Spatiotemporal evolution of C_3/C_4 vegetation and its controlling factors in southern China since the last glacial maximum
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摘要
To date, few research have been reported on the evolution of C3/C4 vegetation in southern China, and the main mechanism influencing the evolution of C3/C4 vegetation is unclear. That makes it difficult for researchers to understand the competition mechanism of C3 and C4 plants under different climate environments and its relationship with the climate factors. It is also not conducive for researchers to assess the influence of future climate change on regional C3/C4 vegetation. Exactly, C3/C4 vegetation change in the regional-scale will have a significant impact on the global carbon cycle and agricultural production.Therefore, it is especially important to reconstruct the evolutionary history of C3/C4 vegetation in southern China and clarify the influencing mechanism of climate change. In this study, we systematically analyzed stable carbon isotope(δ13 C) of the longchain n-alkanes in sediment samples from eight lakes and four peat profiles in southern China, to reconstruct the spatiotemporal evolution of C3/C4 vegetation in these regions since the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM) and to investigate the climate factors that affect the C4 plant abundance change in the research area. The integrated long-chain n-alkane(C27–C33) stable carbon isotope results of samples from Zhanjiang Huguangyan Maar Lake, Xingyun Lake, Lugu Lake and Dingnan peat showed that, from the LGM to the Early Holocene, C4 plant relative abundance exhibited a gradually increasing trend from 21% to 34%. In the Middle Holocene, the C4 plant abundance significantly declined and reached a lowest value of 10%. In space, the C4 plant abundance generally exhibited a gradually declining trend from south to north in the LGM and the Early Holocene, while it showed an opposite trend in the Holocene Climate Optimum(6.0 cal ka BP). It reflected that the main influencing factor on C4 plants spatial distribution was changing from temperature to precipitation. This study indicated that temperature was the dominant factor affecting C4 plant distribution in southern China, however, when the temperature condition was appropriate, an increase in precipitation(especially more spring precipitation) would reduce the competitive advantages of C4 plants. Therefore, the combination of temperature and seasonal precipitation was the important factor that determines the C3/C4 vegetation proportion change in the southern China. Under the premise that the temperature will rise and precipitation will increase in the future, the reduction of a competitive advantage for the C4 plants could affect agricultural production in China.
To date, few research have been reported on the evolution of C3/C4 vegetation in southern China, and the main mechanism influencing the evolution of C3/C4 vegetation is unclear. That makes it difficult for researchers to understand the competition mechanism of C3 and C4 plants under different climate environments and its relationship with the climate factors. It is also not conducive for researchers to assess the influence of future climate change on regional C3/C4 vegetation. Exactly, C3/C4 vegetation change in the regional-scale will have a significant impact on the global carbon cycle and agricultural production.Therefore, it is especially important to reconstruct the evolutionary history of C3/C4 vegetation in southern China and clarify the influencing mechanism of climate change. In this study, we systematically analyzed stable carbon isotope(δ13 C) of the longchain n-alkanes in sediment samples from eight lakes and four peat profiles in southern China, to reconstruct the spatiotemporal evolution of C3/C4 vegetation in these regions since the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM) and to investigate the climate factors that affect the C4 plant abundance change in the research area. The integrated long-chain n-alkane(C27–C33) stable carbon isotope results of samples from Zhanjiang Huguangyan Maar Lake, Xingyun Lake, Lugu Lake and Dingnan peat showed that, from the LGM to the Early Holocene, C4 plant relative abundance exhibited a gradually increasing trend from 21% to 34%. In the Middle Holocene, the C4 plant abundance significantly declined and reached a lowest value of 10%. In space, the C4 plant abundance generally exhibited a gradually declining trend from south to north in the LGM and the Early Holocene, while it showed an opposite trend in the Holocene Climate Optimum(6.0 cal ka BP). It reflected that the main influencing factor on C4 plants spatial distribution was changing from temperature to precipitation. This study indicated that temperature was the dominant factor affecting C4 plant distribution in southern China, however, when the temperature condition was appropriate, an increase in precipitation(especially more spring precipitation) would reduce the competitive advantages of C4 plants. Therefore, the combination of temperature and seasonal precipitation was the important factor that determines the C3/C4 vegetation proportion change in the southern China. Under the premise that the temperature will rise and precipitation will increase in the future, the reduction of a competitive advantage for the C4 plants could affect agricultural production in China.
