Distribution and partitioning of heavy metals in large anthropogenically impacted river, the Pearl River, China
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摘要
In order to evaluate the distribution and partitioning characteristics of heavy metals in the large anthropogenically impacted Pearl River Basin, the contents of ‘‘anthropophile'' elements(Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb,which are clearly influenced by human activities) were determined, and their partitioning coefficients(Kd) between water and sediments and enrichment factors(EF) were calculated for samples collected at different locations along the Pearl River main stream. The modified BCR sequential extraction procedure(proposed by the European Community Bureau of Reference in 1993), which involves the successive extraction of metals in a decreasing order of reactivity, was applied. Sediment samples from the upper,middle, and lower reaches were included in this study. The results showed that the content of most metals in water and sediment samples gradually increases from upstream to downstream, suggesting a possible input from human activities as shown by their increasing high EF, ranged from 1.4 to 3.9 for Cu, from 1.4 to 6.7 for Zn, from 2.5 to59.1 for Cd, and from 1.7 to 8.9 for Pb, respectively. Thehigher partition coefficients(Kd) for Cr, Zn, and Pb(10~5–10~6) indicated that they were mainly transported in solid phase, while parts of Ni, Cu, and Cd were transported in dissolved phase as they display relatively lower Kdin the range of 10~4–10~5. According to the results of the BCR leaching, the percentage of non-residual fraction of heavy metals in the sediments showed a decreasing order of Cd [ Pb [ Zn [ Cu [ Ni [ Cr, implying that Cd and Pb were more active and bioavailable compared to the other four metals, and thus would be potentially more harmful to the watershed ecosystem.
In order to evaluate the distribution and partitioning characteristics of heavy metals in the large anthropogenically impacted Pearl River Basin, the contents of ‘‘anthropophile'' elements(Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb,which are clearly influenced by human activities) were determined, and their partitioning coefficients(Kd) between water and sediments and enrichment factors(EF) were calculated for samples collected at different locations along the Pearl River main stream. The modified BCR sequential extraction procedure(proposed by the European Community Bureau of Reference in 1993), which involves the successive extraction of metals in a decreasing order of reactivity, was applied. Sediment samples from the upper,middle, and lower reaches were included in this study. The results showed that the content of most metals in water and sediment samples gradually increases from upstream to downstream, suggesting a possible input from human activities as shown by their increasing high EF, ranged from 1.4 to 3.9 for Cu, from 1.4 to 6.7 for Zn, from 2.5 to59.1 for Cd, and from 1.7 to 8.9 for Pb, respectively. Thehigher partition coefficients(Kd) for Cr, Zn, and Pb(10~5–10~6) indicated that they were mainly transported in solid phase, while parts of Ni, Cu, and Cd were transported in dissolved phase as they display relatively lower Kdin the range of 10~4–10~5. According to the results of the BCR leaching, the percentage of non-residual fraction of heavy metals in the sediments showed a decreasing order of Cd [ Pb [ Zn [ Cu [ Ni [ Cr, implying that Cd and Pb were more active and bioavailable compared to the other four metals, and thus would be potentially more harmful to the watershed ecosystem.
In order to evaluate the distribution and partitioning characteristics of heavy metals in the large anthropogenically impacted Pearl River Basin, the contents of ‘‘anthropophile'' elements(Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb,which are clearly influenced by human activities) were determined, and their partitioning coefficients(Kd) between water and sediments and enrichment factors(EF) were calculated for samples collected at different locations along the Pearl River main stream. The modified BCR sequential extraction procedure(proposed by the European Community Bureau of Reference in 1993), which involves the successive extraction of metals in a decreasing order of reactivity, was applied. Sediment samples from the upper,middle, and lower reaches were included in this study. The results showed that the content of most metals in water and sediment samples gradually increases from upstream to downstream, suggesting a possible input from human activities as shown by their increasing high EF, ranged from 1.4 to 3.9 for Cu, from 1.4 to 6.7 for Zn, from 2.5 to59.1 for Cd, and from 1.7 to 8.9 for Pb, respectively. Thehigher partition coefficients(Kd) for Cr, Zn, and Pb(10~5–10~6) indicated that they were mainly transported in solid phase, while parts of Ni, Cu, and Cd were transported in dissolved phase as they display relatively lower Kdin the range of 10~4–10~5. According to the results of the BCR leaching, the percentage of non-residual fraction of heavy metals in the sediments showed a decreasing order of Cd [ Pb [ Zn [ Cu [ Ni [ Cr, implying that Cd and Pb were more active and bioavailable compared to the other four metals, and thus would be potentially more harmful to the watershed ecosystem.
