A Late Cretaceous ensimatic arc developed during closure of the northern branch of Neo-Tethys(central-northern Turkey)
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摘要
Studies on differentiation of ensimatic arc units from melange units in the Northern Anatolian Ophiolitic Belt(NAOB) are very rare. The study area represents the southern edge of the central part of the NAOB.The aim of the study is to distinguish the main units of NAOB and to define the geotectonic setting of the Darmik Ensimatic Arc Association(DEAA). To study the ensimatic arc units as an independent tectonic unit is important and facilitates understanding of the geological evolution of the NAOB. During field studies, the contact relationships within the Darmik Ensimatic Arc Association(DEAA) units and also with other tectonic units were reviewed. Then, paleontological, geochronological, petrological and also geochemical properties of the DEAA have been defined. In the present study, ensimatic arc units have been distinguished from ophiolitic association for the first time, in the region. As a result of the study, the DEAA is divided into two levels and lower level named as the Kartal unit and upper level named as the izibüyük unit. In the Kartal unit, basaltic and andesitic lavas with their equivalent pyroclastic rock units are dominant. Radiolarite and mudstones interbedded within the Kartal unit of DEAA have Turonian and Santonian age. In addition, the age of basalt samples of DEAA are 98.7 ± 2.4 Ma, defined using the~(40)Ar/39 Ar method. The izibüyük unit of DEAA comprises conglomerate, sandstone, claystone, mudstone,clayey limestone, micritic limestone with volcanic interbeds and also calciturbidites. Santonian-Maastrichtian ages were obtained from this unit of the DEAA. In conclusion, the age of DEAA is widely accepted as Late Cretaceous. After the evaluation of the analysis, the volcanics of the DEAA originated from calcalkaline-basalts, which reflect ensimatic arc magmatism.
Studies on differentiation of ensimatic arc units from melange units in the Northern Anatolian Ophiolitic Belt(NAOB) are very rare. The study area represents the southern edge of the central part of the NAOB.The aim of the study is to distinguish the main units of NAOB and to define the geotectonic setting of the Darmik Ensimatic Arc Association(DEAA). To study the ensimatic arc units as an independent tectonic unit is important and facilitates understanding of the geological evolution of the NAOB. During field studies, the contact relationships within the Darmik Ensimatic Arc Association(DEAA) units and also with other tectonic units were reviewed. Then, paleontological, geochronological, petrological and also geochemical properties of the DEAA have been defined. In the present study, ensimatic arc units have been distinguished from ophiolitic association for the first time, in the region. As a result of the study, the DEAA is divided into two levels and lower level named as the Kartal unit and upper level named as the izibüyük unit. In the Kartal unit, basaltic and andesitic lavas with their equivalent pyroclastic rock units are dominant. Radiolarite and mudstones interbedded within the Kartal unit of DEAA have Turonian and Santonian age. In addition, the age of basalt samples of DEAA are 98.7 ± 2.4 Ma, defined using the~(40)Ar/39 Ar method. The izibüyük unit of DEAA comprises conglomerate, sandstone, claystone, mudstone,clayey limestone, micritic limestone with volcanic interbeds and also calciturbidites. Santonian-Maastrichtian ages were obtained from this unit of the DEAA. In conclusion, the age of DEAA is widely accepted as Late Cretaceous. After the evaluation of the analysis, the volcanics of the DEAA originated from calcalkaline-basalts, which reflect ensimatic arc magmatism.
