基于DEM的山地地理可照时数空间分布估算统计模型——以重庆为例
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摘要
为了建立合理、准确且便于估算和应用的山地地理可照时数空间分布模型,本文以重庆为例,首先利用分布式模型估算了30 a平均年和各月可照时数,并利用基于气象行业标准得到的理论值进行了验证;其次,以栅格单元为统计样本,建立了基于地形尺度的可照时数估算的统计模型。结果表明:(1)基于分布式模型的模拟结果具有较高可信度,除10月外,其他各月和年的相对误差均小于10%,且东北和东南部的相对误差较中西部高。(2)西部方山丘陵区的可照时数高,中部平行岭谷区次之,东北和东南部低。冬季可照时数的空间异质性最大,夏季次之,春秋季接近,均较小。(3)各月和年可照时数与主要地理和地形因子之间的相关关系均表现为极显著性,各月复相关系数在0.7929～0.8277,年复相关系数为0.8522。(4)重庆可照时数估算统计模型在一定程度上简化了分布式模型的计算步骤和计算量,便于其应用,并可为其他地区估算可照时数提供方法参考。
Possible sunshine duration(PSD) is one of important parameters for the study of ecosystem process models and hydrological models. It is defined as its astronomical and geographic factors with no atmospheric influence and only hill shadow is taken into account on its spatial distribution. Therefore, it varies from locality to locality in rugged lands due to height, aspect, slope and the obstruction created by the landforms in immediate surroundings. Establishing an accurate and easy-to-use PSD spatial distribution model is of great theoretical and practical significance to the solar energy resource assessment and radiation balance study. In this paper, firstly, we estimated average monthly and annual PSD during 1981—2010 in Chongqing using a distributed model based on DEM. Then the result was verified by the theoretical value based on an assessment method(QX/T 89—2008) for solar energy resource. Next, the spatial distribution character of PSD with topographic factors was analyzed. Moreover, a statistical model for estimating spatial distribution of PSD were constructed based on statistics of pixels. The result showed:(1) the numerical simulation results based on the distributed model were creditable and the relative error for other monthly except October and annual PSD was less than 10%. The relative error of PSD in the northeast and southeast of Chongqing was higher than that in the middle and western of Chongqing.(2) PSD in the western hills of Chongqing was highest, next was in the central parallel ridge valley area of Chongqing, and the lowest value was in the northeast and southeast of Chongqing. The maximum spatial heterogeneity of PSD in winter was the largest, next was in summer, and the smaller value was in spring and autumn.(3) The relationship between PSD and the major geographical and topographic factors was highly significant. The correlation coefficient of the monthly model varied from 0.7929 to 0.8277 and the value of the annual model was 0.8522.(4) To some extent, the statistical model we constructed simplified the calculation steps and computation of the distribution model, and was easy to be applied in some relevant studies. Moreover, it also can provide a method reference for other areas to estimate PSD.
Possible sunshine duration(PSD) is one of important parameters for the study of ecosystem process models and hydrological models. It is defined as its astronomical and geographic factors with no atmospheric influence and only hill shadow is taken into account on its spatial distribution. Therefore, it varies from locality to locality in rugged lands due to height, aspect, slope and the obstruction created by the landforms in immediate surroundings. Establishing an accurate and easy-to-use PSD spatial distribution model is of great theoretical and practical significance to the solar energy resource assessment and radiation balance study. In this paper, firstly, we estimated average monthly and annual PSD during 1981—2010 in Chongqing using a distributed model based on DEM. Then the result was verified by the theoretical value based on an assessment method(QX/T 89—2008) for solar energy resource. Next, the spatial distribution character of PSD with topographic factors was analyzed. Moreover, a statistical model for estimating spatial distribution of PSD were constructed based on statistics of pixels. The result showed:(1) the numerical simulation results based on the distributed model were creditable and the relative error for other monthly except October and annual PSD was less than 10%. The relative error of PSD in the northeast and southeast of Chongqing was higher than that in the middle and western of Chongqing.(2) PSD in the western hills of Chongqing was highest, next was in the central parallel ridge valley area of Chongqing, and the lowest value was in the northeast and southeast of Chongqing. The maximum spatial heterogeneity of PSD in winter was the largest, next was in summer, and the smaller value was in spring and autumn.(3) The relationship between PSD and the major geographical and topographic factors was highly significant. The correlation coefficient of the monthly model varied from 0.7929 to 0.8277 and the value of the annual model was 0.8522.(4) To some extent, the statistical model we constructed simplified the calculation steps and computation of the distribution model, and was easy to be applied in some relevant studies. Moreover, it also can provide a method reference for other areas to estimate PSD.
