鄱阳湖平原地下水重金属含量特征与健康风险评估
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摘要
鄱阳湖平原作为长江中下游平原的重要组成部分,随着城镇化进程的快速推进,由于工矿业污染物、农村生活污水和农业生产废水向地下水的过量排放,农村地下水污染程度和范围不断扩大,为了解鄱阳湖平原地下水重金属污染状况,本研究在大量的水文地质调查和水化学样品测试基础上,分析该区地下水中重金属Cu、As、Cr、Hg、Pb、Cd含量特征,利用美国环境保护署(USEPA)的健康风险评价模型对鄱阳湖平原地下水重金属进行健康风险评价。研究区171个地下水样品中Cd、Cu、Hg、As、Pb、Cr等6种重金属元素含量变化幅度大,其中Hg、Cd和As平均值超过《地下水环境质量标准》(GB/T 14848—2017)Ⅲ类标准,结果表明鄱阳湖平原地下水水质受人为影响大,局部地下水存在严重的污染。致癌物健康风险评价结果显示,Cr、As和Cd的平均个人年健康风险值均大于可接受风险值,Cr的健康风险值最大,是主要的致癌因子,As次之,Cd最低;非致癌物质健康风险结果显示,Hg、Pb和Cu的健康风险水平表现为Hg> Pb> Cu,属于可忽略风险。区域饮水途径上的健康风险主要来自致癌物质,总体上男性健康风险大于女性的健康风险。鄱阳湖平原地下水水质污染状况研究及治理监管工作提供理论依据,为其他区域地下水重金属的监测和质量控制提供参考和借鉴。
Groundwater in the Panyang Lake Plain( a major part of the Middle and Lower Reaches Plain of the Yangtze River) was found to be polluted due to industrial pollutants,rural sewage and agricultural wastewater with the rapid development of urbanization. More and more areas of rural groundwater suffered from pollution.The pollution situations became increasingly worse. In order to acquire the information on groundwater heavy metal pollution in the Pangyang Lake Plain,on the basis of abundant regional hydrogeologic surveys and detections of water samples,the contents of heavy metals( Cu,As,Cr,Hg,Pb and Cd) in the groundwater are analyzed to understand the pollution status of heavy metals in groundwater in the Poyang Lake Plain,and the health risk assessment model of the United States Environmental Protection Agency( USEPA) is used to evaluate the health risk level. The results show that the contents of Cd,Cu,Hg,As,Pb and Cr in 171 groundwater samples in the study area change greatly,and the average contents of Hg and Cd exceed the III standard value of groundwater environmental quality( GB/T 14848—2017). It is found that the groundwater quality of the Poyang Lake Plain is mainly affected by human being and the local groundwater is seriously polluted. The results of carcinogen health risk assessment show that the average annual health risk values of Cr,As and Cd are greater than acceptable risk values,and the health risk value of Cr is the largest,Cd is the lowest,indicating that Cr is the key factor for carcinogens risk. The non-carcinogenic health risk levels of Hg,Pb and Cu are Hg > Pb > Cu,and their risk can be ignored. The health risk of regional drinking water is mainly affected by carcinogens factor,and in generally,men'health risk is greater than that of women. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the research and management of groundwater quality pollution in the Poyang Lake plain area,and provides reference for the monitoring and quality control of heavy metals in other areas.
Groundwater in the Panyang Lake Plain( a major part of the Middle and Lower Reaches Plain of the Yangtze River) was found to be polluted due to industrial pollutants,rural sewage and agricultural wastewater with the rapid development of urbanization. More and more areas of rural groundwater suffered from pollution.The pollution situations became increasingly worse. In order to acquire the information on groundwater heavy metal pollution in the Pangyang Lake Plain,on the basis of abundant regional hydrogeologic surveys and detections of water samples,the contents of heavy metals( Cu,As,Cr,Hg,Pb and Cd) in the groundwater are analyzed to understand the pollution status of heavy metals in groundwater in the Poyang Lake Plain,and the health risk assessment model of the United States Environmental Protection Agency( USEPA) is used to evaluate the health risk level. The results show that the contents of Cd,Cu,Hg,As,Pb and Cr in 171 groundwater samples in the study area change greatly,and the average contents of Hg and Cd exceed the III standard value of groundwater environmental quality( GB/T 14848—2017). It is found that the groundwater quality of the Poyang Lake Plain is mainly affected by human being and the local groundwater is seriously polluted. The results of carcinogen health risk assessment show that the average annual health risk values of Cr,As and Cd are greater than acceptable risk values,and the health risk value of Cr is the largest,Cd is the lowest,indicating that Cr is the key factor for carcinogens risk. The non-carcinogenic health risk levels of Hg,Pb and Cu are Hg > Pb > Cu,and their risk can be ignored. The health risk of regional drinking water is mainly affected by carcinogens factor,and in generally,men'health risk is greater than that of women. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the research and management of groundwater quality pollution in the Poyang Lake plain area,and provides reference for the monitoring and quality control of heavy metals in other areas.