Studies on differentiation of ensimatic arc units from melange units in the Northern Anatolian Ophiolitic Belt(NAOB) are very rare. The study area represents the southern edge of the central part of the NAOB.The aim of the study is to distinguish the main units of NAOB and to define the geotectonic setting of the Darmik Ensimatic Arc Association(DEAA). To study the ensimatic arc units as an independent tectonic unit is important and facilitates understanding of the geological evolution of the NAOB. During field studies, the contact relationships within the Darmik Ensimatic Arc Association(DEAA) units and also with other tectonic units were reviewed. Then, paleontological, geochronological, petrological and also geochemical properties of the DEAA have been defined. In the present study, ensimatic arc units have been distinguished from ophiolitic association for the first time, in the region. As a result of the study, the DEAA is divided into two levels and lower level named as the Kartal unit and upper level named as the izibüyük unit. In the Kartal unit, basaltic and andesitic lavas with their equivalent pyroclastic rock units are dominant. Radiolarite and mudstones interbedded within the Kartal unit of DEAA have Turonian and Santonian age. In addition, the age of basalt samples of DEAA are 98.7 ± 2.4 Ma, defined using the~(40)Ar/39 Ar method. The izibüyük unit of DEAA comprises conglomerate, sandstone, claystone, mudstone,clayey limestone, micritic limestone with volcanic interbeds and also calciturbidites. Santonian-Maastrichtian ages were obtained from this unit of the DEAA. In conclusion, the age of DEAA is widely accepted as Late Cretaceous. After the evaluation of the analysis, the volcanics of the DEAA originated from calcalkaline-basalts, which reflect ensimatic arc magmatism.
引文
Akcay, A.E., Dnmez, M.. Kara, H., Yergk, A.F., Esentürk, K., 2008.1/100,000lcekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritalari Serisi, Yozgat-i34 Paftasi, No, 81. MTA Publication,Ankara.
Alpaslan, M., 1993. Yildizeli Yresinin Petrografik Incelenmesi(Ph. D. thesis unpublished). Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, p. 359.
Alpaslan, M., Guezou, J.C.. Bonhomme, M., Boztug, D., 1996. Yildizeli metasedimanter grubu icindeki Findicak metamorfitinin metamorfizmasi ve yasi.Turkiye Jeoloji Bulteni 39(1), 19-29.
Buket, E., 1982. Petrochemical Characteristics of the Erzincan Refahiye Ultramafic and Mafic Rocks and Their Correlations with Other Occurrences, vol. 9.Hacettepe University Earth Sciences, pp. 43-55.
Celik, O.F., Chiaradia, M., Marzoli, A., Billor, Z., Marschik, R.. 2013. The Eldivan ophiolite and volcanic rocks in the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone, Northern Turkey:Geochronology, whole-rock geochemical and Nd-Sr-Pb isotope characteristics. Lithos 172, 31-46.
Celik, O.F., Chiaradia, M., Marzoli, A., Ozkan, M., Billor, Z., Topuz, G, 2016. Jurassic metabasic rocks in the Kizilirmak accretionary complex(Kargi region, Central Pontides, Northern Turkey). Tectonophysics 672, 34-49.
Dalkilic,H., Dnmez, M., Akcay, A.E.,2008. 1/100,000lcekli Acinsama Nitelikli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritalari Serisi, Yozgat-i35 Paftasi. No, 82. MTA Publication,Ankara.
Dilek, Y., Thy, P., 2006. Age and petrogenesis of plagiogranite intrusions in the Ankara mélange, central Turkey. Island Arc 15, 44-57.
Erdogan, B., Akay, E., Ugur, M.S., 1996. Geology of the Yozgat region and evolution of the collisional Cankiri basin. International Geology Review 38, 788-806.
Eyuboglu, Y., Chung, S.L, Santosh, M., Dudas, F.O., Akaryali, E., 2011a. Transition from shoshonitic to adakitic magmatism in the eastern Pontides, NE Turkey:implications for slab window melting. Gondwana Research 19, 413-429.
Eyuboglu, Y., Santosh, M., Bektas, 0., Ayhan, S., 2011b. Arc magmatism as a window to plate kinematics and subduction polarity:example from the eastern Pontides belt, NE Turkey. Geoscience Frontiers 2, 49-56.
