深层碳酸盐岩储层含气性检测方法技术研究
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摘要
我国深层海相碳酸盐岩地层蕴藏有丰富的天然气资源,但因演化历史长、埋深大等因素影响,储层含气性评价困难。评述了现有储层含气性地震检测技术(包括亮点、AVO异常、低频阴影等)在深层天然气储层识别中的适用性,认为亮点和AVO异常反映的是界面响应,而低频阴影反映的是储层的"体"响应。储层含气性检测不仅要确定储层是否含气,还要确定储层含气量。为此,介绍了一种新的基于地震纹倒谱分析的储层含气性检测方法,指出(1)雷克子波的地震纹倒谱参数随子波频率呈非线性变化;(2)地震纹倒谱参数对储层参数变化反应灵敏;(3)含气储层地震响应的1阶倒谱系数呈高值异常,而2阶倒谱系数呈低值异常,且二者呈镜像对称。地震纹倒谱对弱反射的敏感性使得该方法能够发现"暗点"型气藏,同时因与模型无关而克服了诸多建模带来的弊端,能够对深层超深层储层含气性进行较为可靠的检测。探讨了基于地震的深层碳酸盐岩储层产能评价问题,认为地震纹分析与频散分析相结合有望能确定储层的含气性并估算其可采储量。
There are abundant natural gas resources in deep marine carbonate strata onshore China.It is necessary but difficult to discover gas-bearing reservoirs and evaluate their gas content,due to their long evolutionary history and large buried depth.This paper reviews existing hydrocarbon detection techniques,such as bright spot,AVO,and low-frequency shadow,in the identification of deep gas carbonate reservoir.Bright spots and AVO anomalies reflect the interface response,while low-frequency shadows reflect the response of the"body"of the reservoir.In this paper a hydrocarbon detection technique is proposed based on seismic cepstrum analysis.The cepstrum of the Ricker wavelet varies nonlinearly with frequency and the seismic cepstrum is sensitive to reservoir parameters.In addition,the first-order cepstral coefficient of the seismic cepstrum of gas-bearing reservoirs is of a high-value anomaly,while the second-order cepstral coefficient represents a low-value anomaly,and the two anomalies are mirror-symmetric.The sensitivity of the seismic cepstrum to weak reflection enables the method to detect"dim spot"gas reservoirs.In addition,the method is independent of reservoir modeling.Discussion on capacity evaluation based on seismic data analysis suggested that combined analysis of seismic print and dispersion could effectively detect gas-bearing reservoir and estimate the recoverable reserves for a deep carbonate reservoir.
There are abundant natural gas resources in deep marine carbonate strata onshore China.It is necessary but difficult to discover gas-bearing reservoirs and evaluate their gas content,due to their long evolutionary history and large buried depth.This paper reviews existing hydrocarbon detection techniques,such as bright spot,AVO,and low-frequency shadow,in the identification of deep gas carbonate reservoir.Bright spots and AVO anomalies reflect the interface response,while low-frequency shadows reflect the response of the"body"of the reservoir.In this paper a hydrocarbon detection technique is proposed based on seismic cepstrum analysis.The cepstrum of the Ricker wavelet varies nonlinearly with frequency and the seismic cepstrum is sensitive to reservoir parameters.In addition,the first-order cepstral coefficient of the seismic cepstrum of gas-bearing reservoirs is of a high-value anomaly,while the second-order cepstral coefficient represents a low-value anomaly,and the two anomalies are mirror-symmetric.The sensitivity of the seismic cepstrum to weak reflection enables the method to detect"dim spot"gas reservoirs.In addition,the method is independent of reservoir modeling.Discussion on capacity evaluation based on seismic data analysis suggested that combined analysis of seismic print and dispersion could effectively detect gas-bearing reservoir and estimate the recoverable reserves for a deep carbonate reservoir.
