采收时间对雪茄碳氮代谢关键酶活性和化学成分的影响
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摘要
为探索优质雪茄的生产条件,了解不同采收时间雪茄烟的生理生化变化规律,进而确定雪茄烟适宜的采收时间和成熟度,采用大田试验的方法,研究雪茄烟叶片在不同采收时间的碳氮代谢关键酶活性及其化学成分的变化规律。结果发现,中部叶硝酸还原酶活性随采收时间推迟逐渐下降,上部叶先升高后降低;中部叶和上部叶淀粉酶活性随采收时间的推迟先降低后升高。中部叶和上部叶的总氮、总糖、还原糖和淀粉含量均随采收时间的推迟呈先升高后降低的趋势;上部叶的总糖、还原糖和淀粉含量虽然在打顶后45～50 d降低,但差异不显著;中部叶在打顶后35～40 d,这些化学成分均显著降低。因此,雪茄烟的中部叶宜在打顶后35 d采收,上部叶宜在打顶后45～50 d采收。这些结果为海南省五指山市雪茄适时采收提供理论依据。
In order to explore the production conditions of good quality cigars,and understand the physiological and biochemical changing rules of cigars harvested at different time,and determine the appropriate harvesting time and maturity degree of cigars,this paper studied the changing rules of key enzymes activity in carbon and nitrogen metabolism,and chemical composition of cigar leaves harvested at different times by field experiments. The results showed that the activity of nitrate reductase in the middle leaves decreased gradually along with the postpone of harvesting time,while the upper leaves increased first then decreased. The activity of amylase in the middle and upper leaves decreased first then increased with the postpone of harvesting time. The contents of total nitrogen,total sugar,reducing sugar and starch in the middle and upper leaves increased first then decreased with the postpone of harvesting time. The decrease in contents of total sugar,reducing sugar and starch in the upper leaves at 45 ～ 50 d after topping was not remarkable. The chemical contents in the middle leaves at 35 ～ 40 d after topping were significantly decreased. Therefore,it was suggested that the middle leaves of cigar should be harvested at 35 d after topping,and upper leaves should be harvested at 45 ～ 50 d after topping. These research findings provided theoretical basis for harvesting cigar timely in Wuzhishan,Hainan province.
In order to explore the production conditions of good quality cigars,and understand the physiological and biochemical changing rules of cigars harvested at different time,and determine the appropriate harvesting time and maturity degree of cigars,this paper studied the changing rules of key enzymes activity in carbon and nitrogen metabolism,and chemical composition of cigar leaves harvested at different times by field experiments. The results showed that the activity of nitrate reductase in the middle leaves decreased gradually along with the postpone of harvesting time,while the upper leaves increased first then decreased. The activity of amylase in the middle and upper leaves decreased first then increased with the postpone of harvesting time. The contents of total nitrogen,total sugar,reducing sugar and starch in the middle and upper leaves increased first then decreased with the postpone of harvesting time. The decrease in contents of total sugar,reducing sugar and starch in the upper leaves at 45 ～ 50 d after topping was not remarkable. The chemical contents in the middle leaves at 35 ～ 40 d after topping were significantly decreased. Therefore,it was suggested that the middle leaves of cigar should be harvested at 35 d after topping,and upper leaves should be harvested at 45 ～ 50 d after topping. These research findings provided theoretical basis for harvesting cigar timely in Wuzhishan,Hainan province.
引文
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[5]过伟民,程森,张骏,等.烤烟表面微观结构特征与外观品质的关系[J].烟草科技,2015,48(8):1-6.Guo W M,Cheng S,Zhang J,et al.. Relationship betweensurface microstructure characteristics and appearance quality offlue-cured tobacco leaves[J]. Tob. Sci. Technol.,2015,48(8):1-6.
[6]郑璞帆.陕南地区不同成熟度烟叶生理特性和烤后品质研究[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,硕士学位论文,2017.Zheng P F. Studies on physiological characteristics and qualityafter curing of different maturity tobacco leaves in southernShanxi province[D]. Shanxi Yangling:Northwest A&FUniversity,Master Dissertation,2017.
[7]史宏志,韩锦峰,刘国顺,等.烤烟碳氮代谢与烟叶香吃味关系的研究[J].中国烟草学报,1998,4(2):56-63.Shi H Z,Han J F,Liu G S,et al.. Studies on the relationshipof carbon and nitrogen metabolism to leaf flavor quality in flue-cured tobacco[J]. Acta Tab. Sin.,1998,4(2):56-63.
[8]史宏志,韩锦峰.烤烟碳氮代谢几个问题的探讨[J].烟草科技,1998(2):34-36.Shi H Z,Han J F. Study on carbon and nitrogen metabolism offlue-cured tobacco[J]. Tob. Sci. Technol.,1998(2):34-36.