Eyuboglu, Y., Santosh, M., Chung, S.L, 2011c. Petrochemistry and U-Pb zircon ages of adakitic intrusions from the Pulur Massif(Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey):implications for slab rollback and ridge subduction associated with Cenozoic convergent tectonics in the Eastern Mediterranean. The Journal of Geology 119,394-417.
Eyuboglu, Y., Dudas, F.O., Santosh, M., Xiao, Y., Yi, K., Chatterjee, N., Wu, F.Y.,Bekta;, 0., 2016. Where are the remnants of a Jurassic ocean in the eastern Mediterranean region? Gondwana Research 33, 63-91.
Gcmengil, G., Altintas, i.E., Topuz, G., Celik, O.F., Ozkan, M., 2013. Diverse tectonic settings of formation of the metaigneous rocks in the Jurassic metamorphic accretionary complexes(Refahiye, NE Turkey)and their geodynamic implications. Geodinamica Acta 26(3-4), 294-310.
Gkten, E., Floyd, P.A., 2007. Stratigraphy and geochemistry of pillow basalts within the ophiolitic melange of the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone, implications for the geotectonic character of the northern branch of Neotethys. International Journal of Earth Sciences 96, 725-741.
Hastie, A.R., Kerr, A.C., Pearce, J.A., Mitchell, S.F., 2007. Classification of altered volcanic island arc rocks using immobile trace elements:development of the Th-Co discrimination diagram. Journal of Petrology 48, 2341-2357.
Keskin, M., Genc, S.C., Tiiysüz, O., 2008. Petrology and geochemistry of postcollisional Middle Eocene volcanic units in North-Central Turkey. Evidence for magma generation by slab breakoff following the closure of the Northern Neotethys Ocean. Lithos 104, 267-305.
MTA, 2001. The Ophiolitic Units of Turkey, 1/500 000 Scaled. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration(MTA), Ankara, Turkey.
Meschede, M., 1986. A method of discriminating between different types of midocean ridge basalts and continental tholeiites with the Nb-Zr-Y diagram.Chemical Geology 56, 207-218.
Okay, A., 1989. Tectonic units in the Pontides, northern Turkey. In:Sengr, A.M.C.(Ed.), Tectonic Evolution of the Tethyan Region. Kluwer Academic Publishers,pp. 109-116.
Okay, A.I., Tüysüz, O., 1999. Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey. In:Durand, B.,Julivet, L, Horvath, F., Serane, M.(Eds.), Mediterranean Basins:TertiaryExtension within the Alpine Orogen, vol. 156. Geological Society, London,pp. 475-515. Special Publications.
Ozcan, A., Erkan, A., Keskin, E., Oral, A., Sümengen, M., Tekeli, O., 1980. Kuzey Anadolu Fayi-Kirsehir Masifi Arasinin Temel Jeolojisi. Unpublished MTA report,p. 1604. Ankara.
Parlak, O., Colakoglu, A., Dnmez, C.. Sayek, H., Yildirim, N., Turkel. A.. Odabasi, I.,2013. Geochemistry and tectonic significance of ophiolites along the izmirAnkara-Erzincan suture zone in northeastern Anatolia. Geological Society London Special Publications 372(1), 76-106.
Pearce, J.A., 1982. Trace element characteristics of lavas from destructive plate boundaries. In:Thorpe, R.S.(Ed.), Andesites:Orogenic Andesites and Related Rocks. John Wiley&Sons, Chichester, USA, pp. 525-548.
Pearce, J.A., 1983. Role of the sub-continental lithosphere in magma genesis at destructive plate margins. In:Hawkeswoeth, C.J., Norry, M.J.(Eds.), Continental basalts and Mantle Xenolithes. Shiva Publishing, Nantwich UK,pp. 230-249.
Pearce, J.A., 1996. A user's guide to basalt discrimination diagrams. In:Wyman, DA.(Ed.), Trace Element Geochemistry of Volcanic Rocks:Applications for Massive Sulphide Exploration. Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes, vol.12, pp. 79-113.
