黄河源高寒草甸高原鼠兔土丘的土壤风力侵蚀规律
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摘要
为阐明高寒草甸退化区土壤风力侵蚀作用及土壤流失规律,以青海省河南县退化高寒草甸高原鼠兔土丘为研究对象,通过开展野外人工模拟风蚀试验,对不同风速下鼠丘土壤流失量及其养分流失规律进行分析和讨论。结果表明:(1)风蚀作用下土壤流失量均呈先快后慢的变化规律,风速从6.0 m/s逐步增加到12.0 m/s时,土壤流失量增长约6.3倍。(2)风蚀过程中鼠丘高度和直径随风蚀时间的变化较明显,其变化速率与土壤流失速率相对应,且风蚀促进土壤水分的蒸发速率,从而促进鼠丘的土壤可蚀量。(3)鼠丘土壤养分随风速和土壤流失量的增大而增大,即养分流失规律与土壤流失量的变化规律相同,其中土壤有机质、全钾、速效钾和碱解氮的流失量相对较大。研究结果表明风力侵蚀是加剧退化高寒草甸高原鼠兔爆发区土壤流失和养分贫瘠的重要因素之一。
In order to clarify the wind erosion effect and soil loss law in the degraded area of alpine meadow, the outbreak area of the Ochotona Curzoniae mound in the degraded alpine meadow of Henan County in Qinghai Province was taken as the research object. The field artificial simulated wind erosion tests were carried out with different wind speeds. The law of the soil loss and nutrient loss of the rodent mound was analyzed and discussed. The results showed that:(1) The amount of soil loss under wind erosion take a tendency of initied fast followed by slow. When the wind speed was gradually increased from 6.0 m/s to 12.0 m/s, the amount of soil loss increased by about 6.3 times.(2) The heights and diameters of the rodent mound were significantly different with time during the wind erosion process. Their changing rates corresponded to the rates of soil loss. Wind erosion promoted the evaporation rates of soil moisture, thereby promoting the soil erosion of the rodent mound.(3) The soil nutrient loss in the Ochotona Curzoniae mound increased with the increases of wind speed and soil loss, indicating that the law of nutrient loss and soil loss were the same. The loss of organic matter, total potassium, available potassium and alkali nitrogen was relatively large. These findings show that wind erosion is one of the important factors that aggravate the soil loss and nutrient infertility in the Ochotona Curzoniae outbreak area of degraded alpine meadows.
In order to clarify the wind erosion effect and soil loss law in the degraded area of alpine meadow, the outbreak area of the Ochotona Curzoniae mound in the degraded alpine meadow of Henan County in Qinghai Province was taken as the research object. The field artificial simulated wind erosion tests were carried out with different wind speeds. The law of the soil loss and nutrient loss of the rodent mound was analyzed and discussed. The results showed that:(1) The amount of soil loss under wind erosion take a tendency of initied fast followed by slow. When the wind speed was gradually increased from 6.0 m/s to 12.0 m/s, the amount of soil loss increased by about 6.3 times.(2) The heights and diameters of the rodent mound were significantly different with time during the wind erosion process. Their changing rates corresponded to the rates of soil loss. Wind erosion promoted the evaporation rates of soil moisture, thereby promoting the soil erosion of the rodent mound.(3) The soil nutrient loss in the Ochotona Curzoniae mound increased with the increases of wind speed and soil loss, indicating that the law of nutrient loss and soil loss were the same. The loss of organic matter, total potassium, available potassium and alkali nitrogen was relatively large. These findings show that wind erosion is one of the important factors that aggravate the soil loss and nutrient infertility in the Ochotona Curzoniae outbreak area of degraded alpine meadows.
引文
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[2] Li X L, Gao J, Zhang J, et al. Natural and anthropogenic influences on the spatiotemporal change of degraded meadows in southern Qinghai Province, West China: 1976—2015[J].Applied Geography,2018,97:176-183.
[3] Li X L, Gao J, Zhang J. A topographic perspective on the distribution of degraded meadows and their changes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,West China[J].Land Degradation and Development,2018,29:1574-1582.
[4] Gao J, Li X L. Degradation of frigid swampy meadows on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Current status and future directions of research[J].Progress in Physical Geography,2016,40(6):794-810.
[5] Gao J, Li X L. A knowledge-based approach to mapping degraded meadows on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2017,38(22):6147-6163.
[6] Martin W, Annette O, Rainer W. Relationships between plant diversity, vegetation cover, and site conditions: Implications for grassland conservation in the Greater Caucasus[J].Biodiversity and Conservation, 2017,26(2):273-291.
[7] Yan Y C, Wang X, Guo Z J, et al. Influence of wind erosion on dry aggregate size distribution and nutrients in three steppe soils in northern China[J].Catena,2018,170:159-168.
[8] 刘铁军,赵显波,赵爱国,等.东北黑土地土壤风蚀风洞模拟试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(2):67-70.
[9] 邢恩德,马少薇,郭建英,等.植被盖度对典型草原区地表风沙流结构及风蚀量影响[J].水土保持研究,2015,22(6):331-334.
[10] Zhou J, Lei J, Li S, et al. A wind tunnel study of sand-cemented bodies on wind erosion intensity and sand transport[J].Natural Hazards,2016,82(1):25-38.
[11] Jiang L, Xiao Y, Zheng H, et al. Spatio-temporal variation of wind erosion in Inner Mongolia of China between 2001 and 2010[J].Chinese Geographical Science,2016,26(2):155-164.
[12] 安雪香.甘肃省肃南县天然草地生态现状调查研究[J].甘肃畜牧兽医,2017,47(5):105-108.
[13] 南岭,杜灵通,展秀丽.土壤风蚀可蚀性研究进展[J].土壤,2014,46(2):204-211.
[14] Li X L, Perry G L W, Brierley G, et al. Restoration prospects for Heitutan degraded grassland in the Sanjiangyuan[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2013,10:687-698.
[15] 魏卫东,李希来.三江源区高寒草甸退化草地土壤侵蚀模型与模拟研究[J].环境科学与管理,2013,38(7):26-30.
[16] 樊瑞静,李生宇,周杰,等.不同外形粗糙元覆盖沙床面抗风蚀效益的风洞模拟实验[J].地球科学进展,2017,32(1):83-89.
[17] 刘艳萍,刘铁军,蒙仲举.草原区植被对土壤风蚀影响的风洞模拟试验研究[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(3):668-672.
[18] 陆阿飞.三江源区河南县草地植被退化状况及解决措施[J].青海畜牧兽医杂志,2014,44(6):57-58.
[19] 王金贵,李希来,李宗仁,等.青海超净区高寒草甸土壤有机碳及养分分布特征[J].生态环境学报,2018,27(2):232-238.
[20] Li X L, Gao J, Brierley G, et al. Rangeland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Implications for rehabilitation[J].Land Degradation and Development,2013,24:72-80.
[21] Li X L, Perry G L W, Brierley G. A spatial simulation model to assess controls upon grassland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China[J].Applied Geography,2018,98:166-176.
[22] 南岭,杜灵通,展秀丽.土壤风蚀可蚀性研究进展[J].土壤,2014,46(2):204-211.
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