延长拖网伏季休渔期的渔业资源养护效应
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摘要
海洋伏季休渔制度是当前中国最主要的渔业资源管理制度之一,并在实践中得到不断调整与完善,新的海洋伏季休渔制度已于2017年发布实施。为论证新制度延长拖网休渔期的渔业资源养护效应,本研究依据2015—2017年每年5月东海区拖网大面定点调查资料,利用Ricker动态综合模型,从拖网的渔获结构特征和带鱼(Trichiurus japonicus)的种群动力学过程视角开展了相应的量化分析研究。研究结果表明, 5月拖网利用主体为带鱼和小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis),带鱼和小黄鱼的性成熟比例分别为92.04%～95.57%和13.82%～29.55%,幼鱼比例分别为74.94%～88.90%和0.03%～4.19%;带鱼种群经过4.5个月的休渔,其单位补充量资源量、单位补充量渔获量和平均渔获质量与3.5个月休渔期相比较,分别增加了7.04%、8.96%和20.78%。以上结果表明,提前并延长拖网休渔期,东、黄海主要经济渔业资源带鱼与小黄鱼的产卵群体和幼鱼得到进一步保护,资源增殖效果随着休渔期的不断延长而增加,新制度的休渔时间设置更趋合理。但由于开捕后的带鱼与小黄鱼渔获仍主要以当龄鱼为主,有必要同时配套执行现已颁布的最小网目尺寸和开捕标准等其他渔业资源管理措施,以确保伏季休渔制度主导下的渔业资源养护效果能真正得到巩固,渔业资源的种群结构能够得到切实好转与不断合理化。
The summer fishing moratorium system, the main fishing management system in China, has been continuously adjusted and perfected in practice. In order to evaluate the conservation effects of prolonging the trawl net summer fishing moratorium period, which is contained in the new summer fishing moratorium system and promulgated in 2017, on the fishery resources, the data from the bottom trawl surveys in May during 2015–2017 and the dynamic integrated Ricker model were used to quantitatively analyze the structural characteristics of trawl catches and the dynamics of fish species such as the hairtail(Larimichthys polyactis). The results showed that the hairtail and the small yellow croaker(Larimichthys polyactis) were the main organisms that were trawled in May, and their sex maturity ratios were 92.04%–95.57% and 13.82%–29.55%, respectively, while the proportion of juvenile fish for the two species were 74.94%–88.90% and 0.03%–4.19%, respectively. Compared with that from the previous 3.5 month fishing moratorium period, the biomass per recruit, yield per recruit, and the average catch weight of hairtail increased 7.04%, 8.96%, and 20.78%, respectively, after the newly enforced 4.5 month fishing moratorium period. According to our study, advancing and prolonging the trawl net moratorium period could further protect the spawning groups and juveniles of the hairtail and the small yellow croaker, which were the main economic fishery resources in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea. The resource enhancement effect was more significant with the longer moratorium period, so the time setting of the new summer fishing moratorium system was reasonable. However, after the newly enforced summer fishing moratorium period, the main hairtail and little yellow croaker catch were still dominated by 1-year-old fish. Thus, it is necessary to support the implementation of other fishery resource management measures in addition to the new summer fishing moratorium system, such as the minimum mesh size and the open capture standard, to ensure that the conservation effects are firmly established and that the population structure of the fishery resources can continuously improve.
The summer fishing moratorium system, the main fishing management system in China, has been continuously adjusted and perfected in practice. In order to evaluate the conservation effects of prolonging the trawl net summer fishing moratorium period, which is contained in the new summer fishing moratorium system and promulgated in 2017, on the fishery resources, the data from the bottom trawl surveys in May during 2015–2017 and the dynamic integrated Ricker model were used to quantitatively analyze the structural characteristics of trawl catches and the dynamics of fish species such as the hairtail(Larimichthys polyactis). The results showed that the hairtail and the small yellow croaker(Larimichthys polyactis) were the main organisms that were trawled in May, and their sex maturity ratios were 92.04%–95.57% and 13.82%–29.55%, respectively, while the proportion of juvenile fish for the two species were 74.94%–88.90% and 0.03%–4.19%, respectively. Compared with that from the previous 3.5 month fishing moratorium period, the biomass per recruit, yield per recruit, and the average catch weight of hairtail increased 7.04%, 8.96%, and 20.78%, respectively, after the newly enforced 4.5 month fishing moratorium period. According to our study, advancing and prolonging the trawl net moratorium period could further protect the spawning groups and juveniles of the hairtail and the small yellow croaker, which were the main economic fishery resources in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea. The resource enhancement effect was more significant with the longer moratorium period, so the time setting of the new summer fishing moratorium system was reasonable. However, after the newly enforced summer fishing moratorium period, the main hairtail and little yellow croaker catch were still dominated by 1-year-old fish. Thus, it is necessary to support the implementation of other fishery resource management measures in addition to the new summer fishing moratorium system, such as the minimum mesh size and the open capture standard, to ensure that the conservation effects are firmly established and that the population structure of the fishery resources can continuously improve.