引文
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[17]温海威,吕聪,王天野,等.沈阳地区农村地下饮用水中重金属健康风险评价[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(23):242-247.[WEN H W,LYU C,WANG T Y,et al. Health risk assessment of heavy metal in rural drinking groundwater in Shenyang,China[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2012,28(23):242-247.(in Chinese)]
[18]王钢,王灵,郑春霞,等.乌鲁木齐乌拉泊水库水体中重金属健康风险评价[J].干旱环境监测,2010,24(1):22-26.[WANG G,WANG L,ZHEN C X,et al. Health risk assessment of water quality at Wulabo reservoir in Urumqi City[J]. Arid Environmental Monitoring,2010,24(1):22-26.(in Chinese)]
[19]高继军,张力平,黄圣彪,等.北京市饮用水源水重金属污染物健康风险的初步评价[J].环境科学,2004,1(2):47-50.[GAO J J,ZHANG L P,HUANG S B, et al. Preliminary health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking waters in Beijing[J]. Environmental Science,2004,1(2):47-50.(in Chinese)]
[20]曾昭华,丁汉文,多超美,等.江西省鄱阳湖地区地下水环境背景形成的控制因素[J].水文地质工程地质,1990,17(3):46-48.[ZENG Z H,DING H W,DUO C M,et al. Controlling factors on the formation of groundwater environment background in the area of Poyang Lake[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,1990,17(3):46-48.(in Chinese)]
[21] US Environmental Protection Agency. Superfund public health evaluation manual[R]. Washington DC:US EPA,1986.
[22] US Environmental Protection Agency. Available information on assessment exposure from pesticides in food[R]. Washington DC:US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs,2000.
[23]鄢新华,张铁林,毛大发,等.江西南昌—樟树地区土壤汞污染现状评价[J].物探与化探,2005,29(5):455-458.[YAN X H,ZHANG T L,MAO D F,et al. An evaluation of soil mercury pollution situation in Nanchang-Zhangshu area[J]. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,2005,29(5):455-458.(in Chinese)]
[24]孙树青,胡国华,王勇泽,等.湘江干流水环境健康风险评价[J].安全与环境学报,2006,6(2):12-15.[SUN S Q,HU G H,WANG Y Z,et al.Water environmental health risk assessment of Xiangjiang River[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment,2006,6(2):12-15.(in Chinese)]
[25]王旭升,尹立河,方坤,等.鄂尔多斯浩勒报吉水源地开采地下水的环境影响分析[J].水文地质工程地质,2019,46(2):5-12.[WANG X S,YING L H,FANG K,et al. Inspection and assessment of the environmental impacts of groundwater exploitation at Haolebaoji wellfield in Inner Mongolia[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2019,46(2):5-12.(in Chinese)]
[2]任仁,黄俊.哪些物质属于内分泌干扰物(EDCs)[J].安全与环境工程,2004,11(3):7-10.[REN R,HUANG J. An Introduction of endocrine disrupters(EDCs)[J]. Safety and Environmental Engineering,2004,11(3):7-10.(in Chinese)]
[3]李成剑.汞污染危害分析与防范措施探讨[J].长江大学学报(自然科学版:理工卷),2010(2):151-152.[LI C J. Hazard analysis and preventive measures of mercury pollution[J]. Journal of Yangtze University(Natural Science Edition:Sci&Eng),2010(2):151-152.(in Chinese)]
[4]刘岚.铅对人类健康的危害及其防治[J].职业与健康,2005,21(5):665-666.[LIU L. The harm of lead to human health and its prevention[J].Occupation and Health,2005,21(5):665-666.(in Chinese)]
[5]刘毅.镉的危害及其研究进展[J].中国城乡企业卫生,2003(4):12-13.[LIU Y. Harm of cadmium and its research progress[J]. Chinese Journal of Urban and Industrial Hygiene,2003(4):12-13.(in Chinese)]
[6] SWAINE D J. Why trace elements are important[J].Fuel Processing Technology,2000,65:21-33.
[7]张汉池,张继军,刘峰.铬的危害与防治[J].内蒙古石油化工,2004,30(1):72-73.[ZHANG H C,ZHANG J J,LIU F. Harm and prevention of chromium[J]. Inner Mongolian Petrochemical Industry,2004,30(1):72-73.(in Chinese)]
[8] MAJOLAGBE A O,ADEYI A A,OSIBANJO O,et al. Pollution vulnerability and health risk assessment of groundwater around an engineering Landfill in Lagos,Nigeria[J]. Chemistry International,2017,3(1):58-68.
[9] KUMAR M,RAMANATHAN A L,TRIPATHI R,et al. A study of trace element contamination using multivariate statistical techniques and health risk assessment in groundwater of Chhaprola Industrial Area,Gautam Buddha Nagar,Uttar Pradesh,India[J]. Chemosphere,2017,166:135-145.