[9]彭玉富,张书伟,蔡宪杰,等.不同成熟度对河南烤烟上部叶品质的影响[J].中国烟草学报,2011,17(4):62-66.Peng Y F,Zhang S W,Cai X J,et al.. Effects of maturity onquality of upper leaves in flue-cured tobacco in Henan province[J]. Acta Tab. Sin.,2011,17(4):62-66.
[10]邹琦.植物生理学实验指导[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[11]张新要,刘卫群,易建华,等.红壤、水稻土上不同氮素形态配比对烤烟碳氮代谢关键酶活性的影响[J].云南农业大学学报,2005,20(2):225-230.Zhang X Y,Liu W Q,Yi J H,et al.. Effects of different formsof nitrogen fertilizer on predominant enzymes of C and Nmetabolism in red and rice soils of flue-cured tobacco[J]. J.Yunnan Agric. Univ.,2005,20(2):225-230.
[12]刘卫群,陈良存,甄焕菊,等.烟叶成熟过程中碳氮代谢关键酶对追施氮肥的响应[J].华北农学报,2005,20(3):74-78.Liu W Q,Chen L C,Zhen H J,et al.. Effect of nitrogentopdressing on the key enzymes of carbon and nitrogenmetabolism during the process of tobacco leaf maturation[J].Acta Agric. Boreali Sin.,2005,20(3):74-78.
[13]王允白,王宝华,郭承芳,等.影响烤烟评吸质量的主要化学成分研究[J].中国农业科学,1998(1):90-92.Wang Y B,Wang B H,Guo C F,et al.. Study on the mainchemical components related to smoking quality in flue-curedtobacco[J]. Sci. Agric. Sin.,1998(1):90-92.
[14]邓云龙,崔国民,张树堂,等.烤房类型及配套烘烤技术对烟叶淀粉含量的影响[J].烟草科技,2005(3):40-42.Deng Y L,Cui G M,Zhang S T,et al.. Effects of barn typeand accompanied curing techniques on starch in tobacco leaves[J]. Tob. Sci. Technol.,2005(3):40-42.
[15]陶晓秋,黄玫,杨雪,等.四川烟叶淀粉含量的分析评价[J].烟草科技,2012(1):78-80.Tao X Q,Huang M,Yang X,et al.. Analysis and evaluationof starch content in Sichuan tobacco leaves[J]. Tob. Sci.Technol.,2012(1):78-80.
[16]廖孔凤,徐兴阳,代瑾然,等.2个生态区不同成熟度烟叶生理生化指标的研究[J].西南农业学报,2016,29(2):281-287.Liao K F, Xu X Y, Dai J R, et al.. Physiological andbiochemical indexes of tobacco leaves with different maturity intwo ecological regions[J]. Southwest China J. Agric. Sci.,2016,29(2):281-287.
[17]王寒,陈建军,林锐峰,等.粤北地区移栽期对烤烟成熟期生理生化指标和经济性状的影响[J].中国烟草学报,2013,19(6):71-77.Wang H,Chen J J,Lin R F,et al.. Effects of transplantingdate on several physiological and biochemical indexes atmaturation stage and economic trait of flue-cured tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.)[J]. Acta Tab. Sin.,2013,19(6):71-77.
[18]江豪,陈朝阳.打顶、留叶对K326烟叶产量及质量的影响[J].福建农业大学学报,2001,30(3):329-333.Jiang H,Chen C Y. Effects of topping and leaves remained onthe yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco variety K326[J].J. Fujian Agric. Univ.,2001,30(3):329-333.
[19]黎旺姐,李勇,崔明昆,等.烟草氨基酸代谢及其调控机制[J].安徽农业科学,2016,44(21):15-19.Li W J,Li Y,Cui M K,et al.. Amino acid metabolism and itsregulation mechanism in tobacco plants[J]. J. Anhui Agric.Sci.,2016,44(21):15-19.
[20]王学龙.矿质营养对烤烟烟碱的调控及其生理机制研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,博士学位论文,2012.Wang X L. Regulation of nicotine synthesis in flue-curedtobacco by mineral nutrition and its physiological mechanisms[D]. Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,DoctorDissertation,2012.
[21]左天觉.烟草的生产、生理和生物化学[M].上海:上海远东出版社,1993:370.
[22]高林.白肋烟成熟及调制期间生理生化指标的动态变化及其与品质关系的研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,硕士学位论文,2005.Gao L. Studies on dynamic changes of physiological andbiochemical indexes and its relationship with quality in burleytobacco[D]. Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,Master Dissertation,2005.
