羊草与大针茅根系构型对水分梯度响应的比较研究
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摘要
羊草(Leymus chinensis)与大针茅(Stipa grandis)是内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原的两大建群种,也是内蒙古草原的重要优良牧草。选取锡林郭勒草原以大针茅和羊草为优势种的围封草场为研究样地,通过原状土柱移栽,进行了两年的水分梯度控制实验(150、300、450、600 mm),分别模拟当地年降雨量由干旱年到是湿润年的变化情况,分析比较羊草种群和大针茅种群地上高度和根系构型对水分梯度的响应情况。结果表明:相比大针茅种群,羊草种群对水分梯度的响应更敏感,随着水分梯度的增加,羊草地上高度和根系直径显著增加,根系长度和根系深度显著减少;而大针茅的地上高度和根系特征各项指标均没有显出与水分梯度的相关性,显然大针茅比羊草更能适应干旱生境。在干旱条件(模拟年降雨量150 mm处理)下,大针茅种群地上高度达到峰值,生长状况良好;羊草种群则采用地上个体小型化,地下主根变细,分叉,向土壤深层扩展的生长策略。因此,在气候变化背景下,干旱化的气候将导致大针茅种群在群落中的优势地位逐渐增加,反之羊草种群则会随着气候湿润化而占据更大的优势。
Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis are two of the main species of typical grasslands of Xilingol,Inner Mongolia,and are important forage grasses. An enclosed grassland,with L. chinensis and S. grandis as the dominant species,in Xilingol was selected as the research area,and moisture gradient control experiments( 150,300,450,600 mm) were carried out over two years by transplanting the original soil column,to simulate changes of local annual rainfall from drought to wet years,and the response of plant height and root architecture of L. chinensis and S. grandis populations were analyzed and compared under the different moisture gradients. The results showed that the response of L. chinensis populations was more sensitive to moisture gradients than that of S. grandis. With increasing moisture gradients,the plant height and root diameter of L. chinensis increased,whereas the root length and depth decreased significantly(( P < 0. 05). However,for S. grandis,the indicators of root architecture and plant height showed no correlation with the moisture gradient. Therefore,S. grandis could adapt to arid habitats more effectively than L. chinensis,and under drought conditions( simulated rainfall of150 mm) the plant height of S. grandis populations reached a peak value and grew efficiently,whereas L. chinensis populations adopted a growth strategy of individual miniaturization,with thinner taproots and bifurcation to extend to the deep soil. Therefore,with climate change,a drying climate will result in increased S. grandis populations as the dominant species in the community,and L. chinensis populations will have a greater advantage in wetter climates.
Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis are two of the main species of typical grasslands of Xilingol,Inner Mongolia,and are important forage grasses. An enclosed grassland,with L. chinensis and S. grandis as the dominant species,in Xilingol was selected as the research area,and moisture gradient control experiments( 150,300,450,600 mm) were carried out over two years by transplanting the original soil column,to simulate changes of local annual rainfall from drought to wet years,and the response of plant height and root architecture of L. chinensis and S. grandis populations were analyzed and compared under the different moisture gradients. The results showed that the response of L. chinensis populations was more sensitive to moisture gradients than that of S. grandis. With increasing moisture gradients,the plant height and root diameter of L. chinensis increased,whereas the root length and depth decreased significantly(( P < 0. 05). However,for S. grandis,the indicators of root architecture and plant height showed no correlation with the moisture gradient. Therefore,S. grandis could adapt to arid habitats more effectively than L. chinensis,and under drought conditions( simulated rainfall of150 mm) the plant height of S. grandis populations reached a peak value and grew efficiently,whereas L. chinensis populations adopted a growth strategy of individual miniaturization,with thinner taproots and bifurcation to extend to the deep soil. Therefore,with climate change,a drying climate will result in increased S. grandis populations as the dominant species in the community,and L. chinensis populations will have a greater advantage in wetter climates.
引文
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[3]胡中民,樊江文,钟华平,韩彬.中国草地地下生物量研究进展.生态学杂志,2005,24(9):1095-1101.
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[7]Gill R A,Kelly R H,Parton W J,Day K A,Jackson R B,Morgan J A,Scurlock J M O,Tieszen L L,Castle J V,Ojima D S,Zhang X S.Using simple environmental variables to estimate below-ground productivity in grasslands.Global Ecology and Biogeography,2002,11(1):79-86.
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[9]Jemai I,Aissa N B,Guirat S B,Ben-Hammouda M,Gallali T.Impact of three and seven years of no-tillage on the soil water storage,in the plant root zone,under a dry subhumid Tunisian climate.Soil and Tillage Research,2013,126:26-33.