Pearce, J A, 2008. Geochemical fingerprinting of oceanic basalts with applications to ophiolite classification and the search for Archean oceanic crust. Lithos 100,14-48.
Rice, S.P., Robertson, A.H.F., Ustamer, T., 2006. Late Cretaceous-early Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of the Euracian Active Margin in the Central and Eastern Pontides, Northern Turkey, vol. 260. Geological Society, London, pp. 413-445.Special Publications.
Robertson, A., Parlak, 0., Ustamer, T., Tasli, K., inan, N., Dumitrica, P., Karaoglan, F.,2013. Subduction, ophiolite genesis and collision history of Tethys adjacent to the Eurasian continental margin:new evidence from the Eastern Pontides,Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 26, 230-293.
Rojay, B., Altiner, D., Altiner, S.., Onen, A.P., James, S., Thirlwall, M.F., 2004. Geodynamic significance of the cretaceous pillow basalts from north Anatolian ophiolitic mélange belt(central Anatolia, Turkey). Geochemical and Paleontological Constraints 17(5), 349-361.
Sarifakioglu, E., 2006. Petrology and origin of plagiogranites from Dagküplü(Eskisehir)ophiolite along the Izmir-Ankara Erzincan suture zone, Turkey. Ofioliti 32(1). 39-51.
Sarifakioglu, E., Ozen, H., Winchester, J.A., 2009. Petrogenesis of the Refahiye ophiolite and its tectonic significance for neotethyan ophiolites along the izmirAnkara-Erzican suture zone. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 18,187-207.
Seymen, I., 1985. Kirsehir Masifi Metamorfitlerinin Jeolojik Evrimi. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu, Ketin Simpozyomu, Ankara, pp. 133-148.
Sengr, A.M.C.,1987. Tectonics of the Tethysides orogenic collage development in a collisional setting. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 15,213-244.
Sengr, A.M.C., Yilmaz, Y., 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey, a Plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 75.181-241.
Topuz, G., Gcmengil, G., Rolland, Y., Celik, O.F., Zack, T., Schmitt, A.K., 2013. Jurassic accretionary complex and ophiolite from northeast Turkey:No evidence for the Cimmerian continental ribbon. Geology 41, 255-258.
Tüysüz, 0., Dellaloglu, A.A., Terzioglu, N., 1995. A magmatic belt within the NeoTethyan suture zone and its role in the tectonic evolution of northern Turkey.Tectonophysics 243,173-191.
Winchester, J.A., Floyd, P.A., 1977. Geochemical classification of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chemical Geology 20, 325-343.
Wood, D.A., 1980. The application of a Th-Hf-Ta diagram to problems of tectonomagmatic classification and to establishing the nature of crustal contamination of basaltic lavas on the British Tertiary Volcanic Province. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 50.11-30.
Yilmaz, A., 1981. Tokat ile Sivas arasindaki blgede bazi volkanitlerin petro-kimyasalzellikleri. Turkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bulteni 24(2), 51-58(in Turkish).
Yilmaz, A., Ozer, S., 1984. Kuzey Anadolu Bindirme Ku$aginin Akdagmadeni(Yozgat)lle Karacayir(Sivas)Arasindaki Blümünün Temel Jeoloji Incelemesi Ve Tersiyer Havzasinin Yapisal Evrimi. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu, Ketin Simpozyumu, Ankara,pp. 163-174(in Turkish).
Yilmaz, A., Uysal,S., Bedi, Y., YusufogIu, H., Havzoglu, T., Agan, A., Gc, D., Aydin, N.,1995a. Akdag masifi ve dolayinin jeolojisi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi 117,125-138(in Turkish).
Yilmaz, Y., Genc, S.C., Yigitbas, E., Bozcu, M., Yilmaz, K., 1995b. Geological evolution of the late Mesozoic continental margin of the northwestern Anatolia. Tectonophysics 243,155-171.