引文
[1] 傅抱璞.山地气候[M].科学出版社,1983,19-37.[FU Baopu.Mountain Climate [M].Beijing:Science Press,1983,19-37]
[2] 翁笃鸣,罗哲贤.山区地形气候[M].北京:气象出版社,1990:1-10.[WENG Duming,LUO Zhexian.Topographical Climate in Mountainous Areas [M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,1990:1-10 ]
[3] 傅抱璞,虞静明,卢其尧.山地气候资源与开发利用[M].南京:南京大学出版社,1996:165-179.[FU Baopu,YU Jingming,LU Qiyao.Climate Sources,development and utilization in mountainous areas [M].Nanjing:Nanjing University Press,1996:165-179]
[4] 傅抱璞.关于山地气候资料的推算问题[C]//山地气候文集.北京:气象出版社,1984:23-34.[FU Baopu.The calculation of climatic elements in mountainous areas [C]//Collected Papers on Mountain Climate.Beijing:China Meteorological Press,1984:23-34]
[5] 李占清,翁笃鸣.一个计算山地可照时间的计算机模式[J].科学通报,1987,(17):1333-1335.[LI Zhanqing,WENG Duming.A computer model to determine topographic parameters [J].Acta Geographica Sinica,1987,(17):1333-1335]
[6] 朱志辉.等可照时间与等日照方位[J].中国科学(B辑),1987,(12):1340-1347.[ZHU Zhihui.Equal insolation duration and equal sunshine azimuth [J].Science in China Series B,1987,(12):1340-1347]
[7] 李志林,朱庆.数字高程模型[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2001:1-10.[LI Zhilin,ZHU Qing.Digital Elevation Model [M].Wuhan:Wuhan University Press,2001:1-10]
[8] 汤国安,刘学军,闾国年.数字高程模型及地学分析的原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2005,366-370.[TANG Guoan,LIU Xuejun,LV Guonian.Principles and Methods of Digital Elevation Model and Analysis [M].Beijing:Science Press,2005,366-370]
[9] DOZIER J.OUTCALT S I.An approach to energy balance simulation over rugged terrain [J].Geographic Analysis,1979,11(1):65-85.
[10] BOCQUET G.Method of study and cartography of the potential sunny periods in mountainous areas [J].Journal of Climatology,1984,1(4):587-596.
[11] DUBAYAH R,DOZIER J,DAVIS W F.Topographic distribution of clear sky radiation over the Konza Prairie,Kansas [J].Water Resources Research,1990,26(4):679-690.
[12] DOZIER J,FREW J.Rapid calculation of terrain parameters for radiation modeling from digital elevation data [J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1990,28(5):963-969.
[13] HETRICK W A,RICH P M,BARNES F J,et al.GIS-based solar radiation flux models [J].American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Technical Papers,GIS Photogrammetry and Modelling,1993,3:132-143.
[14] KUMAR L,SKIDMORE A K,KNOWLES E.Modeling topographic variation in solar radiation in a GIS environment [J].International Journal of Geographic Information Science,1997,11(5):475-497.
[15] PINDE FU,RICH P M.Design and implementation of the Solar Analyst:an ArcView extension for modeling solar radiation at landscape scales [C/OL].Proceedings of the 19th Annual ESRI User Conference,San Diego,USA [1999-10-8].http://gis.esri.com/library/userconf/proc99/proceed/papers/pap867/p867.htm.
[16] PINDE FU,RICH P M.A geometric solar radiation model with application in agriculture and forestry [J].Computer and Electronics in Agriculture,2002,37:25-35.
[17] LEE K H.Constructing a non-linear relationship between the incoming solar radiation and bright sunshine duration [J].International Journal of Climatology,2010,30(12):1884-1892.