引文
[1]Yan L P,Yang L L,Liu Z L,et al.Discriminant analysis of fishing intensity changes based on size spectra of demersal fishes in the East China Sea[J].Marine Fisheries,2016,38(6):570-576.[严利平,杨林林,刘尊雷,等.基于东海底层鱼类长度谱的捕捞强度变动判别[J].海洋渔业,2016,38(6):570-576.]
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[4]Cheng J H.Theory and Practice of Summer Closed Fishing[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Scientific&Technical Publishers,2011.[程家骅.伏季休渔的理论与实践[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2011.]
[5]Yan L P,Liu Z L,Zhang H,et al.Study on the evolution of biogical characteristics and resources of small yellow croaker[J].Marine Fisheries,2014,36(6):481-487.[严利平,刘尊雷,张辉,等.小黄鱼生物学特征与资源数量的演变[J].海洋渔业,2014,36(6):481-487.]
[6]Notifications of the Ministry of Agriculture on the Adjustment of the Marine closed season[Z].Ministry of Agriculture Circular[2017]No.3.[农业部关于调整海洋伏季休渔制度的通告[Z].农业部通告[2017]3号.]
[7]Xu H X,Liu Z F,Zhou Y D.Variation of Trichiurus haumela productivity and recruitment in the East China Sea[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2003,27(4):322-327.[徐汉祥,刘子藩,周永东.东海带鱼生殖和补充特征的变动[J].水产学报,2003,27(4):322-327.]
[8]Cheng J H,Lin L S,Ling J Z,et al.Effects of summer close season and rational utilization on redlip roaker(Larimichthys polyactis Bleeker)resource in the East China Sea Region[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2004,11(6):554-560.[程家骅,林龙山,凌建忠,等.东海区小黄鱼伏季休渔效果及其资源合理利用探讨[J].中国水产科学,2004,11(6):554-560.]
[9]Yan L P,Ling J Z,Li J S,et al.Simulative analysis on results of summer closed fishing in the East China Sea with Ricker population dynamic pool model[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2006,13(1):85-91.[严利平,凌建忠,李建生,等.应用Ricker动态综合模型模拟解析东海区伏季休渔效果[J].中国水产科学,2006,13(1):85-91.]
[10]Yan L P,Hu F,Li S F,et a1.The effect of summer closed fishing and the reasonable utilization on hairtail(Trichiurus japonicus)resources in the East China Sea region[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2007,22(4):606-612.[严利平,胡芬,李圣法,等.东海区带鱼伏季休渔效果及其资源的合理利用[J].自然资源学报,2007,22(4):606-611.]
[11]Yan L P,Liu Z L,Li S F,et al.Effects of new summ er close season of trawl fisheries on fishery ecology and resource enhancement in East China Sea[J].Marine Fisheries,2010,32(2):186-189.[严利平,刘尊雷,李圣法,等.东海区拖网新伏季休渔渔业生态和资源增殖效果的分析[J].海洋渔业,2010,32(2):186-189.]
[12]Ricker W E.Computation and interpratatlon of biological statistics of fish populations[J].Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,1975,191:1-382.
[13]Zhan B Y.Fisheries Resource Assessment[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1995:96-112.[詹秉义.渔业资源评估[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995:96-112.]
[14]Wu J Z.Age and growth of Trichiurus lepturus on the offshore fishing ground of Zhejiang Province[J].Journal of Zhejiang College of Fisheries,1985,4(1):11-14.[吴家骓.浙江近海渔场带鱼的年龄和生长[J].浙江水产学院学报,1985,4(1):11-14.]
[15]Zhan B Y,Lou D C,Zhong J S.An assessment of the filefish population and rational exploitation of the resource[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,1986,10(4):409-418.[詹秉义,楼冬春,钟俊生.绿鳍马面鲀资源评析与合理利用[J].水产学报,1986,10(4):409-418.]
[16]Zhao C Y.Investigation and Area Division of Fisheries Resource in the East China Sea Region[M].Shanghai:East China Normal University Press,1987:281-299.[赵传絪.东海区渔业资源调查和区划[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,1987:281-299.]
[17]Fishery Resources Dynamic Monitoring Network in the East China Sea Region.Annual report on dynamic monitoring of marine fisheries resources in the East China Sea in2016-2017[R].[东海区渔业资源动态监测网.东海区海洋渔业资源动态监测年报(2016-2017年)[R].]
[18]Yue D D,Wang L M,Xiong M S,et al.Improving the marine summer closed fishing season system:A case study of the practice of Zhejiang Province and the East China Sea[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2016,36(2):337-343.[岳冬冬,王鲁民,熊敏思,等.完善海洋伏季休渔制度的探讨--基于东海与浙江省的实践[J].农业现代化,2016,36(2):337-343.]