[10]Ferrante D,Oliva G E,Fernández R J.Soil water dynamics,root systems,and plant responses in a semiarid grassland of Southern Patagonia.Journal of Arid Environments,2014,104:52-58.
[11]王国杰,汪诗平,郝彦宾,蔡学彩.水分梯度上放牧对内蒙古主要草原群落功能群多样性与生产力关系的影响.生态学报,2005,25(7):1649-1656.
[12]Correspondent A.Plant roots:Water transport.Nature,1971,233(5318):307.
[13]Ehlers W,Hamblin A P,Tennant D,van der Ploeg R R.Root system parameters determining water uptake of field crops.Irrigation Science,1991,12(3):115-124.
[14]Roose T,Fowler A C.A model for water uptake by plant roots.Journal of Theoretical Biology,2004,228(2):155-171.
[15]王义凤,姜恕.干旱气候对大针茅草原的群落结构和地上部分生物量的影响.植物生态学与地植物学资料,1982,6(4):333-338.
[16]陈佐忠,黄德华,张鸿芳.内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原与大针茅草原地下生物量与降雨量关系模型探讨//中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位站.草原生态系统研究.北京:科学出版社,1988:20-25.
[17]Wang R Z,Gao Q,Chen Q S.Effects of climatic change on biomass and biomass allocation in Leymus chinensis(Poaceae)along the North-east China Transect(NECT).Journal of Arid Environments,2003,54(4):653-665.
[18]Schenk H J,Jackson R B.Rooting depths,lateral root spreads and below-ground/above-ground allometries of plants in water-limited ecosystems.Journal of Ecology,2002,90(3):480-494.
[19]Yu G R,Zhuang J,Nakayama K,Jin Y.Root water uptake and profile soil water as affected by vertical root distribution.Plant Ecology,2007,189(1):15-30.
[20]Camposeo S,Rubino P.Effect of irrigation frequency on root water uptake in sugar beet.Plant and Soil,2003,253(2):301-309.
[21]Limane A,Smail-Saadoun N,Belkebir-Boukais A,Kissoum-Hamdini K.Root architecture adaptation of Pistacia atlantica subsp.atlantica according to an increasing climatic and edaphic gradient:Case of a north-south transect in Algeria.Turkish Journal of Botany,2014,38:536-549.
[22]Wang G L,Fahey T J,Xue S,Liu F.Root morphology and architecture respond to N addition in Pinus tabuliformis,west China.Oecologia,2013,171(2):583-590.
[23]王旭峰,王占义,梁金华,王立群.内蒙古草地丛生型植物根系构型的研究.内蒙古农业大学学报,2013,34(3):77-82.
[24]梁金华,王立群,齐智鑫,王旭峰.内蒙古草地常见轴根型植物根系构型参数的研究.内蒙古农业大学学报,2012,33(3):62-66.
[25]毛齐正,杨喜田,苗蕾.植物根系构型的生态功能及其影响因素.河南科学,2008,26(2):172-176.
[26]Le MariéC,Kirchgessner N,Marschall D,Walter A,Hund A.Rhizoslides:Paper-based growth system for non-destructive,high throughput phenotyping of root development by means of image analysis.Plant Methods,2014,10:13.
[27]Aggarwal P,Choudhary K K,Singh A K,Chakraborty D.Variation in soil strength and rooting characteristics of wheat in relation to soil management.Geoderma,2006,136(1/2):353-363.
[28]刘钟龄,王炜,郝敦元,梁存柱.内蒙古草原退化与恢复演替机理的探讨.干旱区资源与环境,2002,16(1):84-91.
[29]许振柱,周广胜.不同温度条件下土壤水分对羊草幼苗生长特性的影响.生态学杂志,2005,24(3):256-260.
[30]尹承军,陈佐忠,黄德华.内蒙古典型草原地下生物量的分布模型.植物学通报,1993,(Z1):30-31.
[31]周艳松,王立群,张鹏,梁金华,王旭峰.大针茅根系构型对草地退化的响应.草业科学,2011,28(11):1962-1966.
[32]Wang R Z,Chen L,Bai Y G,Xiao C W.Seasonal dynamics in resource partitioning to growth and storage in response to drought in a perennial rhizomatous grass,Leymus chinensis.Journal of Plant Growth Regulation,2008,27(1):39-48.
[33]李德新,赵虎生.降水量的季节分配对羊草种群地上生物量影响的数学模型.中国草地,1996,(6):1-5,45.