[18] 黄雪樵.地理信息系统支持下的坡面太阳辐射计算 [J].地理研究,1992,11(3):80-84.[HUANG Xueqiao.GIS-based computer of solar radiation on slope surface [J].Geographical Research,1992,11(3):80-84]
[19] 李新,程国栋,陈贤章,等.任意地形条件下太阳辐射模型的改进 [J].科学通报,1999,44(9):993-998.[LI Xin,CHENG Guodong,CHEN Xianzhang,et al.Modification of solar radiation model over rugged terrain [J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1999,44(9):993-998]
[20] 谢阳生.基于GIS的太阳辐射模型及其实现 [D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2001,1-7.[XIE Yangsheng.Modelling Topographic Variation in Solar Radiation in a GIS Environment [D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2001,1-7]
[21] 陈华,孙丹峰,段增强,等.基于DEM的山地日照时数模拟时空特点及应用——以北京西山门头沟区为例[J].山地学报,2002,20(5):559-563.[CHEN Hua,SUN Danfeng,DUAN Zengqiang,et al.Sunshine hours model and spa-temporal variation analysis based on DEM [J].Journal of Mountain Science,2002,20(5):559-563]
[22] 曾燕,邱新法,缪启龙,等.起伏地形下我国可照时间的空间分布[J].自然科学进展,2003,13(5):545-548.[ZENG Yan,QIU Xinfa,MIAO Qilong,et al.Distribution of possible sunshine durations over rugged terrains of China [J].Progress in Natural Science,2003,13(5):545-548]
[23] 黄晚华,帅细强,汪扩军.考虑地形条件下山区日照和辐射的GIS模型研究[J].中国农业气象,2006,27(2):89-93.[HUANG Wanhua,SHUAI Xiqiang,WANG Kuoju.A study on GIS-based model of sunlight and radiation in view of terrain in mountain areas[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2006,27(2):89-93]
[24] 李军,黄敬峰.基于DEM的山地可照时间的空间分布[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),2007,34(3):346-350.[LI Jun,HUANG Jingfeng.Spatial distribution of duration of possible sunshine based on DEM in mountain area[J].Journal of Zhejiang University (Science Edition),2007,34(3):346-350]
[25] 袁淑杰,缪启龙,邱新法,等.贵州高原起伏地形下日照时间的时空分布[J].应用气象学报,2008,19(2):233-237.[YUAN Shujie,MIAO Qilong,QIU Xinfa,et al.The spatial and temporal distribution of insolation duration over rugged terrains in the Guizhou plateau[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2008,19(2):233-237]
[26] 孙娴,王娟敏,姜创业,等.陕西省山地日照时间的空间分布特征[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(4):625-635.[SUN Xian,WANG Juanmin,JIANG Chuangye,et al.The spatial distribution of sunshine duration of mountain Terrain [J].Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(4):625-635]
[27] 潘用地.起伏地形下日照时间计算模型的修正[J].资源科学,2010,32(8):1493-1498.[PAN Yongdi.Corrections for sunshine duration models under rugged terrain conditions [J].Resources Science,2010,32(8):1493-1498]
[28] 张超,吴良林,杨妮,等.基于GIS的喀斯特山区实照时数时空分布研究——以广西巴马瑶族自治县为例[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(11):1968-1978.[ZHANG Chao,WU Lianglin,YANG Ni,et al.Study on temporal and spatial distribution of sunshine duration based on GIS in karst mountain area—taking Guangxi Bama county for example [J].Journal of Natural Resources,2014,29(11):1968-1978]
[29] DANIEL W M,BRENDAN G M,BRIAN L Z.Calibration and sensitivity analysis of a spatially distributed solar radiation model[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,1999,13(1):49-65.