引文
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Benoit G,Rozan TF(1999)The influence of size distribution on the particle concentration effect and trace metal partitioning in rivers.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63(1):113-127
Cai YM,Chen WP,Peng C,Wang TY,Xiao RB(2016)Spatial distribution and potential ecological assessment of heavy metalsin soil and sediments in Shunde waterway.Environ Sci37:1763-1770(in Chinese with English abstract)
Chen JS,Zhou JY(1992)Research on heavy metal pollution in the water environment of China.China Enviromental Science Press,Beijing
Chen JS,Wang LX,Hong S,Fan WH(2001)The difference and the cause analyses of the aquatic sediment quality guidelines for heavy metals.Environ Chem 05:417-424
Chen JB,Gaillardet J,Louvat P,Huon S(2009)Zn isotopes in the suspended load of the Seine River,France:isotopic variations and source determination.Geochim Cosmochim Acta73:4060-4076
Chen JB,Gaillardet J,Bouchez J,Louvat P,Wang YN(2014)Anthropophile elements in river sediments:overview from the Seine River,France.Geochem Geophys Geosyst 15:4526-4546
Cong ZY,Zhao FH(2003)Current situation and prospect of the research on acid mine drainage.China Min Mag 03:15-18
Crocket JH,Winchester JW(1966)Coprecipitation of zinc with calcium carbonate.Geochim Cosmochim Acta30(10):1093-1109
Dang YF,Zhao YL,Deng R,Liang YJ(2016)Investigation and source analysis of heavy metal pollution of Duliujiang River.GUANGDONG WEILIANG YUANSU KEXUE 23:12-19
Deng QC,Wang XF,Yin J,Deng CB(2017)Spatial distribution and source analysis of heavy metals in sediments of the upstream Xijiang Basin within nonferrous metal accumulation areas.Res Environ Sci 30:1221-1229(in Chinese)
Dupre B,Gaillardet J,Rousseau D,Allegre CJ(1996)Major and trace elements of river-borne material:the Congo Basin.Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60:1301-1321
Fan X,Cui B,Zhao H,Zhang Z,Zhang H(2010)Assessment of river water quality in Pearl River Delta using multivariate statistical techniques.Proc Environ Scis 2:1220-1234
Fu J,Tang XL,Zhang J,Balzer W(2013)Estuarine modification of dissolved and particulate trace metals in major rivers of EastHainan,China.Cont Shelf Res 57:59-72
Gaillardet J,Dupre B,Allegre CJ,Negrel P(1997)Chemical and physical denudation in the Amazon River Basin.Chem Geol142:141-173
Gaillardet J,Viers J,Dupre B(2003)Trace elements in river waters.Treatise Geochem 5:225-272
Gue′guen C,Dominik J(2003)Partitioning of trace metals between particulate,colloidal and truly dissolved fractions in a polluted river:the Upper Vistula River(Poland).Appl Geochem18:457-470
Guinoiseau D,Gelabert A,Allard T,Louvat P,Moreira-Turcq P,Benedetti MF(2017)Zinc and copper behaviour at the soil-river interface:new insights by Zn and Cu isotopes in the organic-rich Rio Negro basin.Geochim Cosmochim Acta 213:178-197
Han C,Qin Y,Zheng B,Ma Y,Zhang L,Cao W(2014)Sediment quality assessment for heavy metal pollution in the Xiang-jiang River(China)with the equilibrium partitioning approach.Environ Earth Sci 72:5007-5018
He Y,Zhang Y,Zhu M(2015)The pollutant infiltration pathways and measures to control groundwater pollution in the Guijiang River drainage systems.Carsologica Sin 34:387-394(in Chinese with English abstract)
Hu DX,Wu SR,Liu YY,Wang H,Wang XD,Li QB(2014)Determination of chemical species of cadmium,arsenic and lead in mineral yard soil by modified BCR and ICP-AES method.Rock Miner Anal 3:369-373(in Chinese with English abstract)
