 0 to 40 cm. However, seasonal variation of soil moisture deeper than 40 cm was different from that in the upper layer. Soil moisture below 40 cm wasn't affected by the seasonal variation. Soil moisture from 0 to 50 cm and the average thickness of wind deposition showed a positive correlation in the study area from 2005 to 2016. For environmental protection in the source region of the Yangtze River, wind deposition played a role in water retention. Similarly, a positive correlation also existed between the average thickness of wind erosion and soil moisture. Deep-soil moisture was the key factor for vegetation structure on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results are also helpful for further understanding the variation of soil moisture on the Tibetan Plateau and providing a scientific basis for effectively protecting and controlling the ecological environment in the future.
引文
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Cheng GD,Zhao L,2000.The problems in the development of frozen soil in the Tibetan Plateau.Quaternary Research,20(6):521-531.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-3198.2015.21.109.(in Chinese)
Cui Y,Long D,Hong Y,et al.,2016.Validation and recon‐struction of FY-3B/MWRI soil moisture using an artificial neural network based on reconstructed MODIS optical products over the Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Hydrology,543:242-254.DOI:org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.10.005.
Fang Y,Qin D,Ding Y,2011.Frozen soil change and adapta‐tion of animal husbandry:a case of the source regions of Yangtze and Yellow Rivers.Environmental Science&Poli‐cy,14(5):555-568.DOI:org/10.1016/j.envsci.2011.03.012.
Fu W,Zhao JQ,Du GZ,2012.Qinhai-Tibet Plateau alpine grassland ecological compensation mechanism research.Ecological economy,168(10):153-157.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1671-4407.2012.10.032.(in Chinese)
Gao Q,Guo Y,Xu H,et al.,2016.Climate change and its im‐pacts on vegetation distribution and net primary productivi‐ty of the alpine ecosystem in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Science of the Total Environment,554:34-41.DOI:org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.131.
Hayashi S,Murakami S,Xu KQ,et al.,2015.Simulation of the reduction of runoff and sediment load resulting from the Gain for Green Program in the Jialingjiang catchment,upper region of the Yangtze River.Journal of Environmen‐tal Management,149:126-137.DOI:org/10.1016/j.jenv‐man.2014.10.004.
Hu P,Liu Q,Heslop D,et al.,2015.Soil moisture balance and magnetic enhancement in loess-paleosol sequences from the Tibetan Plateau and Chinese Loess Plateau.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,409:120-132.DOI:org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.10.035.
Li H,Shen W,Zou C,et al.,2013.Spatio-temporal variability of soil moisture and its effect on vegetation in a desertified aeolian riparian ecotone on the Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Hydrology,479:215-225.DOI:org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.12.002.
Li L,Dai S,Shen HY,et al.,2012.The response and trend prediction for surface water resources to climate change in the source region of the Yangtze River.Acta Geographi‐ca Sinica,67(7):941-950.DOI:10.11821/xb201207007.(in Chinese)
Li Q,Lu H,Shen C,et al.,2016.Vegetation successions in re‐sponse to Holocene climate changes in the central Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Arid Environments,125:136-144.DOI:org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.07.010.
Li ZX,Qi F,Xiao YG,et al.,2015.The evolution and environ‐mental significance of glaciochemistry during the ablation period in the north of Tibetan Plateau,China.Quaternary International,374:93-109.DOI:org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.06.071.
Liu Q,Du JY,Shi JC,et al.,2013.Analysis of spatial distribu‐tion and multi-year trend of the remotely sensed soil mois‐ture on the Tibetan Plateau.Science China Earth Sciences,56(12):2173-2185.DOI:10.1007/s11430-013-4700-8.
Ma Y,Wang XQ,Zhang B,et al.,2014.Effects from wind ero‐sion and wind deposition to water and photosynthesis of camel thorn on the southern margin of the Taklimakan des‐ert.Chinese Journal of plant ecology,38(5):491-498.DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00045.(in Chinese)
McGuire AD,Wirth C,Apps M,et al.,2002.Environmental variation,vegetation distribution,carbon dynamics and wa‐ter/energy exchange at high latitudes.Journal of Vegetation Science,13(3):301-314.DOI:org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02055.x.
Qi DM,Li YQ,Chen YR,et al.,2015.The variation character‐istics and causes analysis of the runoff in the source region of the Yangtze River under the background of climate change.Journal of Glaclology and Geoccryology,37(4):1075-1086.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0120.(in Chinese)
Su Z,De RP,Wen J,et al.,2013.Evaluation of ECMWF's soil moisture analyses using observations on the Tibetan Pla‐teau.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,118(11):5304-5318.DOI:org/10.1002/jgrd.50468.
Sun S,Chen B,Chen J,et al.,2016.Comparison of remotelysensed and modeled soil moisture using CLM4.0 with in si‐tu measurements in the central Tibetan Plateau area.Cold Regions Science and Technology,129:31-44.DOI:org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2016.06.005.