[30] 张勇,陈良富,柳钦火,等.日照时间的地形影响与空间尺度效应[J].遥感学报,2005,9(5):521-530.[ZHANG Yong,CHEN Liangfu,LIU Qinhuo,et al.Topographic and spatial-scaling effects on the sunlit time of the different terrains [J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2005,9(5):521-530]
[31] 姜创业,孙娴,王娟敏,等.山地天文辐射的地形影响与空间尺度效应研究 [J].高原气象,2010,29(5):1230-1237.[JIANG Chuangye,SUN Xian,WANG Juanmin,et al.Influences of various local topographic factors on astronomical radiation of mountain and its spatial scale effect in mountainous region [J].Plateau Meteorology,2010,29(5):1230-1237]
[32] 钟静,卢涛.中国西南地区地形起伏度的最佳分析尺度确定[J].水土保持通报,2018,38(1):175-181.[ZHONG Jing,LU Tao.Optimal statistical unit for relief amplitude in southwestern China [J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,38(1):175-181]
[2] 翁笃鸣,罗哲贤.山区地形气候[M].北京:气象出版社,1990:1-10.[WENG Duming,LUO Zhexian.Topographical Climate in Mountainous Areas [M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,1990:1-10 ]
[3] 傅抱璞,虞静明,卢其尧.山地气候资源与开发利用[M].南京:南京大学出版社,1996:165-179.[FU Baopu,YU Jingming,LU Qiyao.Climate Sources,development and utilization in mountainous areas [M].Nanjing:Nanjing University Press,1996:165-179]
[4] 傅抱璞.关于山地气候资料的推算问题[C]//山地气候文集.北京:气象出版社,1984:23-34.[FU Baopu.The calculation of climatic elements in mountainous areas [C]//Collected Papers on Mountain Climate.Beijing:China Meteorological Press,1984:23-34]
[5] 李占清,翁笃鸣.一个计算山地可照时间的计算机模式[J].科学通报,1987,(17):1333-1335.[LI Zhanqing,WENG Duming.A computer model to determine topographic parameters [J].Acta Geographica Sinica,1987,(17):1333-1335]
[6] 朱志辉.等可照时间与等日照方位[J].中国科学(B辑),1987,(12):1340-1347.[ZHU Zhihui.Equal insolation duration and equal sunshine azimuth [J].Science in China Series B,1987,(12):1340-1347]
[7] 李志林,朱庆.数字高程模型[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2001:1-10.[LI Zhilin,ZHU Qing.Digital Elevation Model [M].Wuhan:Wuhan University Press,2001:1-10]
[8] 汤国安,刘学军,闾国年.数字高程模型及地学分析的原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2005,366-370.[TANG Guoan,LIU Xuejun,LV Guonian.Principles and Methods of Digital Elevation Model and Analysis [M].Beijing:Science Press,2005,366-370]
[9] DOZIER J.OUTCALT S I.An approach to energy balance simulation over rugged terrain [J].Geographic Analysis,1979,11(1):65-85.
[10] BOCQUET G.Method of study and cartography of the potential sunny periods in mountainous areas [J].Journal of Climatology,1984,1(4):587-596.
[11] DUBAYAH R,DOZIER J,DAVIS W F.Topographic distribution of clear sky radiation over the Konza Prairie,Kansas [J].Water Resources Research,1990,26(4):679-690.
[12] DOZIER J,FREW J.Rapid calculation of terrain parameters for radiation modeling from digital elevation data [J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1990,28(5):963-969.
[13] HETRICK W A,RICH P M,BARNES F J,et al.GIS-based solar radiation flux models [J].American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Technical Papers,GIS Photogrammetry and Modelling,1993,3:132-143.
[14] KUMAR L,SKIDMORE A K,KNOWLES E.Modeling topographic variation in solar radiation in a GIS environment [J].International Journal of Geographic Information Science,1997,11(5):475-497.
[15] PINDE FU,RICH P M.Design and implementation of the Solar Analyst:an ArcView extension for modeling solar radiation at landscape scales [C/OL].Proceedings of the 19th Annual ESRI User Conference,San Diego,USA [1999-10-8].http://gis.esri.com/library/userconf/proc99/proceed/papers/pap867/p867.htm.
[16] PINDE FU,RICH P M.A geometric solar radiation model with application in agriculture and forestry [J].Computer and Electronics in Agriculture,2002,37:25-35.
[17] LEE K H.Constructing a non-linear relationship between the incoming solar radiation and bright sunshine duration [J].International Journal of Climatology,2010,30(12):1884-1892.