Ip CCM,Li XD,Zhang G,Wai OW,Li YS(2007)Trace metal distribution in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary and the surrounding coastal area,South China.Environ Pollut147:311-323
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Li HB,Gu YG,Wang R,Lu HB(2017)Contamination,fractionation and biological risk related to metals in surface sediments from the largest deep freshwater lake in China.Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 72:78-87
Lin ZQ,Zheng JL,Huang JZ(1984)A study on the chemical forms of heavy metals in suspension in Zhujiang river.Trop Oceanol3:50-57(in Chinese with English abstract)
Lin CQ,Hu GR,Yu RL,Han L(2017)Speciation and ecological risk of heavy metals in surface sediments from Jiulong River.Environ Sci 38:1002-1009(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu JL,Feng XB,Zhu W,Li ZG,Yin RS(2011)Distribution characteristics and pollution assessments of heavy metals in Dongjiang river sediments.Chin J Ecol 30:981-986(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu J,Li SL,Chen JB,Zhong J,Yue FJ,Liang Y(2017)Temporal transport of major and trace elements in the upper reaches of the Xijiang River,SW China.Environ Earth Sci 76:299
Lu FH,Ni HG,Liu F,Zeng EF(2009)Occurrence of nutrients in riverine runoff of the Pearl River Delta,South China.J Hydrol376:107-115
Meng Q,Zhang J,Zhang Z,Wu T(2016)Geochemistry of dissolved trace elements and heavy metals in the Dan River Drainage(China):distribution,sources,and water quality assessment.Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:8091-8103
Meybeck M,Lestel L,Bonte′P,Moilleron R,Colin JL,Rousselot O(2007)Historical perspective of heavy metals contamination(Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg,Pb,Zn)in the seine river basin(France)following a DPSIR approach(1950-2005).Sci Total Environ375:204-231
Nemati K,Bakar NKA,Abas MR,Sobhanzadeh E(2011)Speciation of heavy metals by modified BCR sequential extraction procedure in different depths of sediments from Sungai Buloh,Selangor,Malaysia.J Hazard Mater 192:402-410
Ning ZP,Lan XL,Huang ZY,Chen HY,Liu YZ,Xiao TF,Zhao YL(2017)Spatial distribution characteristics,sources and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in sediments of the Hejiang River.China Environ Sci 37:3036-3047
Niu H,Deng W,Wu QH,Chen X(2009)Potential toxic risk of heavy metals from sediment of the Pearl River in South China.J Environ Scis 21(8):1053-1058
Odukoya AM,Akande O(2015)Metal contamination assessment in the urban stream sediments and tributaries of coastal area southwest Nigeria.Chin J Geochem 34:431-446
Pan K,Wang WX(2012)Trace metal contamination in estuarine and coastal environments in China.Sci Total Environ 421-422:3-16
Piper DZ,Ludington S,Duval JS,Taylor HE(2006)Geochemistry of bed and suspended sediment in the Mississippi river system:provenance versus weathering and winnowing.Sci Total Environ362:179-204
Priadi C,Bourgeault A,Ayrault S,Gourlay-France C,TusseauVuillemin MH,Bonte P,Mouchel JM(2011)Spatio-temporal variability of solid,total dissolved and labile metal:passive vs.discrete sampling evaluation in river metal monitoring.J EnvironMonit 5:1470-1479Monit 5:1470-1479
Qiao YM,Yang Y,Gu JG,Zhao JG(2013)Distribution and geochemical speciation of heavy metals in sediments from coastal area suffered rapid urbanization,a case study of Shantou Bay,China.Mar Pollut Bull 68:140-146
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Sundaray SK,Nayak BB,Lin S,Bhatta D(2011)Geochemical speciation and risk assessment of heavy metals in the river estuarine sediments-a case study:Mahanadi Basin,India.J Hazard Mater 186:1837-1846