引文
[1]国家发展改革委,国家能源局.能源生产和消费革命战略(2016-2030)[EB/OL].[2018-09-20].http:∥www.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbtz/201704/W020170425509386101355.pdf National Development and Reform Commission,National Energy Administration.Revolutionary strategy for energy production and consumption(2016-2030)[EB/OL].[2018-09-20].http:∥www.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbtz/201704/W020170425509386101355.pdf
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[7] TATHAM R H,STOFFA P L.vP/vS—apotential hydrocarbon indicator[J].Geophysics,1976,41(5):837-849
[8] OSTRANDER W J.Plane wave reflection coefficients for gas sands at non-normal angles of incidence[J].Geophysics,1984,49(10):1637-1648
[9] CASTAGNA J P,SUN S,SIEGFRIED R W.Instantaneous spectral analysis:detection of low-frequency shadows associated with hydrocarbons[J].The Leading Edge,2003,22(2):120-127
[10] HAMMOND A L.Bright spot:better seismological indicators of gas and oil[J].Science,1974,185:515-517
[11] BACKUS M M,CHEN L.Flat-spot exploration[J].Geophysical Prospecting,1975,23(3):533-577
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[13] BROWN A R,ABRIEL W L.Detection of hydrocarbons using non-bright-spot seismic techniques[J].Interpretation,2014,2(4):SP1-SP4
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[15] BORTFELD R.Approximations to the reflection and transmission coefficients of plane longitudinal and transverse waves[J].Geophysical Prospecting,1961,9(4):485-502
[16] RICHARDS P G,FRASIER C W.Scattering of elastic waves from depth-dependent inhomogeneities[J].Geophysics,1976,41(3):441-458
[17] AKI K,RICHARDS P G.Quantitative seismology:theory and methods[M].San Francisco:W.H.Freeman and Co,1980:147-148
[18] SHUEY R T.A simplification of the Zoeppritz equations[J].Geophysics,1985,50(4):609-614
[19] FATTI J L,SMITH G C,VAIL P J,et al.Detection of gas in sandstone reservoirs using AVO analysis:a 3-D seismic case history using the geostack technique[J].Geophysics,1994,59(9):1362-1376
[20] CASTAGNA J P,BACKUS M M.Offset-dependent reflectivity:theory and practice of AVO analysis[M].Tulsa:Society of Exploration Geophysicists,1993:287-332
[21] AVESTH P,MUKERJI T,MAVKO G.Quantitative seismic interpretation[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2005:168-312
[22] CHOPRA S,CASTAGNA J P.AVO[M].Tulsa:Society of Exploration Geophysicists,2014:245-264
[23] RUTHERFORD S R,WILLIAMS R H.Amplitudeversus-offset variations in gas sands[J].Geophysics,1989,54(6):680-688
[24] CASTAGNA J P,SWAN H W,FOSTER D J.Framework for AVO gradient and intercept interpretation[J].Geophysics,1998,63(3):948-956
[25] LUCIA F J.Carbonate reservoir characterization[M].New York:Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2007:29-65
[26] TANER M T,KOEHLER F,SHERIFF R E.Complex seismic trace analysis[J].Geophysics,1979,44(6):1041-1063
[27] CASTAGNA J P,SUN S,SIEGFRIED R W.Instantaneous spectral analysis:detection of low-frequency shadows associated with hydrocarbons[J].The Leading Edge,2003,22(2):120-127
[28] EBROM D.The low-frequency gas shadow on seismic sections[J].The Leading Edge,2004,23(8):772
[29] HE Z,XIONG X,BIAN L.Numerical simulation of seismic low-frequency shadows and its application[J].Applied Geophysics,2008,5(4):301-306
[30] XUE Y J,CAO J X,TIAN R F.A comparative study on hydrocarbon detection using three EMD-based timefrequency analysis methods[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,2013,89:108-115
[31] XUE Y,CAO J,TIAN R.EMD and Teager-Kaiser energy applied to hydrocarbon detection in a carbonate reservoir[J].Geophysical Journal International,2014,199(1):277-291