[34]杨理,杨持.水分梯度对羊草生长及无性系分化的影响.内蒙古大学学报:自然科学版,1996,27(4):577-584.
[35]赵育民,王军邦,张秀娟,张波.内蒙古温带典型草原羊草与大针茅群落结构特征比较.安徽农业科学,2008,36(30):13093-13096.
[36]王云龙,许振柱,周广胜.水分胁迫对羊草光合产物分配及其气体交换特征的影响.植物生态学报,2004,28(6):803-809.
[37]崔骁勇,陈佐忠,杜占池.半干旱草原主要植物光能和水分利用特征的研究.草业学报,2001,10(2):14-21.
[38]李素英,刘钟龄,常英,任丽娟,王冉,武晓霞,樊强.内蒙古典型草原初级生产力的补偿性与稳定性.干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(1):1-8.
[39]白永飞,陈佐忠.锡林河流域羊草草原植物种群和功能群的长期变异性及其对群落稳定性的影响.植物生态学报,2000,24(6):641-647.
[40]Jiang S,Qi Q H,Kong D Z.A comparative study on the biomass between Aneurolepidium chinese and Stipa grandis communities//Jiang S,ed.Research on Grassland Ecosystems.Beijing:Science Press of China,1985:12-23.
[41]高慧,高玉葆,刘海英,刘景玲.不同坡位大针茅生长与生殖分配特征.应用生态学报,2009,20(9):2123-2128.
[2]Ingram K T,Leers G A.Software for measuring root characters from digital images.Agronomy Journal,2001,93(4):918-922.
[3]胡中民,樊江文,钟华平,韩彬.中国草地地下生物量研究进展.生态学杂志,2005,24(9):1095-1101.
[4]姜恕,戚秋慧,孔德珍.内蒙古羊草大针茅草地群落生物量初步研究//中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位站.草原生态系统研究.北京:科学出版社,1985:12-22.
[5]陈佐忠,黄德华.典型草原地下部分生产力与周转值.植物学通报,1993,(Z1):29.
[6]安渊,李博,扬持,徐柱,阎志坚,韩国栋.内蒙古大针茅草原草地生产力及其可持续利用研究Ⅰ.放牧系统植物地上现存量动态研究.草业学报,2001,10(2):22-27.
[7]Gill R A,Kelly R H,Parton W J,Day K A,Jackson R B,Morgan J A,Scurlock J M O,Tieszen L L,Castle J V,Ojima D S,Zhang X S.Using simple environmental variables to estimate below-ground productivity in grasslands.Global Ecology and Biogeography,2002,11(1):79-86.
[8]Geng Y B,Luo G Q.Influencing factors and partitioning of respiration in a Leymus chinensis steppe in Xilin River Basin,Inner Mongolia,China.Journal of Geographical Sciences,2011,21(1):163-175.
[9]Jemai I,Aissa N B,Guirat S B,Ben-Hammouda M,Gallali T.Impact of three and seven years of no-tillage on the soil water storage,in the plant root zone,under a dry subhumid Tunisian climate.Soil and Tillage Research,2013,126:26-33.
[10]Ferrante D,Oliva G E,Fernández R J.Soil water dynamics,root systems,and plant responses in a semiarid grassland of Southern Patagonia.Journal of Arid Environments,2014,104:52-58.
[11]王国杰,汪诗平,郝彦宾,蔡学彩.水分梯度上放牧对内蒙古主要草原群落功能群多样性与生产力关系的影响.生态学报,2005,25(7):1649-1656.
[12]Correspondent A.Plant roots:Water transport.Nature,1971,233(5318):307.
[13]Ehlers W,Hamblin A P,Tennant D,van der Ploeg R R.Root system parameters determining water uptake of field crops.Irrigation Science,1991,12(3):115-124.
[14]Roose T,Fowler A C.A model for water uptake by plant roots.Journal of Theoretical Biology,2004,228(2):155-171.
[15]王义凤,姜恕.干旱气候对大针茅草原的群落结构和地上部分生物量的影响.植物生态学与地植物学资料,1982,6(4):333-338.
[16]陈佐忠,黄德华,张鸿芳.内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原与大针茅草原地下生物量与降雨量关系模型探讨//中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位站.草原生态系统研究.北京:科学出版社,1988:20-25.
[17]Wang R Z,Gao Q,Chen Q S.Effects of climatic change on biomass and biomass allocation in Leymus chinensis(Poaceae)along the North-east China Transect(NECT).Journal of Arid Environments,2003,54(4):653-665.