Tang X,Duan DD,Huang W,Ran Y(2015)Distribution and partitioning of heavy metals in particulate and colloid phases in different kinds of water in the downstream Pearl River.Ecol Environ Sci 24:2017-2021(in Chinese)
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Wang ZH,Lin Q,Li CH,Huang HH,Yang ML,Gan JL et al(2004)Variation features and ecological assessment of heavy metals from Pearl River estuary.J Fish Sci China 11:214-219(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang SS,Cao ZM,Lan DZ,Zheng ZC,Li GH(2007)Concentration distribution and assessment of several heavy metals in sediments of west-four Pearl River Estuary.Environ Geol 55:963-975
Wang SL,Xu XR,Sun YX,Liu JL,Li BH(2013)Heavy metal pollution in coastal areas of South China:a review.Mar Pollut Bull 76:7-15
Wang SP,Wang YH,Zhang RJ,Xu DQ(2014)Spatial variation and source analysis of heavy metals in surface sediments of the Hejiang River,China.Appl Mech Mater 522-524:71-74
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Benoit G,Rozan TF(1999)The influence of size distribution on the particle concentration effect and trace metal partitioning in rivers.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63(1):113-127
Cai YM,Chen WP,Peng C,Wang TY,Xiao RB(2016)Spatial distribution and potential ecological assessment of heavy metalsin soil and sediments in Shunde waterway.Environ Sci37:1763-1770(in Chinese with English abstract)
Chen JS,Zhou JY(1992)Research on heavy metal pollution in the water environment of China.China Enviromental Science Press,Beijing
Chen JS,Wang LX,Hong S,Fan WH(2001)The difference and the cause analyses of the aquatic sediment quality guidelines for heavy metals.Environ Chem 05:417-424
Chen JB,Gaillardet J,Louvat P,Huon S(2009)Zn isotopes in the suspended load of the Seine River,France:isotopic variations and source determination.Geochim Cosmochim Acta73:4060-4076
Chen JB,Gaillardet J,Bouchez J,Louvat P,Wang YN(2014)Anthropophile elements in river sediments:overview from the Seine River,France.Geochem Geophys Geosyst 15:4526-4546
Cong ZY,Zhao FH(2003)Current situation and prospect of the research on acid mine drainage.China Min Mag 03:15-18
Crocket JH,Winchester JW(1966)Coprecipitation of zinc with calcium carbonate.Geochim Cosmochim Acta30(10):1093-1109
Dang YF,Zhao YL,Deng R,Liang YJ(2016)Investigation and source analysis of heavy metal pollution of Duliujiang River.GUANGDONG WEILIANG YUANSU KEXUE 23:12-19
Deng QC,Wang XF,Yin J,Deng CB(2017)Spatial distribution and source analysis of heavy metals in sediments of the upstream Xijiang Basin within nonferrous metal accumulation areas.Res Environ Sci 30:1221-1229(in Chinese)
Dupre B,Gaillardet J,Rousseau D,Allegre CJ(1996)Major and trace elements of river-borne material:the Congo Basin.Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60:1301-1321
Fan X,Cui B,Zhao H,Zhang Z,Zhang H(2010)Assessment of river water quality in Pearl River Delta using multivariate statistical techniques.Proc Environ Scis 2:1220-1234
Fu J,Tang XL,Zhang J,Balzer W(2013)Estuarine modification of dissolved and particulate trace metals in major rivers of EastHainan,China.Cont Shelf Res 57:59-72
Gaillardet J,Dupre B,Allegre CJ,Negrel P(1997)Chemical and physical denudation in the Amazon River Basin.Chem Geol142:141-173
Gaillardet J,Viers J,Dupre B(2003)Trace elements in river waters.Treatise Geochem 5:225-272