[32] XUE Y J,CAO J X,WANG D X,et al.Application of the variational-mode decomposition for seismic timefrequency analysis[J].IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations&Remote Sensing,2017,9(8):3821-3831
[33]薛雅娟.地震信号时频分析及其在储层含气性检测中的应用研究[D].成都:成都理工大学,2014XUE Y J.Time-frequency analysis of seismic signals and its application in gas-bearing reservoir detection[D].Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology,2014
[34] BARNES A E.A tutorial on complex seismic trace analysis[J].Geophysics,2007,72(6):W33-W43
[35]曹俊兴.地震声纹分析[R].宁波:中国地球物理年会,2010CAO J X.Seismic print analysis[R].Ningbo:Proceedings of China Geophysical Society Annual Meeting,2010
[36] CAO J X,HE X Y,TIAN R F.Seismic-print analysis and hydrocarbon identification(Invited)[R].San Francisco:AGU FALL Meeting,2011
[37]曹俊兴,田仁飞.基于地震纹分析的储层检测方法:中国,ZL201110165615.6[P].2011-06-20CAO J X,TIAN R F.Reservoir detection method based on seismic-print analysis:China,ZL201110165615.6[P].2011-06-20
[38] KERSTA L G.Voiceprint identification[J].Nature,1962,196:1253-1257
[39] CAMPBELL J P J.Speaker recognition:a tutorial[J].IEEE Proceedings,1997,85(9):1437-1462
[40] DAS R K,PRASANNA S R M.Speaker verification from short utterance perspective:a review[J].IETE Technical Review,2018,35(6):599-617
[41]田仁飞.倒频域地震属性提取及其在碳酸盐岩含气储层预测中的应用研究[D].成都:成都理工大学,2010TIAN R F.Quefrency domain seismic attributes extraction and its application for gas prediction in carbonate reservoir[D].Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology,2012
[2]王巧然.中国石油第四次油气资源评价重大科技专项收官[EB/OL].[2018-09-20].http:∥news.cnpc.com.cn/system/2016/11/11/001620098.shtml WANG Q R.CNPC's fourth oil and gas resource evaluation major science and technology project ending[EB/OL].[2018-09-20].http:∥www.mzxww.net/syzy/201612/387.html.
[3]曹俊兴,刘树根,田仁飞,等.龙门山前陆盆地深层海相碳酸盐岩储层地震预测研究[J].岩石学报,2011,27(8):2423-2434CAO J X,LIU S G,TIAN R F,et al.Seismic prediction of carbonate reservoirs in the deep of Longmenshan foreland basin[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2011,27(8):2423-2434
[4]曹俊兴,刘树根,何晓燕.震控成藏导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2014:73-74CAO J X,LIU S G,HE X Y.Introduction to earthquake-induced hydrocarbon migration and accumulation[M].Beijing:Science Press,2014:73-74
[5]刘树根,孙玮,赵异华,等.四川盆地震旦系灯影组天然气的差异聚集分布及其主控因素[J].天然气工业,2015,35(1):10-23LIU S G,SUN W,ZHAO Y H,et al.Differential accumulation and distribution of natural gas and their main controlling factors in the Upper Sinian Dengying Fm,Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2015,35(1):10-23
[6] BLACKBURN G J.Direct hydrocarbon detection:some examples[J].Exploration Geophysics,1986,17(2):59-66
[7] TATHAM R H,STOFFA P L.vP/vS—apotential hydrocarbon indicator[J].Geophysics,1976,41(5):837-849
[8] OSTRANDER W J.Plane wave reflection coefficients for gas sands at non-normal angles of incidence[J].Geophysics,1984,49(10):1637-1648
[9] CASTAGNA J P,SUN S,SIEGFRIED R W.Instantaneous spectral analysis:detection of low-frequency shadows associated with hydrocarbons[J].The Leading Edge,2003,22(2):120-127
[10] HAMMOND A L.Bright spot:better seismological indicators of gas and oil[J].Science,1974,185:515-517
[11] BACKUS M M,CHEN L.Flat-spot exploration[J].Geophysical Prospecting,1975,23(3):533-577
[12] BROWN A R.Dim spots:opportunity for future hydrocarbon discoveries?[J].The Leading Edge,2012,31(6):682-683
[13] BROWN A R,ABRIEL W L.Detection of hydrocarbons using non-bright-spot seismic techniques[J].Interpretation,2014,2(4):SP1-SP4
[14] Amplitude variations with offset(AVO)[EB/OL].(2017-01-18)[2018-09-20].http:∥wiki.aapg.org/Amplitude_variations_with_offset_(AVO)
[15] BORTFELD R.Approximations to the reflection and transmission coefficients of plane longitudinal and transverse waves[J].Geophysical Prospecting,1961,9(4):485-502