Walker DA,Jia GJ,Epstein HE,et al.,2003.Vegetation-soilthaw-depth relationships along a low-arctic bioclimate gra‐dient,Alaska:Synthesis of information from the ATLASstudies.Permafrost and Periglacial Processes,14(2):103-123.DOI:org/10.1002/ppp.452.
Wang K,Wang P,Liu J,et al.,2005.Variation of surface albe‐do and soil thermal parameters with soil moisture content at a semi-desert site on the western Tibetan Plateau.Bound‐ary-Layer Meteorology,116(1):117-129.DOI:10.1007/s10546-004-7403-z.
Wen J,Su Z,2003.The estimation of soil moisture from ERSwind scatterometer data over the Tibetan plateau.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,Parts A/B/C,28(1):53-61.DOI:org/10.1016/S1474-7065(03)00007-X.
Wu,QB,Shen YP,Shi B,2003.The relationship between fro‐zen soil,hydrothermal process and ecological environment for cold region in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau.Journal of Gla‐ciology and Geocryology,25(3):250-255.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0240.2003.03.002.(in Chinese)
Yang Z,Ouyang H,Zhang X,2011.Spatial variability of soil moisture at typical alpine meadow and steppe sites in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau permafrost region.Environmental Earth Sciences,63(3):477-488.DOI:10.1007/s12665-010-0716-y.(in Chinese)
Yu G,Brierley G,Huang HQ,et al.,2014.An environmental gradient of vegetative controls upon channel planform in the source region of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers.Cate‐na,119:143-153.DOI:org/10.1016/j.catena.2014.02.010.
Zeng J,Li Z,Chen Q,et al.,2015.Evaluation of remotely sensed and reanalysis soil moisture products over the Tibet‐an Plateau using in-situ observations.Remote Sensing of Environment,163:91-110.DOI:org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.03.008.
Zhang Y,Dong S,Gao Q,et al.,2016.Climate change and hu‐man activities altered the diversity and composition of soil microbial community in alpine grasslands of the QinghaiTibetan Plateau.Science of the Total Environment,562:353-363.DOI:org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.221.
Zhao L,Yang K,Qin J,et al.,2014.The scale-dependence of SMOS soil moisture accuracy and its improvement through land data assimilation in the central Tibetan Plateau.Re‐mote Sensing of Environment,152:345-355.DOI:org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.07.005.
Zhu X,Shao M,Zeng C,et al.,2016.Application of cosmicray neutron sensing to monitor soil water content in an al‐pine meadow ecosystem on the northern Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Hydrology,536:247-254.DOI:org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.02.038.
Chen Y,Yang K,Qin J,et al.,2013.Evaluation of AMSR‐E re‐trievals and GLDAS simulations against observations of a soil moisture network on the central Tibetan Plateau.Jour‐nal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,118(10):4466-4475.DOI:org/10.1002/jgrd.50301.
Cheng GD,Zhao L,2000.The problems in the development of frozen soil in the Tibetan Plateau.Quaternary Research,20(6):521-531.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-3198.2015.21.109.(in Chinese)
Cui Y,Long D,Hong Y,et al.,2016.Validation and recon‐struction of FY-3B/MWRI soil moisture using an artificial neural network based on reconstructed MODIS optical products over the Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Hydrology,543:242-254.DOI:org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.10.005.
Fang Y,Qin D,Ding Y,2011.Frozen soil change and adapta‐tion of animal husbandry:a case of the source regions of Yangtze and Yellow Rivers.Environmental Science&Poli‐cy,14(5):555-568.DOI:org/10.1016/j.envsci.2011.03.012.
Fu W,Zhao JQ,Du GZ,2012.Qinhai-Tibet Plateau alpine grassland ecological compensation mechanism research.Ecological economy,168(10):153-157.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1671-4407.2012.10.032.(in Chinese)
Gao Q,Guo Y,Xu H,et al.,2016.Climate change and its im‐pacts on vegetation distribution and net primary productivi‐ty of the alpine ecosystem in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Science of the Total Environment,554:34-41.DOI:org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.131.
Hayashi S,Murakami S,Xu KQ,et al.,2015.Simulation of the reduction of runoff and sediment load resulting from the Gain for Green Program in the Jialingjiang catchment,upper region of the Yangtze River.Journal of Environmen‐tal Management,149:126-137.DOI:org/10.1016/j.jenv‐man.2014.10.004.
Hu P,Liu Q,Heslop D,et al.,2015.Soil moisture balance and magnetic enhancement in loess-paleosol sequences from the Tibetan Plateau and Chinese Loess Plateau.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,409:120-132.DOI:org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.10.035.
Li H,Shen W,Zou C,et al.,2013.Spatio-temporal variability of soil moisture and its effect on vegetation in a desertified aeolian riparian ecotone on the Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Hydrology,479:215-225.DOI:org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.12.002.
