保定市大气污染来源与燃煤治理成效
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摘要
为支撑保定市空气污染控制目标实现,于2014年起开展了保定市大气污染研究工作,明确了保定市大气污染的主要来源与成因,并提出了有针对性的治理对策.结果表明:①保定市大气重污染主要发生在冬季,民用燃煤排放是大气重污染发生的根本原因.2013年12月1日—2014年2月28日冬季ρ(SO_2)、ρ(NO_2)、ρ(PM10)和ρ(PM_(2. 5))分别为2014年年均值的1. 93、1. 64、1. 46和1. 61倍.民用燃煤源占2014年PM_(2. 5)全年来源的19. 8%,占冬季PM_(2. 5)来源的30. 9%.②集中供热和清洁取暖措施对空气质量改善效果明显.2015—2018年民用散煤综合整治后,ρ(PM_(2. 5))年均值由2013年的135μgm3降至2018年的67μgm3,降幅达50. 4%,全年重度污染和严重污染天数占比从30. 0%降至9. 0%.清洁取暖率较高区县的冬季空气综合指数和ρ(PM_(2. 5))明显低于清洁取暖率低的区县.③民用散煤综合整治降低了冬季PM_(2. 5)中民用燃煤源占比,优化了能源结构.民用燃煤在PM_(2. 5)中占比由2014年冬季的30. 9%分别降至2017—2018年冬季的25. 0%和2018—2019年冬季的22. 0%,煤炭消费量占比由2014年的49. 6%降至2017年的38. 4%,电力消费量占比由2014年的33. 8%升至2017年的39. 5%,天然气消费量占比由2014年的2. 6%升至2017年的6. 8%.总体而言,尽管保定市空气质量得到了一定改善,但总燃煤量占比仍高于北京市(9. 8%)和天津市(36. 1%),其主城区南部区县仍可进一步提高清洁取暖率,以促进空气质量不断改善.
In order to achieve the air pollution control target in Baoding City,Baoding Air Pollution Research Group began the research in2014. The study clarified the main sources and causes of air pollution in Baoding City,and proposed corresponding countermeasures. The results showed that the heavy pollution in Baoding City mainly occurred in winter,during which civil coal-burning emissions were the main source. From December 1 st,2013 to February 28 th,2014,the average values of SO_2,NO_2,PM10 and PM_(2. 5) were 1. 93,1. 64,1. 46 and1. 61 times of the annual average ralues,respectively. Civil coal source accounted for 19. 8% of the total source of PM_(2. 5) in 2014 and30. 9% in the winter. The implementation of central heating and clean heating measures have improved air quality obviously. After the comprehensive rectification of civil bulk coal in 2015-2018,the annual average concentration of PM_(2. 5) decreased from 135 μgm3 in 2013 to 67 μgm3 in 2018,a decreace of 50. 4%. The frequency of severe pollution occurrence in the whole year dropped from 30. 0% to 9. 0%.The air comprehensive index and PM_(2. 5) concentration in winter were evidently lower in the districts with higher clean heating rate than those with lower clean heating rate. The comprehensive rectification reduced the proportion of civil bulk coal contribution in PM_(2. 5) in winter and optimized the energy structure. The proportion of civil coal combustion in PM_(2. 5) decreased from 30. 9% in winter 2014 to 25. 0% in the winter of 2017-2018 and 22. 0% in the winter of 2018-2019. Meanwhile,the coal consumption decreased from 49. 6% in 2014 to 38. 4%in 2017,However,the power consumption increased from 33. 8% in 2014 to 39. 5% in 2017,and the proportion of natural gas consumption increased from 2. 6% in 2014 to 6. 8% in 2017. Overall,despite the improvement in air quality in Baoding City,the proportion of coal consumption is still higher than that of Beijing City( 9. 8%) and Tianjin City( 36. 1%). The southern districts of the main urban areas can further increase clean heating efficiency and promote the continuous improvement of air quality.