[18] 黄雪樵.地理信息系统支持下的坡面太阳辐射计算 [J].地理研究,1992,11(3):80-84.[HUANG Xueqiao.GIS-based computer of solar radiation on slope surface [J].Geographical Research,1992,11(3):80-84]
[19] 李新,程国栋,陈贤章,等.任意地形条件下太阳辐射模型的改进 [J].科学通报,1999,44(9):993-998.[LI Xin,CHENG Guodong,CHEN Xianzhang,et al.Modification of solar radiation model over rugged terrain [J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1999,44(9):993-998]
[20] 谢阳生.基于GIS的太阳辐射模型及其实现 [D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2001,1-7.[XIE Yangsheng.Modelling Topographic Variation in Solar Radiation in a GIS Environment [D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2001,1-7]
[21] 陈华,孙丹峰,段增强,等.基于DEM的山地日照时数模拟时空特点及应用——以北京西山门头沟区为例[J].山地学报,2002,20(5):559-563.[CHEN Hua,SUN Danfeng,DUAN Zengqiang,et al.Sunshine hours model and spa-temporal variation analysis based on DEM [J].Journal of Mountain Science,2002,20(5):559-563]
[22] 曾燕,邱新法,缪启龙,等.起伏地形下我国可照时间的空间分布[J].自然科学进展,2003,13(5):545-548.[ZENG Yan,QIU Xinfa,MIAO Qilong,et al.Distribution of possible sunshine durations over rugged terrains of China [J].Progress in Natural Science,2003,13(5):545-548]
[23] 黄晚华,帅细强,汪扩军.考虑地形条件下山区日照和辐射的GIS模型研究[J].中国农业气象,2006,27(2):89-93.[HUANG Wanhua,SHUAI Xiqiang,WANG Kuoju.A study on GIS-based model of sunlight and radiation in view of terrain in mountain areas[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2006,27(2):89-93]
[24] 李军,黄敬峰.基于DEM的山地可照时间的空间分布[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),2007,34(3):346-350.[LI Jun,HUANG Jingfeng.Spatial distribution of duration of possible sunshine based on DEM in mountain area[J].Journal of Zhejiang University (Science Edition),2007,34(3):346-350]
[25] 袁淑杰,缪启龙,邱新法,等.贵州高原起伏地形下日照时间的时空分布[J].应用气象学报,2008,19(2):233-237.[YUAN Shujie,MIAO Qilong,QIU Xinfa,et al.The spatial and temporal distribution of insolation duration over rugged terrains in the Guizhou plateau[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2008,19(2):233-237]
[26] 孙娴,王娟敏,姜创业,等.陕西省山地日照时间的空间分布特征[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(4):625-635.[SUN Xian,WANG Juanmin,JIANG Chuangye,et al.The spatial distribution of sunshine duration of mountain Terrain [J].Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(4):625-635]
[27] 潘用地.起伏地形下日照时间计算模型的修正[J].资源科学,2010,32(8):1493-1498.[PAN Yongdi.Corrections for sunshine duration models under rugged terrain conditions [J].Resources Science,2010,32(8):1493-1498]
[28] 张超,吴良林,杨妮,等.基于GIS的喀斯特山区实照时数时空分布研究——以广西巴马瑶族自治县为例[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(11):1968-1978.[ZHANG Chao,WU Lianglin,YANG Ni,et al.Study on temporal and spatial distribution of sunshine duration based on GIS in karst mountain area—taking Guangxi Bama county for example [J].Journal of Natural Resources,2014,29(11):1968-1978]
[29] DANIEL W M,BRENDAN G M,BRIAN L Z.Calibration and sensitivity analysis of a spatially distributed solar radiation model[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,1999,13(1):49-65.
[30] 张勇,陈良富,柳钦火,等.日照时间的地形影响与空间尺度效应[J].遥感学报,2005,9(5):521-530.[ZHANG Yong,CHEN Liangfu,LIU Qinhuo,et al.Topographic and spatial-scaling effects on the sunlit time of the different terrains [J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2005,9(5):521-530]
[31] 姜创业,孙娴,王娟敏,等.山地天文辐射的地形影响与空间尺度效应研究 [J].高原气象,2010,29(5):1230-1237.[JIANG Chuangye,SUN Xian,WANG Juanmin,et al.Influences of various local topographic factors on astronomical radiation of mountain and its spatial scale effect in mountainous region [J].Plateau Meteorology,2010,29(5):1230-1237]
[32] 钟静,卢涛.中国西南地区地形起伏度的最佳分析尺度确定[J].水土保持通报,2018,38(1):175-181.[ZHONG Jing,LU Tao.Optimal statistical unit for relief amplitude in southwestern China [J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,38(1):175-181]