Li L,Dai S,Shen HY,et al.,2012.The response and trend prediction for surface water resources to climate change in the source region of the Yangtze River.Acta Geographi‐ca Sinica,67(7):941-950.DOI:10.11821/xb201207007.(in Chinese)
Li Q,Lu H,Shen C,et al.,2016.Vegetation successions in re‐sponse to Holocene climate changes in the central Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Arid Environments,125:136-144.DOI:org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.07.010.
Li ZX,Qi F,Xiao YG,et al.,2015.The evolution and environ‐mental significance of glaciochemistry during the ablation period in the north of Tibetan Plateau,China.Quaternary International,374:93-109.DOI:org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.06.071.
Liu Q,Du JY,Shi JC,et al.,2013.Analysis of spatial distribu‐tion and multi-year trend of the remotely sensed soil mois‐ture on the Tibetan Plateau.Science China Earth Sciences,56(12):2173-2185.DOI:10.1007/s11430-013-4700-8.
Ma Y,Wang XQ,Zhang B,et al.,2014.Effects from wind ero‐sion and wind deposition to water and photosynthesis of camel thorn on the southern margin of the Taklimakan des‐ert.Chinese Journal of plant ecology,38(5):491-498.DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00045.(in Chinese)
McGuire AD,Wirth C,Apps M,et al.,2002.Environmental variation,vegetation distribution,carbon dynamics and wa‐ter/energy exchange at high latitudes.Journal of Vegetation Science,13(3):301-314.DOI:org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02055.x.
Qi DM,Li YQ,Chen YR,et al.,2015.The variation character‐istics and causes analysis of the runoff in the source region of the Yangtze River under the background of climate change.Journal of Glaclology and Geoccryology,37(4):1075-1086.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2015.0120.(in Chinese)
Su Z,De RP,Wen J,et al.,2013.Evaluation of ECMWF's soil moisture analyses using observations on the Tibetan Pla‐teau.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,118(11):5304-5318.DOI:org/10.1002/jgrd.50468.
Sun S,Chen B,Chen J,et al.,2016.Comparison of remotelysensed and modeled soil moisture using CLM4.0 with in si‐tu measurements in the central Tibetan Plateau area.Cold Regions Science and Technology,129:31-44.DOI:org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2016.06.005.
Walker DA,Jia GJ,Epstein HE,et al.,2003.Vegetation-soilthaw-depth relationships along a low-arctic bioclimate gra‐dient,Alaska:Synthesis of information from the ATLASstudies.Permafrost and Periglacial Processes,14(2):103-123.DOI:org/10.1002/ppp.452.
Wang K,Wang P,Liu J,et al.,2005.Variation of surface albe‐do and soil thermal parameters with soil moisture content at a semi-desert site on the western Tibetan Plateau.Bound‐ary-Layer Meteorology,116(1):117-129.DOI:10.1007/s10546-004-7403-z.
Wen J,Su Z,2003.The estimation of soil moisture from ERSwind scatterometer data over the Tibetan plateau.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,Parts A/B/C,28(1):53-61.DOI:org/10.1016/S1474-7065(03)00007-X.
Wu,QB,Shen YP,Shi B,2003.The relationship between fro‐zen soil,hydrothermal process and ecological environment for cold region in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau.Journal of Gla‐ciology and Geocryology,25(3):250-255.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0240.2003.03.002.(in Chinese)
Yang Z,Ouyang H,Zhang X,2011.Spatial variability of soil moisture at typical alpine meadow and steppe sites in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau permafrost region.Environmental Earth Sciences,63(3):477-488.DOI:10.1007/s12665-010-0716-y.(in Chinese)
Yu G,Brierley G,Huang HQ,et al.,2014.An environmental gradient of vegetative controls upon channel planform in the source region of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers.Cate‐na,119:143-153.DOI:org/10.1016/j.catena.2014.02.010.
Zeng J,Li Z,Chen Q,et al.,2015.Evaluation of remotely sensed and reanalysis soil moisture products over the Tibet‐an Plateau using in-situ observations.Remote Sensing of Environment,163:91-110.DOI:org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.03.008.
Zhang Y,Dong S,Gao Q,et al.,2016.Climate change and hu‐man activities altered the diversity and composition of soil microbial community in alpine grasslands of the QinghaiTibetan Plateau.Science of the Total Environment,562:353-363.DOI:org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.221.
Zhao L,Yang K,Qin J,et al.,2014.The scale-dependence of SMOS soil moisture accuracy and its improvement through land data assimilation in the central Tibetan Plateau.Re‐mote Sensing of Environment,152:345-355.DOI:org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.07.005.
Zhu X,Shao M,Zeng C,et al.,2016.Application of cosmicray neutron sensing to monitor soil water content in an al‐pine meadow ecosystem on the northern Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Hydrology,536:247-254.DOI:org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.02.038.
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