[16] RICHARDS P G,FRASIER C W.Scattering of elastic waves from depth-dependent inhomogeneities[J].Geophysics,1976,41(3):441-458
[17] AKI K,RICHARDS P G.Quantitative seismology:theory and methods[M].San Francisco:W.H.Freeman and Co,1980:147-148
[18] SHUEY R T.A simplification of the Zoeppritz equations[J].Geophysics,1985,50(4):609-614
[19] FATTI J L,SMITH G C,VAIL P J,et al.Detection of gas in sandstone reservoirs using AVO analysis:a 3-D seismic case history using the geostack technique[J].Geophysics,1994,59(9):1362-1376
[20] CASTAGNA J P,BACKUS M M.Offset-dependent reflectivity:theory and practice of AVO analysis[M].Tulsa:Society of Exploration Geophysicists,1993:287-332
[21] AVESTH P,MUKERJI T,MAVKO G.Quantitative seismic interpretation[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2005:168-312
[22] CHOPRA S,CASTAGNA J P.AVO[M].Tulsa:Society of Exploration Geophysicists,2014:245-264
[23] RUTHERFORD S R,WILLIAMS R H.Amplitudeversus-offset variations in gas sands[J].Geophysics,1989,54(6):680-688
[24] CASTAGNA J P,SWAN H W,FOSTER D J.Framework for AVO gradient and intercept interpretation[J].Geophysics,1998,63(3):948-956
[25] LUCIA F J.Carbonate reservoir characterization[M].New York:Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2007:29-65
[26] TANER M T,KOEHLER F,SHERIFF R E.Complex seismic trace analysis[J].Geophysics,1979,44(6):1041-1063
[27] CASTAGNA J P,SUN S,SIEGFRIED R W.Instantaneous spectral analysis:detection of low-frequency shadows associated with hydrocarbons[J].The Leading Edge,2003,22(2):120-127
[28] EBROM D.The low-frequency gas shadow on seismic sections[J].The Leading Edge,2004,23(8):772
[29] HE Z,XIONG X,BIAN L.Numerical simulation of seismic low-frequency shadows and its application[J].Applied Geophysics,2008,5(4):301-306
[30] XUE Y J,CAO J X,TIAN R F.A comparative study on hydrocarbon detection using three EMD-based timefrequency analysis methods[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,2013,89:108-115
[31] XUE Y,CAO J,TIAN R.EMD and Teager-Kaiser energy applied to hydrocarbon detection in a carbonate reservoir[J].Geophysical Journal International,2014,199(1):277-291
[32] XUE Y J,CAO J X,WANG D X,et al.Application of the variational-mode decomposition for seismic timefrequency analysis[J].IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations&Remote Sensing,2017,9(8):3821-3831
[33]薛雅娟.地震信号时频分析及其在储层含气性检测中的应用研究[D].成都:成都理工大学,2014XUE Y J.Time-frequency analysis of seismic signals and its application in gas-bearing reservoir detection[D].Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology,2014
[34] BARNES A E.A tutorial on complex seismic trace analysis[J].Geophysics,2007,72(6):W33-W43
[35]曹俊兴.地震声纹分析[R].宁波:中国地球物理年会,2010CAO J X.Seismic print analysis[R].Ningbo:Proceedings of China Geophysical Society Annual Meeting,2010
[36] CAO J X,HE X Y,TIAN R F.Seismic-print analysis and hydrocarbon identification(Invited)[R].San Francisco:AGU FALL Meeting,2011
[37]曹俊兴,田仁飞.基于地震纹分析的储层检测方法:中国,ZL201110165615.6[P].2011-06-20CAO J X,TIAN R F.Reservoir detection method based on seismic-print analysis:China,ZL201110165615.6[P].2011-06-20
[38] KERSTA L G.Voiceprint identification[J].Nature,1962,196:1253-1257
[39] CAMPBELL J P J.Speaker recognition:a tutorial[J].IEEE Proceedings,1997,85(9):1437-1462
[40] DAS R K,PRASANNA S R M.Speaker verification from short utterance perspective:a review[J].IETE Technical Review,2018,35(6):599-617
[41]田仁飞.倒频域地震属性提取及其在碳酸盐岩含气储层预测中的应用研究[D].成都:成都理工大学,2010TIAN R F.Quefrency domain seismic attributes extraction and its application for gas prediction in carbonate reservoir[D].Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology,2012
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