Yilmaz, Y., Tüysüz, O., Yigitbas, E., Genc, S.C., Sengr, A.M.C., 1997. Geology and tectonic evolution of the Pontides. In:Robinson, A.G.(Ed.), Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region. AAPG Memoir, vol.68, pp. 183-226.
Yilmaz, A., Yilmaz, H., 2004. Geology and structural evolution of the Tokat massif(eastern Pontides, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 13(1), 231-246.
Yilmaz, A., Yilmaz, H., 2006. Characteristic features and structural evolution of a post collisional basin:the Sivas Basin, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 27,164-176.
Yilmaz, A., Yilmaz, H., 2013. Ophiolites and ophiolitic melanges of Turkey, A Review.Geological Bulletin of Turkey 56(2), 61-114.
Alpaslan, M., 1993. Yildizeli Yresinin Petrografik Incelenmesi(Ph. D. thesis unpublished). Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, p. 359.
Alpaslan, M., Guezou, J.C.. Bonhomme, M., Boztug, D., 1996. Yildizeli metasedimanter grubu icindeki Findicak metamorfitinin metamorfizmasi ve yasi.Turkiye Jeoloji Bulteni 39(1), 19-29.
Buket, E., 1982. Petrochemical Characteristics of the Erzincan Refahiye Ultramafic and Mafic Rocks and Their Correlations with Other Occurrences, vol. 9.Hacettepe University Earth Sciences, pp. 43-55.
Celik, O.F., Chiaradia, M., Marzoli, A., Billor, Z., Marschik, R.. 2013. The Eldivan ophiolite and volcanic rocks in the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone, Northern Turkey:Geochronology, whole-rock geochemical and Nd-Sr-Pb isotope characteristics. Lithos 172, 31-46.
Celik, O.F., Chiaradia, M., Marzoli, A., Ozkan, M., Billor, Z., Topuz, G, 2016. Jurassic metabasic rocks in the Kizilirmak accretionary complex(Kargi region, Central Pontides, Northern Turkey). Tectonophysics 672, 34-49.
Dalkilic,H., Dnmez, M., Akcay, A.E.,2008. 1/100,000lcekli Acinsama Nitelikli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritalari Serisi, Yozgat-i35 Paftasi. No, 82. MTA Publication,Ankara.
Dilek, Y., Thy, P., 2006. Age and petrogenesis of plagiogranite intrusions in the Ankara mélange, central Turkey. Island Arc 15, 44-57.
Erdogan, B., Akay, E., Ugur, M.S., 1996. Geology of the Yozgat region and evolution of the collisional Cankiri basin. International Geology Review 38, 788-806.
Eyuboglu, Y., Chung, S.L, Santosh, M., Dudas, F.O., Akaryali, E., 2011a. Transition from shoshonitic to adakitic magmatism in the eastern Pontides, NE Turkey:implications for slab window melting. Gondwana Research 19, 413-429.
Eyuboglu, Y., Santosh, M., Bektas, 0., Ayhan, S., 2011b. Arc magmatism as a window to plate kinematics and subduction polarity:example from the eastern Pontides belt, NE Turkey. Geoscience Frontiers 2, 49-56.
Eyuboglu, Y., Santosh, M., Chung, S.L, 2011c. Petrochemistry and U-Pb zircon ages of adakitic intrusions from the Pulur Massif(Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey):implications for slab rollback and ridge subduction associated with Cenozoic convergent tectonics in the Eastern Mediterranean. The Journal of Geology 119,394-417.
Eyuboglu, Y., Dudas, F.O., Santosh, M., Xiao, Y., Yi, K., Chatterjee, N., Wu, F.Y.,Bekta;, 0., 2016. Where are the remnants of a Jurassic ocean in the eastern Mediterranean region? Gondwana Research 33, 63-91.
Gcmengil, G., Altintas, i.E., Topuz, G., Celik, O.F., Ozkan, M., 2013. Diverse tectonic settings of formation of the metaigneous rocks in the Jurassic metamorphic accretionary complexes(Refahiye, NE Turkey)and their geodynamic implications. Geodinamica Acta 26(3-4), 294-310.