[2]Cheng J H,Yan L P,Lin L S,et al.Analyses on the fishery ecologicai effect of summer close season in the East China Sea region[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,1999,6(4):81-85.[程家骅,严利平,林龙山,等.东海区伏季休渔渔业生态效果的分析研究[J].中国水产科学,1999,6(4):81-85.]
[3]Zhang Q H,Cheng J H,Xu H X,et al.The Fishery Resources and Its Sustainable Utilization in the East China Sea Region[M].Shanghai:Fudan University Press,2007:489-557,626-628.[张秋华,程家骅,徐汉祥,等.东海区渔业资源及其可持续利用[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2007:489-557,626-628.]
[4]Cheng J H.Theory and Practice of Summer Closed Fishing[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Scientific&Technical Publishers,2011.[程家骅.伏季休渔的理论与实践[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2011.]
[5]Yan L P,Liu Z L,Zhang H,et al.Study on the evolution of biogical characteristics and resources of small yellow croaker[J].Marine Fisheries,2014,36(6):481-487.[严利平,刘尊雷,张辉,等.小黄鱼生物学特征与资源数量的演变[J].海洋渔业,2014,36(6):481-487.]
[6]Notifications of the Ministry of Agriculture on the Adjustment of the Marine closed season[Z].Ministry of Agriculture Circular[2017]No.3.[农业部关于调整海洋伏季休渔制度的通告[Z].农业部通告[2017]3号.]
[7]Xu H X,Liu Z F,Zhou Y D.Variation of Trichiurus haumela productivity and recruitment in the East China Sea[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2003,27(4):322-327.[徐汉祥,刘子藩,周永东.东海带鱼生殖和补充特征的变动[J].水产学报,2003,27(4):322-327.]
[8]Cheng J H,Lin L S,Ling J Z,et al.Effects of summer close season and rational utilization on redlip roaker(Larimichthys polyactis Bleeker)resource in the East China Sea Region[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2004,11(6):554-560.[程家骅,林龙山,凌建忠,等.东海区小黄鱼伏季休渔效果及其资源合理利用探讨[J].中国水产科学,2004,11(6):554-560.]
[9]Yan L P,Ling J Z,Li J S,et al.Simulative analysis on results of summer closed fishing in the East China Sea with Ricker population dynamic pool model[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2006,13(1):85-91.[严利平,凌建忠,李建生,等.应用Ricker动态综合模型模拟解析东海区伏季休渔效果[J].中国水产科学,2006,13(1):85-91.]
[10]Yan L P,Hu F,Li S F,et a1.The effect of summer closed fishing and the reasonable utilization on hairtail(Trichiurus japonicus)resources in the East China Sea region[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2007,22(4):606-612.[严利平,胡芬,李圣法,等.东海区带鱼伏季休渔效果及其资源的合理利用[J].自然资源学报,2007,22(4):606-611.]
[11]Yan L P,Liu Z L,Li S F,et al.Effects of new summ er close season of trawl fisheries on fishery ecology and resource enhancement in East China Sea[J].Marine Fisheries,2010,32(2):186-189.[严利平,刘尊雷,李圣法,等.东海区拖网新伏季休渔渔业生态和资源增殖效果的分析[J].海洋渔业,2010,32(2):186-189.]
[12]Ricker W E.Computation and interpratatlon of biological statistics of fish populations[J].Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,1975,191:1-382.
[13]Zhan B Y.Fisheries Resource Assessment[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1995:96-112.[詹秉义.渔业资源评估[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995:96-112.]
[14]Wu J Z.Age and growth of Trichiurus lepturus on the offshore fishing ground of Zhejiang Province[J].Journal of Zhejiang College of Fisheries,1985,4(1):11-14.[吴家骓.浙江近海渔场带鱼的年龄和生长[J].浙江水产学院学报,1985,4(1):11-14.]
[15]Zhan B Y,Lou D C,Zhong J S.An assessment of the filefish population and rational exploitation of the resource[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,1986,10(4):409-418.[詹秉义,楼冬春,钟俊生.绿鳍马面鲀资源评析与合理利用[J].水产学报,1986,10(4):409-418.]
[16]Zhao C Y.Investigation and Area Division of Fisheries Resource in the East China Sea Region[M].Shanghai:East China Normal University Press,1987:281-299.[赵传絪.东海区渔业资源调查和区划[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,1987:281-299.]
[17]Fishery Resources Dynamic Monitoring Network in the East China Sea Region.Annual report on dynamic monitoring of marine fisheries resources in the East China Sea in2016-2017[R].[东海区渔业资源动态监测网.东海区海洋渔业资源动态监测年报(2016-2017年)[R].]
[18]Yue D D,Wang L M,Xiong M S,et al.Improving the marine summer closed fishing season system:A case study of the practice of Zhejiang Province and the East China Sea[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2016,36(2):337-343.[岳冬冬,王鲁民,熊敏思,等.完善海洋伏季休渔制度的探讨--基于东海与浙江省的实践[J].农业现代化,2016,36(2):337-343.]
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