In order to achieve the air pollution control target in Baoding City,Baoding Air Pollution Research Group began the research in2014. The study clarified the main sources and causes of air pollution in Baoding City,and proposed corresponding countermeasures. The results showed that the heavy pollution in Baoding City mainly occurred in winter,during which civil coal-burning emissions were the main source. From December 1 st,2013 to February 28 th,2014,the average values of SO_2,NO_2,PM10 and PM_(2. 5) were 1. 93,1. 64,1. 46 and1. 61 times of the annual average ralues,respectively. Civil coal source accounted for 19. 8% of the total source of PM_(2. 5) in 2014 and30. 9% in the winter. The implementation of central heating and clean heating measures have improved air quality obviously. After the comprehensive rectification of civil bulk coal in 2015-2018,the annual average concentration of PM_(2. 5) decreased from 135 μgm3 in 2013 to 67 μgm3 in 2018,a decreace of 50. 4%. The frequency of severe pollution occurrence in the whole year dropped from 30. 0% to 9. 0%.The air comprehensive index and PM_(2. 5) concentration in winter were evidently lower in the districts with higher clean heating rate than those with lower clean heating rate. The comprehensive rectification reduced the proportion of civil bulk coal contribution in PM_(2. 5) in winter and optimized the energy structure. The proportion of civil coal combustion in PM_(2. 5) decreased from 30. 9% in winter 2014 to 25. 0% in the winter of 2017-2018 and 22. 0% in the winter of 2018-2019. Meanwhile,the coal consumption decreased from 49. 6% in 2014 to 38. 4%in 2017,However,the power consumption increased from 33. 8% in 2014 to 39. 5% in 2017,and the proportion of natural gas consumption increased from 2. 6% in 2014 to 6. 8% in 2017. Overall,despite the improvement in air quality in Baoding City,the proportion of coal consumption is still higher than that of Beijing City( 9. 8%) and Tianjin City( 36. 1%). The southern districts of the main urban areas can further increase clean heating efficiency and promote the continuous improvement of air quality.
引文
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[12]郭育红，辛金元，王跃思，等．保定市大气颗粒物中含碳组分粒径分布[J]．气候与环境研究，2014,19(2):185-192.GUO Yuhong,XIN Jinyuan,WANG Yuesi,et al. A study of size distributions of carbonaceous species in ambient particles in Baoding,China[J].Climatic and Environmental Research,2014,19(2):185-192.
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[14]胡丙鑫，段菁春，刘世杰，等. 2018年春节期间京津冀及周边地区烟花禁放效果评估[J]．环境科学研究，2019,32(2):203-211.HU Bingxin,DUAN Jingchun,LIU Shijie,et al. Evaluation of the effect of fireworks prohibition in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding areas during the Spring Festival of 2018[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2019,32(2):203-211.
[15]支国瑞，杨俊超，张涛，等．我国北方农村生活燃煤情况调查、排放估算及政策启示[J]．环境科学研究，2015,28(8):1179-1185.ZHI Guorui,YANG Junchao,ZHANG Tao,et al. Rural household coal use survey,emission estimation and policy implications[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2015,28(8):1179-1185.
[16] LEI Yu,ZHANG Qiang,HE Kebin,et al. Primary anthropogenic aerosol emission trends for China,1990-2005[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2011,11(3):931-954.
[17]王志轩．火电厂二氧化硫减排的若干问题[J]．中国电力，2008,41(2):44-47.WANG Zhixuan. Problems on the emission reduction of SO2in thermal power plants[J].Electric Power,2008,41(2):44-47.
[18]柴发合，支国瑞．空气污染和气候变化:同源与协同[M]．北京:中国环境出版社，2015.
[19] United Nations Environment Programme. Nearterm climate protection and clean air benefits:actions for controlling shortlived climate forcers[R]. Nairobi,Kenya:United Nations Environment Programme,2011.
[20]王彦超，蒋春来，贺晋瑜，等．京津冀大气污染传输通道城市燃煤大气污染减排潜力[J]．中国环境科学，2018,38(7):2401-2405.WANG Yanchao,JIANG Chunlai,HE Jinyu,et al. Air pollutant emissions reduction potential from burning coal in cities of air pollution transmission channel in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Area[J].China Environmental Science,2018,38(7):2401-2405.
[21]国家统计局能源司．中国能源统计年鉴:2017[M]．北京:中国统计出版社，2017.
[22]北京市统计局，国家统计局北京调查总队．北京统计年鉴:2017[M]．北京:中国统计出版社，2017.
[23]天津市统计局，国家统计局天津调查总队．天津统计年鉴:2017[M]．北京:中国统计出版社，2017.
[24] WANG Gehui,ZHANG Renjian,GOMEZ M E,et al. Persistent sulfate formation from London fog to Chinese haze[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2016,113(48):13630-13635.
[25] MA Jianzhong,XU Xiaobin,ZHAO Chunsheng,et al. A review of atmospheric chemistry research in China:photochemical smog,haze pollution,and gas-aerosol interactions[J].Advances in atmospheric Sciences,2012,29(5):1006-1025.