[10] CHABUKDHARA M,GUPTA S K,KOTECHA Y,et al. Groundwater quality in Ghaziabad district,Uttar Pradesh, India:Multivariate and health risk assessment[J]. Chemosphere,2017,179:167-178.(in Chinese)]
[11]田裘学.健康风险评价的基本内容与方法[J].甘肃环境研究与监测,1997,10(4):32-36.[TIAN Q X. Basic contents and methods of health risk assessment[J]. Gansu Envionmental Study and Monitoriny,1997,10(4):32-36.(in Chinese)]
[12]曾光明,卓利,钟正林,等.水环境健康风险评价模型及其应用[J].水电能源科学,1997,15(4):28-33.[ZENG G M,ZHUO L,ZHONG Z L,et al.Assessment models for water environmental health risk analysis[J]. International Journal Hydroelectric Energy,1997,15(4):28-33.(in Chinese)]
[13]王宗爽,武婷,段小丽,等.环境健康风险评价中我国居民呼吸速率暴露参数研究[J].环境科学研究,2009,22(10):1171-1175.[WANG Z S,WU T,DUAN X L,et al. Research on inhalation rate exposure factors of chinese residents in environmental health risk assessment[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2009,22(10):1171-1175.(in Chinese)]
[14]段小丽,王宗爽,王贝贝,等.我国北方某地区居民饮水暴露参数研究[J].环境科学研究,2010,23(9):1216-1220.[DUAN X L,WANG Z S,WANG B B,et al. Drinking water-related exposure factors in a typical area of northern China[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2010,23(9):1216-1220.(in Chinese)]
[15]王贝贝,段小丽,蒋秋静,等.我国北方典型地区居民呼吸暴露参数研究[J].环境科学研究,2010,23(11):1421-1427.[WANG B B,DUAN X L,JIANG Q J,et al. Inhalation exposure factors of residents in a typical region in northern China[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2010,23(11):1421-1427.(in Chinese)]
[16]孙超,陈振楼,张翠,等.上海市主要饮用水源地水重金属健康风险初步评价[J].环境科学研究,2009,22(1):60-65.[SUN C,CHEN Z L,ZHANG C,et al. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water sources in Shanghai, China[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2009,22(1):60-65.(in Chinese)]
[17]温海威,吕聪,王天野,等.沈阳地区农村地下饮用水中重金属健康风险评价[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(23):242-247.[WEN H W,LYU C,WANG T Y,et al. Health risk assessment of heavy metal in rural drinking groundwater in Shenyang,China[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2012,28(23):242-247.(in Chinese)]
[18]王钢,王灵,郑春霞,等.乌鲁木齐乌拉泊水库水体中重金属健康风险评价[J].干旱环境监测,2010,24(1):22-26.[WANG G,WANG L,ZHEN C X,et al. Health risk assessment of water quality at Wulabo reservoir in Urumqi City[J]. Arid Environmental Monitoring,2010,24(1):22-26.(in Chinese)]
[19]高继军,张力平,黄圣彪,等.北京市饮用水源水重金属污染物健康风险的初步评价[J].环境科学,2004,1(2):47-50.[GAO J J,ZHANG L P,HUANG S B, et al. Preliminary health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking waters in Beijing[J]. Environmental Science,2004,1(2):47-50.(in Chinese)]
[20]曾昭华,丁汉文,多超美,等.江西省鄱阳湖地区地下水环境背景形成的控制因素[J].水文地质工程地质,1990,17(3):46-48.[ZENG Z H,DING H W,DUO C M,et al. Controlling factors on the formation of groundwater environment background in the area of Poyang Lake[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,1990,17(3):46-48.(in Chinese)]
[21] US Environmental Protection Agency. Superfund public health evaluation manual[R]. Washington DC:US EPA,1986.
[22] US Environmental Protection Agency. Available information on assessment exposure from pesticides in food[R]. Washington DC:US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs,2000.
[23]鄢新华,张铁林,毛大发,等.江西南昌—樟树地区土壤汞污染现状评价[J].物探与化探,2005,29(5):455-458.[YAN X H,ZHANG T L,MAO D F,et al. An evaluation of soil mercury pollution situation in Nanchang-Zhangshu area[J]. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,2005,29(5):455-458.(in Chinese)]
[24]孙树青,胡国华,王勇泽,等.湘江干流水环境健康风险评价[J].安全与环境学报,2006,6(2):12-15.[SUN S Q,HU G H,WANG Y Z,et al.Water environmental health risk assessment of Xiangjiang River[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment,2006,6(2):12-15.(in Chinese)]
[25]王旭升,尹立河,方坤,等.鄂尔多斯浩勒报吉水源地开采地下水的环境影响分析[J].水文地质工程地质,2019,46(2):5-12.[WANG X S,YING L H,FANG K,et al. Inspection and assessment of the environmental impacts of groundwater exploitation at Haolebaoji wellfield in Inner Mongolia[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2019,46(2):5-12.(in Chinese)]