Gkten, E., Floyd, P.A., 2007. Stratigraphy and geochemistry of pillow basalts within the ophiolitic melange of the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone, implications for the geotectonic character of the northern branch of Neotethys. International Journal of Earth Sciences 96, 725-741.
Hastie, A.R., Kerr, A.C., Pearce, J.A., Mitchell, S.F., 2007. Classification of altered volcanic island arc rocks using immobile trace elements:development of the Th-Co discrimination diagram. Journal of Petrology 48, 2341-2357.
Keskin, M., Genc, S.C., Tiiysüz, O., 2008. Petrology and geochemistry of postcollisional Middle Eocene volcanic units in North-Central Turkey. Evidence for magma generation by slab breakoff following the closure of the Northern Neotethys Ocean. Lithos 104, 267-305.
MTA, 2001. The Ophiolitic Units of Turkey, 1/500 000 Scaled. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration(MTA), Ankara, Turkey.
Meschede, M., 1986. A method of discriminating between different types of midocean ridge basalts and continental tholeiites with the Nb-Zr-Y diagram.Chemical Geology 56, 207-218.
Okay, A., 1989. Tectonic units in the Pontides, northern Turkey. In:Sengr, A.M.C.(Ed.), Tectonic Evolution of the Tethyan Region. Kluwer Academic Publishers,pp. 109-116.
Okay, A.I., Tüysüz, O., 1999. Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey. In:Durand, B.,Julivet, L, Horvath, F., Serane, M.(Eds.), Mediterranean Basins:TertiaryExtension within the Alpine Orogen, vol. 156. Geological Society, London,pp. 475-515. Special Publications.
Ozcan, A., Erkan, A., Keskin, E., Oral, A., Sümengen, M., Tekeli, O., 1980. Kuzey Anadolu Fayi-Kirsehir Masifi Arasinin Temel Jeolojisi. Unpublished MTA report,p. 1604. Ankara.
Parlak, O., Colakoglu, A., Dnmez, C.. Sayek, H., Yildirim, N., Turkel. A.. Odabasi, I.,2013. Geochemistry and tectonic significance of ophiolites along the izmirAnkara-Erzincan suture zone in northeastern Anatolia. Geological Society London Special Publications 372(1), 76-106.
Pearce, J.A., 1982. Trace element characteristics of lavas from destructive plate boundaries. In:Thorpe, R.S.(Ed.), Andesites:Orogenic Andesites and Related Rocks. John Wiley&Sons, Chichester, USA, pp. 525-548.
Pearce, J.A., 1983. Role of the sub-continental lithosphere in magma genesis at destructive plate margins. In:Hawkeswoeth, C.J., Norry, M.J.(Eds.), Continental basalts and Mantle Xenolithes. Shiva Publishing, Nantwich UK,pp. 230-249.
Pearce, J.A., 1996. A user's guide to basalt discrimination diagrams. In:Wyman, DA.(Ed.), Trace Element Geochemistry of Volcanic Rocks:Applications for Massive Sulphide Exploration. Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes, vol.12, pp. 79-113.
Pearce, J A, 2008. Geochemical fingerprinting of oceanic basalts with applications to ophiolite classification and the search for Archean oceanic crust. Lithos 100,14-48.
Rice, S.P., Robertson, A.H.F., Ustamer, T., 2006. Late Cretaceous-early Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of the Euracian Active Margin in the Central and Eastern Pontides, Northern Turkey, vol. 260. Geological Society, London, pp. 413-445.Special Publications.
Robertson, A., Parlak, 0., Ustamer, T., Tasli, K., inan, N., Dumitrica, P., Karaoglan, F.,2013. Subduction, ophiolite genesis and collision history of Tethys adjacent to the Eurasian continental margin:new evidence from the Eastern Pontides,Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 26, 230-293.