[18]Schenk H J,Jackson R B.Rooting depths,lateral root spreads and below-ground/above-ground allometries of plants in water-limited ecosystems.Journal of Ecology,2002,90(3):480-494.
[19]Yu G R,Zhuang J,Nakayama K,Jin Y.Root water uptake and profile soil water as affected by vertical root distribution.Plant Ecology,2007,189(1):15-30.
[20]Camposeo S,Rubino P.Effect of irrigation frequency on root water uptake in sugar beet.Plant and Soil,2003,253(2):301-309.
[21]Limane A,Smail-Saadoun N,Belkebir-Boukais A,Kissoum-Hamdini K.Root architecture adaptation of Pistacia atlantica subsp.atlantica according to an increasing climatic and edaphic gradient:Case of a north-south transect in Algeria.Turkish Journal of Botany,2014,38:536-549.
[22]Wang G L,Fahey T J,Xue S,Liu F.Root morphology and architecture respond to N addition in Pinus tabuliformis,west China.Oecologia,2013,171(2):583-590.
[23]王旭峰,王占义,梁金华,王立群.内蒙古草地丛生型植物根系构型的研究.内蒙古农业大学学报,2013,34(3):77-82.
[24]梁金华,王立群,齐智鑫,王旭峰.内蒙古草地常见轴根型植物根系构型参数的研究.内蒙古农业大学学报,2012,33(3):62-66.
[25]毛齐正,杨喜田,苗蕾.植物根系构型的生态功能及其影响因素.河南科学,2008,26(2):172-176.
[26]Le MariéC,Kirchgessner N,Marschall D,Walter A,Hund A.Rhizoslides:Paper-based growth system for non-destructive,high throughput phenotyping of root development by means of image analysis.Plant Methods,2014,10:13.
[27]Aggarwal P,Choudhary K K,Singh A K,Chakraborty D.Variation in soil strength and rooting characteristics of wheat in relation to soil management.Geoderma,2006,136(1/2):353-363.
[28]刘钟龄,王炜,郝敦元,梁存柱.内蒙古草原退化与恢复演替机理的探讨.干旱区资源与环境,2002,16(1):84-91.
[29]许振柱,周广胜.不同温度条件下土壤水分对羊草幼苗生长特性的影响.生态学杂志,2005,24(3):256-260.
[30]尹承军,陈佐忠,黄德华.内蒙古典型草原地下生物量的分布模型.植物学通报,1993,(Z1):30-31.
[31]周艳松,王立群,张鹏,梁金华,王旭峰.大针茅根系构型对草地退化的响应.草业科学,2011,28(11):1962-1966.
[32]Wang R Z,Chen L,Bai Y G,Xiao C W.Seasonal dynamics in resource partitioning to growth and storage in response to drought in a perennial rhizomatous grass,Leymus chinensis.Journal of Plant Growth Regulation,2008,27(1):39-48.
[33]李德新,赵虎生.降水量的季节分配对羊草种群地上生物量影响的数学模型.中国草地,1996,(6):1-5,45.
[34]杨理,杨持.水分梯度对羊草生长及无性系分化的影响.内蒙古大学学报:自然科学版,1996,27(4):577-584.
[35]赵育民,王军邦,张秀娟,张波.内蒙古温带典型草原羊草与大针茅群落结构特征比较.安徽农业科学,2008,36(30):13093-13096.
[36]王云龙,许振柱,周广胜.水分胁迫对羊草光合产物分配及其气体交换特征的影响.植物生态学报,2004,28(6):803-809.
[37]崔骁勇,陈佐忠,杜占池.半干旱草原主要植物光能和水分利用特征的研究.草业学报,2001,10(2):14-21.
[38]李素英,刘钟龄,常英,任丽娟,王冉,武晓霞,樊强.内蒙古典型草原初级生产力的补偿性与稳定性.干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(1):1-8.
[39]白永飞,陈佐忠.锡林河流域羊草草原植物种群和功能群的长期变异性及其对群落稳定性的影响.植物生态学报,2000,24(6):641-647.
[40]Jiang S,Qi Q H,Kong D Z.A comparative study on the biomass between Aneurolepidium chinese and Stipa grandis communities//Jiang S,ed.Research on Grassland Ecosystems.Beijing:Science Press of China,1985:12-23.
[41]高慧,高玉葆,刘海英,刘景玲.不同坡位大针茅生长与生殖分配特征.应用生态学报,2009,20(9):2123-2128.