[26] TRIPTI P,VYOMA S,APARNA S,et al. Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols with special reference to episodic events at Agra,India[J].Atmospheric Research,2013,128:98-110.
[27] CHEN Yingjun,ZHI Guorui,FENG Yanli,et al. Measurements of emission factors for primary carbonaceous particles from residential raw-coal combustion in China[J]. Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33:1-4.
[28] HE Lingyan,HU Min,HUANG Xiaofeng,et al. Measurement of emissions of fine particulate organic matter from Chinese cooking[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38:6557-6564.
[29] CAO J J,LEE S C,CHOW J C,et al. Spatial and seasonal distributions of carbonaceous aerosols over China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2007,112:1-9.
[30] JI Dongsheng,GAO Meng,MAENHAUT W,et al.The carbonaceous aerosol levels still remain a challenge in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region of China:insights from continuous high temporal resolution measurements in multiple cities[J]. Environment International,2019,126:171-183.
[31] MKOMA S L,CHI Xuguang,MAENHAUT W. Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols in ambient PM10and PM2. 5particles in Dares Salaam,Tanzania[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2010,408(6):1308-1314.
[32] TURPIN B J,HUNTZICKER J J.Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS[J]. Atmospheric Environment,1995,29(23):3527-3544.
[33] XIAO Hongwei,XIAO Huayun,LUO Li,et al.Atmospheric aerosol compositions over the South China Sea:temporal variability and source apportionment[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,2017,17(4):1-39.
[2] HAN Feng,XU Jun,HE Youjiang,et al.Vertical structure of foggy haze over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Area in January 2013[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,139:192-204.
[3] TAO Minghui,CHEN Liangfu,XIONG Xiaozhen,et al. Formation process of the widespread extreme haze pollution over northern China in January 2013:implications for regional air quality and climate[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,98:417-425.
[4] ZHANG Renhe,LI Qiang,ZHANG Ruonan. Meteorological conditions for the persistent severe fog and haze event over eastern China in January 2013[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2014,57(1):26-35.
[5] WANG Yuesi,YAO Li,WANG Lili,et al. Mechanism for the formation of the January 2013 heavy haze pollution episode over central and eastern China[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2014,57(1):14-25.
[6] JI Dongsheng,LI Liang,WANG Yuesi,et al. The heaviest particulate air-pollution episodes occurred in northern China in January,2013:insights gained from observation[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2014,92:546-556.
[7]柴发合，云雅如，王淑兰．关于我国落实区域大气联防联控机制的深度思考[J]．环境与可持续发展，2013(4):5-9.CHAI Fahe,YUN Yaru,WANG Shulan.Study on implementation of joint prevention and control of regional air pollution mechanism in China[J].Environment and Sustainable Development,2013(4):5-9.
[8]王跃思，姚利，刘子锐，等．京津冀大气霾污染及控制策略思考[J]．中国科学院院刊，2013,28(3):353-363.WANG Yuesi,YAO Li,LIU Zirui,et al.Formation of haze pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region and their control strategies[J].Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2013,28(3):353-363.
[9]生态环境部．中国空气质量改善报告(2013—2018)[EBOL]．北京:生态环境部，2019-06-06[2019-06-06].http:www.gov.cnxinwen2019-0606content_5397950.htm.
[10]吴莹，吉东生，宋涛，等．夏秋季北京及河北三城市的大气污染联合观测研究[J]．环境科学，2011,32(9):2741-2749.WU Ying,JI Dongsheng,SONG Tao,et al. Characteristics of atmospheric pollutants in Beijing, Zhuozhou, Baoding and Shijiazhuang during the period of summer and autumn[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(9):2741-2749.
[11]王丽，温天雪，苗红妍，等．保定大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子质量浓度及粒径分布[J]．环境科学研究，2013,26(5):516-521.WANG Li,WEN Tianxue,MIAO Hongyan,et al.Concentrations and size distributions of water soluble inorganic ion in aerosol particles in baoding,Hebei[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2013,26(5):516-521.
[12]郭育红，辛金元，王跃思，等．保定市大气颗粒物中含碳组分粒径分布[J]．气候与环境研究，2014,19(2):185-192.GUO Yuhong,XIN Jinyuan,WANG Yuesi,et al. A study of size distributions of carbonaceous species in ambient particles in Baoding,China[J].Climatic and Environmental Research,2014,19(2):185-192.