Rojay, B., Altiner, D., Altiner, S.., Onen, A.P., James, S., Thirlwall, M.F., 2004. Geodynamic significance of the cretaceous pillow basalts from north Anatolian ophiolitic mélange belt(central Anatolia, Turkey). Geochemical and Paleontological Constraints 17(5), 349-361.
Sarifakioglu, E., 2006. Petrology and origin of plagiogranites from Dagküplü(Eskisehir)ophiolite along the Izmir-Ankara Erzincan suture zone, Turkey. Ofioliti 32(1). 39-51.
Sarifakioglu, E., Ozen, H., Winchester, J.A., 2009. Petrogenesis of the Refahiye ophiolite and its tectonic significance for neotethyan ophiolites along the izmirAnkara-Erzican suture zone. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 18,187-207.
Seymen, I., 1985. Kirsehir Masifi Metamorfitlerinin Jeolojik Evrimi. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu, Ketin Simpozyomu, Ankara, pp. 133-148.
Sengr, A.M.C.,1987. Tectonics of the Tethysides orogenic collage development in a collisional setting. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 15,213-244.
Sengr, A.M.C., Yilmaz, Y., 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey, a Plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 75.181-241.
Topuz, G., Gcmengil, G., Rolland, Y., Celik, O.F., Zack, T., Schmitt, A.K., 2013. Jurassic accretionary complex and ophiolite from northeast Turkey:No evidence for the Cimmerian continental ribbon. Geology 41, 255-258.
Tüysüz, 0., Dellaloglu, A.A., Terzioglu, N., 1995. A magmatic belt within the NeoTethyan suture zone and its role in the tectonic evolution of northern Turkey.Tectonophysics 243,173-191.
Winchester, J.A., Floyd, P.A., 1977. Geochemical classification of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chemical Geology 20, 325-343.
Wood, D.A., 1980. The application of a Th-Hf-Ta diagram to problems of tectonomagmatic classification and to establishing the nature of crustal contamination of basaltic lavas on the British Tertiary Volcanic Province. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 50.11-30.
Yilmaz, A., 1981. Tokat ile Sivas arasindaki blgede bazi volkanitlerin petro-kimyasalzellikleri. Turkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bulteni 24(2), 51-58(in Turkish).
Yilmaz, A., Ozer, S., 1984. Kuzey Anadolu Bindirme Ku$aginin Akdagmadeni(Yozgat)lle Karacayir(Sivas)Arasindaki Blümünün Temel Jeoloji Incelemesi Ve Tersiyer Havzasinin Yapisal Evrimi. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu, Ketin Simpozyumu, Ankara,pp. 163-174(in Turkish).
Yilmaz, A., Uysal,S., Bedi, Y., YusufogIu, H., Havzoglu, T., Agan, A., Gc, D., Aydin, N.,1995a. Akdag masifi ve dolayinin jeolojisi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi 117,125-138(in Turkish).
Yilmaz, Y., Genc, S.C., Yigitbas, E., Bozcu, M., Yilmaz, K., 1995b. Geological evolution of the late Mesozoic continental margin of the northwestern Anatolia. Tectonophysics 243,155-171.
Yilmaz, Y., Tüysüz, O., Yigitbas, E., Genc, S.C., Sengr, A.M.C., 1997. Geology and tectonic evolution of the Pontides. In:Robinson, A.G.(Ed.), Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region. AAPG Memoir, vol.68, pp. 183-226.
Yilmaz, A., Yilmaz, H., 2004. Geology and structural evolution of the Tokat massif(eastern Pontides, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 13(1), 231-246.
Yilmaz, A., Yilmaz, H., 2006. Characteristic features and structural evolution of a post collisional basin:the Sivas Basin, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 27,164-176.
Yilmaz, A., Yilmaz, H., 2013. Ophiolites and ophiolitic melanges of Turkey, A Review.Geological Bulletin of Turkey 56(2), 61-114.