Gue′guen C,Dominik J(2003)Partitioning of trace metals between particulate,colloidal and truly dissolved fractions in a polluted river:the Upper Vistula River(Poland).Appl Geochem18:457-470
Guinoiseau D,Gelabert A,Allard T,Louvat P,Moreira-Turcq P,Benedetti MF(2017)Zinc and copper behaviour at the soil-river interface:new insights by Zn and Cu isotopes in the organic-rich Rio Negro basin.Geochim Cosmochim Acta 213:178-197
Han C,Qin Y,Zheng B,Ma Y,Zhang L,Cao W(2014)Sediment quality assessment for heavy metal pollution in the Xiang-jiang River(China)with the equilibrium partitioning approach.Environ Earth Sci 72:5007-5018
He Y,Zhang Y,Zhu M(2015)The pollutant infiltration pathways and measures to control groundwater pollution in the Guijiang River drainage systems.Carsologica Sin 34:387-394(in Chinese with English abstract)
Hu DX,Wu SR,Liu YY,Wang H,Wang XD,Li QB(2014)Determination of chemical species of cadmium,arsenic and lead in mineral yard soil by modified BCR and ICP-AES method.Rock Miner Anal 3:369-373(in Chinese with English abstract)
Ip CCM,Li XD,Zhang G,Wai OW,Li YS(2007)Trace metal distribution in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary and the surrounding coastal area,South China.Environ Pollut147:311-323
Islam MS,Ahmed MK,Raknuzzaman M,Habibullah-Al-mamun M,Islam MK(2015)Heavy metal pollution in surface water and sediment:a preliminary assessment of an urban river in a developing country.Ecol Ind 48:282-291
Li XD,Shen ZG,Wai OWH,Li YS(2001)Chemical forms of Pb,Zn and Cu in the sediment profiles of the Pearl River Estuary.Mar Pollut Bull 3:215-223
Li Q,Wu Z,Chu B,Zhang N,Cai S,Fang J(2007)Heavy metals in coastal wetland sediments of the Pearl River Estuary,China.Environ Pollut 149:158-164
Li GL,Liu GJ,Jiang MM,Wang RW,Zheng LG(2011)Partition characteristics and correlation of heavy metal between sediment and surface water from Chaohu Lake.J Univ Sci Technol China41:9-15
Li HB,Gu YG,Wang R,Lu HB(2017)Contamination,fractionation and biological risk related to metals in surface sediments from the largest deep freshwater lake in China.Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 72:78-87
Lin ZQ,Zheng JL,Huang JZ(1984)A study on the chemical forms of heavy metals in suspension in Zhujiang river.Trop Oceanol3:50-57(in Chinese with English abstract)
Lin CQ,Hu GR,Yu RL,Han L(2017)Speciation and ecological risk of heavy metals in surface sediments from Jiulong River.Environ Sci 38:1002-1009(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu JL,Feng XB,Zhu W,Li ZG,Yin RS(2011)Distribution characteristics and pollution assessments of heavy metals in Dongjiang river sediments.Chin J Ecol 30:981-986(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu J,Li SL,Chen JB,Zhong J,Yue FJ,Liang Y(2017)Temporal transport of major and trace elements in the upper reaches of the Xijiang River,SW China.Environ Earth Sci 76:299
Lu FH,Ni HG,Liu F,Zeng EF(2009)Occurrence of nutrients in riverine runoff of the Pearl River Delta,South China.J Hydrol376:107-115
Meng Q,Zhang J,Zhang Z,Wu T(2016)Geochemistry of dissolved trace elements and heavy metals in the Dan River Drainage(China):distribution,sources,and water quality assessment.Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:8091-8103
Meybeck M,Lestel L,Bonte′P,Moilleron R,Colin JL,Rousselot O(2007)Historical perspective of heavy metals contamination(Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg,Pb,Zn)in the seine river basin(France)following a DPSIR approach(1950-2005).Sci Total Environ375:204-231