[13]郑悦，程方，张凯，等．保定市大气污染特征和潜在输送源分析[J]．环境科学研究，2019. doi:10. 13198j. issn. 1001-6929. 2019. 04. 24.ZHENG Yue,CHENG Fang,ZHANG Kai,et al.Characteristics and potential transport source identification of atmospheric pollution in Baoding City[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2019. doi:10.13198j.issn.1001-6929.2019.04.24.
[14]胡丙鑫，段菁春，刘世杰，等. 2018年春节期间京津冀及周边地区烟花禁放效果评估[J]．环境科学研究，2019,32(2):203-211.HU Bingxin,DUAN Jingchun,LIU Shijie,et al. Evaluation of the effect of fireworks prohibition in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding areas during the Spring Festival of 2018[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2019,32(2):203-211.
[15]支国瑞，杨俊超，张涛，等．我国北方农村生活燃煤情况调查、排放估算及政策启示[J]．环境科学研究，2015,28(8):1179-1185.ZHI Guorui,YANG Junchao,ZHANG Tao,et al. Rural household coal use survey,emission estimation and policy implications[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2015,28(8):1179-1185.
[16] LEI Yu,ZHANG Qiang,HE Kebin,et al. Primary anthropogenic aerosol emission trends for China,1990-2005[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2011,11(3):931-954.
[17]王志轩．火电厂二氧化硫减排的若干问题[J]．中国电力，2008,41(2):44-47.WANG Zhixuan. Problems on the emission reduction of SO2in thermal power plants[J].Electric Power,2008,41(2):44-47.
[18]柴发合，支国瑞．空气污染和气候变化:同源与协同[M]．北京:中国环境出版社，2015.
[19] United Nations Environment Programme. Nearterm climate protection and clean air benefits:actions for controlling shortlived climate forcers[R]. Nairobi,Kenya:United Nations Environment Programme,2011.
[20]王彦超，蒋春来，贺晋瑜，等．京津冀大气污染传输通道城市燃煤大气污染减排潜力[J]．中国环境科学，2018,38(7):2401-2405.WANG Yanchao,JIANG Chunlai,HE Jinyu,et al. Air pollutant emissions reduction potential from burning coal in cities of air pollution transmission channel in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Area[J].China Environmental Science,2018,38(7):2401-2405.
[21]国家统计局能源司．中国能源统计年鉴:2017[M]．北京:中国统计出版社，2017.
[22]北京市统计局，国家统计局北京调查总队．北京统计年鉴:2017[M]．北京:中国统计出版社，2017.
[23]天津市统计局，国家统计局天津调查总队．天津统计年鉴:2017[M]．北京:中国统计出版社，2017.
[24] WANG Gehui,ZHANG Renjian,GOMEZ M E,et al. Persistent sulfate formation from London fog to Chinese haze[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2016,113(48):13630-13635.
[25] MA Jianzhong,XU Xiaobin,ZHAO Chunsheng,et al. A review of atmospheric chemistry research in China:photochemical smog,haze pollution,and gas-aerosol interactions[J].Advances in atmospheric Sciences,2012,29(5):1006-1025.
[26] TRIPTI P,VYOMA S,APARNA S,et al. Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols with special reference to episodic events at Agra,India[J].Atmospheric Research,2013,128:98-110.
[27] CHEN Yingjun,ZHI Guorui,FENG Yanli,et al. Measurements of emission factors for primary carbonaceous particles from residential raw-coal combustion in China[J]. Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33:1-4.
[28] HE Lingyan,HU Min,HUANG Xiaofeng,et al. Measurement of emissions of fine particulate organic matter from Chinese cooking[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38:6557-6564.
[29] CAO J J,LEE S C,CHOW J C,et al. Spatial and seasonal distributions of carbonaceous aerosols over China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2007,112:1-9.
[30] JI Dongsheng,GAO Meng,MAENHAUT W,et al.The carbonaceous aerosol levels still remain a challenge in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region of China:insights from continuous high temporal resolution measurements in multiple cities[J]. Environment International,2019,126:171-183.
[31] MKOMA S L,CHI Xuguang,MAENHAUT W. Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols in ambient PM10and PM2. 5particles in Dares Salaam,Tanzania[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2010,408(6):1308-1314.
[32] TURPIN B J,HUNTZICKER J J.Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS[J]. Atmospheric Environment,1995,29(23):3527-3544.
[33] XIAO Hongwei,XIAO Huayun,LUO Li,et al.Atmospheric aerosol compositions over the South China Sea:temporal variability and source apportionment[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,2017,17(4):1-39.
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