To date, few research have been reported on the evolution of C3/C4 vegetation in southern China, and the main mechanism influencing the evolution of C3/C4 vegetation is unclear. That makes it difficult for researchers to understand the competition mechanism of C3 and C4 plants under different climate environments and its relationship with the climate factors. It is also not conducive for researchers to assess the influence of future climate change on regional C3/C4 vegetation. Exactly, C3/C4 vegetation change in the regional-scale will have a significant impact on the global carbon cycle and agricultural production.Therefore, it is especially important to reconstruct the evolutionary history of C3/C4 vegetation in southern China and clarify the influencing mechanism of climate change. In this study, we systematically analyzed stable carbon isotope(δ13 C) of the longchain n-alkanes in sediment samples from eight lakes and four peat profiles in southern China, to reconstruct the spatiotemporal evolution of C3/C4 vegetation in these regions since the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM) and to investigate the climate factors that affect the C4 plant abundance change in the research area. The integrated long-chain n-alkane(C27–C33) stable carbon isotope results of samples from Zhanjiang Huguangyan Maar Lake, Xingyun Lake, Lugu Lake and Dingnan peat showed that, from the LGM to the Early Holocene, C4 plant relative abundance exhibited a gradually increasing trend from 21% to 34%. In the Middle Holocene, the C4 plant abundance significantly declined and reached a lowest value of 10%. In space, the C4 plant abundance generally exhibited a gradually declining trend from south to north in the LGM and the Early Holocene, while it showed an opposite trend in the Holocene Climate Optimum(6.0 cal ka BP). It reflected that the main influencing factor on C4 plants spatial distribution was changing from temperature to precipitation. This study indicated that temperature was the dominant factor affecting C4 plant distribution in southern China, however, when the temperature condition was appropriate, an increase in precipitation(especially more spring precipitation) would reduce the competitive advantages of C4 plants. Therefore, the combination of temperature and seasonal precipitation was the important factor that determines the C3/C4 vegetation proportion change in the southern China. Under the premise that the temperature will rise and precipitation will increase in the future, the reduction of a competitive advantage for the C4 plants could affect agricultural production in China.
引文
An Z S,Huang Y S,Liu W G,Guo Z T,Clemens S,Li L,Prell W,Ning YF,Cai Y J,Zhou W J,Lin B H,Zhang Q L,Cao Y N,Qiang X K,Chang H,Wu Z K.2005.Multiple expansions of C4plant biomass in East Asia since 7 Ma coupled with strengthened monsoon circulation.Geology,33:705-708
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Bai Y,Ouyang T P,Jia G D.2014.Late Holocene human activity inferred from sedimentary n-alkanes and their carbon isotope in the Huguangyan Maar Lake(in Chinese with English abstract).Trop Geogr,34:156-164
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Chen F H,Chen X M,Chen J H,Zhou A F,Wu D,Tang L Y,Zhang X J,Huang X Z,Yu J Q.2014.Holocene vegetation history,precipitation changes and Indian Summer Monsoon evolution documented from sediments of Xingyun Lake,south-west China.J Quat Sci,29:661-674
Chen P Y.1989.Holocene sporo-pollen associations and palaeoenvironment of Jiulongchi section of Fanjing Moutain,Guizhou province(in Chinese with English abstract).Geol Guizhou,6:110-116
Chen P Y,Zhou Q C,Lin S J.1991.Palaeoenvironment from 15000 a BP to the present in Weining country,Guizhou-A study of Nantun peat-bed section(in Chinese with English abstract).Geol Guizhou,8:141-154
Chen X M,Chen F H,Zhou A F,Huang X Z,Tang L Y,Wu D,Zhang X J,Yu J Q.2014.Vegetation history,climatic changes and Indian summer monsoon evolution during the Last Glaciation(36400-13400 cal yr BP)documented by sediments from Xingyun Lake,Yunnan,China.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,410:179-189
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Chu G Q,Sun Q,Zhu Q Z,Shan Y B,Shang W Y,Ling Y,Su Y L,Xie MM,Wang X S,Liu J Q.2017.The role of the Asian winter monsoon in the rapid propagation of abrupt climate changes during the last deglaciation.Quat Sci Rev,177:120-129
Cook C G,Leng M J,Jones R T,Langdon P G,Zhang E L.2012.Lake ecosystem dynamics and links to climate change inferred from a stable isotope and organic palaeorecord from a mountain lake in southwestern China(ca.22.6-10.5 cal ka BP).Quat Res,77:132-137
Cui L L,Wang X,Shen J,Ding Z L.2015.Changes in distribution and compound-specific carbon isotope compositions of n-alkanes as recorded in Lugu lake sediments from southwestern China since last glacial maximum and implications for paleo-vegetation evolution(in Chinese with English abstract).Quat Sci,35:871-880
Dearing J A,Jones R T,Shen J,Yang X,Boyle J F,Foster G C,Crook D S,Elvin M J D.2008.Using multiple archives to understand past and present climate-human-environment interactions:The lake Erhai catchment,Yunnan Province,China.J Paleolimnol,40:3-31
Ding Z L,Yang S L.2000.C3/C4vegetation evolution over the last 7.0 Myr in the Chinese Loess Plateau:Evidence from pedogenic carbonateδ13C.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,160:291-299
Fang J D,Wu F C,Xiong Y Q,Li F S,Du X M,An D,Wang L F.2014.Source characterization of sedimentary organic matter using molecular and stable carbon isotopic composition of n-alkanes and fatty acids in sediment core from Lake Dianchi,China.Sci Total Environ,473-474:410-421
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