Nemati K,Bakar NKA,Abas MR,Sobhanzadeh E(2011)Speciation of heavy metals by modified BCR sequential extraction procedure in different depths of sediments from Sungai Buloh,Selangor,Malaysia.J Hazard Mater 192:402-410
Ning ZP,Lan XL,Huang ZY,Chen HY,Liu YZ,Xiao TF,Zhao YL(2017)Spatial distribution characteristics,sources and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in sediments of the Hejiang River.China Environ Sci 37:3036-3047
Niu H,Deng W,Wu QH,Chen X(2009)Potential toxic risk of heavy metals from sediment of the Pearl River in South China.J Environ Scis 21(8):1053-1058
Odukoya AM,Akande O(2015)Metal contamination assessment in the urban stream sediments and tributaries of coastal area southwest Nigeria.Chin J Geochem 34:431-446
Pan K,Wang WX(2012)Trace metal contamination in estuarine and coastal environments in China.Sci Total Environ 421-422:3-16
Piper DZ,Ludington S,Duval JS,Taylor HE(2006)Geochemistry of bed and suspended sediment in the Mississippi river system:provenance versus weathering and winnowing.Sci Total Environ362:179-204
Priadi C,Bourgeault A,Ayrault S,Gourlay-France C,TusseauVuillemin MH,Bonte P,Mouchel JM(2011)Spatio-temporal variability of solid,total dissolved and labile metal:passive vs.discrete sampling evaluation in river metal monitoring.J EnvironMonit 5:1470-1479Monit 5:1470-1479
Qiao YM,Yang Y,Gu JG,Zhao JG(2013)Distribution and geochemical speciation of heavy metals in sediments from coastal area suffered rapid urbanization,a case study of Shantou Bay,China.Mar Pollut Bull 68:140-146
Quevauviller P,Rauret G,Lo′pez-Sa′nchez JF,Rubio R,Ure A,Muntau H(1997)Certification of trace metal extractable contents in a sediment reference material(CRM 601)following a threestep sequential extraction procedure.Sci Total Environ205(2):223-234
Rauret G,Lo′pezsa′nchez JF,Sahuquillo A,Rubio R,Davidson C,Ure A(1999)Improvement of the BCR three step sequential extraction procedure prior to the certification of new sediment and soil reference materials.J Environ Monit 1:57-61
Rudnick RL,Gao S(2003)Composition of the continental crust.In:Rudnick RL(ed)Treatise on geochemistry 3:the crust.Elsevier,Amsterdam,pp 1-64
Shiller AM(1997)Dissolved trace elements in the Mississippi river:seasonal,interannual,and decadal variability.Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61:4321-4330
Sundaray SK,Nayak BB,Lin S,Bhatta D(2011)Geochemical speciation and risk assessment of heavy metals in the river estuarine sediments-a case study:Mahanadi Basin,India.J Hazard Mater 186:1837-1846
Tang X,Duan DD,Huang W,Ran Y(2015)Distribution and partitioning of heavy metals in particulate and colloid phases in different kinds of water in the downstream Pearl River.Ecol Environ Sci 24:2017-2021(in Chinese)
Tessier A,Campbell PGC,Bisson M(1979)Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals.Anal Chem 51:844-851
Viers JB,Dupre Gaillardet J(2009)Chemical composition of suspended sediments in World Rivers:new insights from a new database.Sci Total Environ 407(2):853-868
Wang ZH,Lin Q,Li CH,Huang HH,Yang ML,Gan JL et al(2004)Variation features and ecological assessment of heavy metals from Pearl River estuary.J Fish Sci China 11:214-219(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang SS,Cao ZM,Lan DZ,Zheng ZC,Li GH(2007)Concentration distribution and assessment of several heavy metals in sediments of west-four Pearl River Estuary.Environ Geol 55:963-975
Wang SL,Xu XR,Sun YX,Liu JL,Li BH(2013)Heavy metal pollution in coastal areas of South China:a review.Mar Pollut Bull 76:7-15
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