[23]陈爱国,王树声,申国明,等.烟叶成熟期间主要化学成分的变化及机理研究[A].见:中国烟草学会第五届理事会第二次会议暨2005年学术年会论文集[C].北京,2005.Chen A G,Wang S S,Shen G M,et al.. Studies on changes ofmain chemical components and mechanism in flue-curedtobacco during ripeness[A]. In:Proceedings of the SecondSession of the Fifth Council of China Tobacco Society and the2005 Annual Academic Conference[C]. Beijing,2005.
[2]朱尊权.论当前我国优质烟生产的技术导向[J].烟草科技,1994(1):2-4.Zhu Z Q. On the technical guidance of high quality tobaccoproduction in China at present[J]. Tob. Sci. Technol.,1994(1):2-4.
[3]徐兴阳,廖孔凤,代瑾然,等.不同鲜烟叶成熟度的组织结构和生理生化研究[J].云南大学学报(自然科学版),2017,39(2):313-323.Xu X Y,Liao K F,Dai J R,et al.. A study on differentharvest maturity levels in leaf structures and physiological andbiochemical properties of fresh tobacco leaves[J]. J. YunnanUniv.(Nat. Sci.),2017,39(2):313-323.
[4]许自成,赵瑞蕊,王龙宪,等.烟叶成熟度的研究进展[J].东北农业大学学报,2014,45(1):123-128.Xu Z C,Zhao R R,Wang L X,et al.. Research advance ofmaturity of flue-cured tobacco leaves[J]. J. Northeast Agric.Univ.,2014,45(1):123-128.
[5]过伟民,程森,张骏,等.烤烟表面微观结构特征与外观品质的关系[J].烟草科技,2015,48(8):1-6.Guo W M,Cheng S,Zhang J,et al.. Relationship betweensurface microstructure characteristics and appearance quality offlue-cured tobacco leaves[J]. Tob. Sci. Technol.,2015,48(8):1-6.
[6]郑璞帆.陕南地区不同成熟度烟叶生理特性和烤后品质研究[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,硕士学位论文,2017.Zheng P F. Studies on physiological characteristics and qualityafter curing of different maturity tobacco leaves in southernShanxi province[D]. Shanxi Yangling:Northwest A&FUniversity,Master Dissertation,2017.
[7]史宏志,韩锦峰,刘国顺,等.烤烟碳氮代谢与烟叶香吃味关系的研究[J].中国烟草学报,1998,4(2):56-63.Shi H Z,Han J F,Liu G S,et al.. Studies on the relationshipof carbon and nitrogen metabolism to leaf flavor quality in flue-cured tobacco[J]. Acta Tab. Sin.,1998,4(2):56-63.
[8]史宏志,韩锦峰.烤烟碳氮代谢几个问题的探讨[J].烟草科技,1998(2):34-36.Shi H Z,Han J F. Study on carbon and nitrogen metabolism offlue-cured tobacco[J]. Tob. Sci. Technol.,1998(2):34-36.
[9]彭玉富,张书伟,蔡宪杰,等.不同成熟度对河南烤烟上部叶品质的影响[J].中国烟草学报,2011,17(4):62-66.Peng Y F,Zhang S W,Cai X J,et al.. Effects of maturity onquality of upper leaves in flue-cured tobacco in Henan province[J]. Acta Tab. Sin.,2011,17(4):62-66.
[10]邹琦.植物生理学实验指导[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[11]张新要,刘卫群,易建华,等.红壤、水稻土上不同氮素形态配比对烤烟碳氮代谢关键酶活性的影响[J].云南农业大学学报,2005,20(2):225-230.Zhang X Y,Liu W Q,Yi J H,et al.. Effects of different formsof nitrogen fertilizer on predominant enzymes of C and Nmetabolism in red and rice soils of flue-cured tobacco[J]. J.Yunnan Agric. Univ.,2005,20(2):225-230.
[12]刘卫群,陈良存,甄焕菊,等.烟叶成熟过程中碳氮代谢关键酶对追施氮肥的响应[J].华北农学报,2005,20(3):74-78.Liu W Q,Chen L C,Zhen H J,et al.. Effect of nitrogentopdressing on the key enzymes of carbon and nitrogenmetabolism during the process of tobacco leaf maturation[J].Acta Agric. Boreali Sin.,2005,20(3):74-78.
[13]王允白,王宝华,郭承芳,等.影响烤烟评吸质量的主要化学成分研究[J].中国农业科学,1998(1):90-92.Wang Y B,Wang B H,Guo C F,et al.. Study on the mainchemical components related to smoking quality in flue-curedtobacco[J]. Sci. Agric. Sin.,1998(1):90-92.
[14]邓云龙,崔国民,张树堂,等.烤房类型及配套烘烤技术对烟叶淀粉含量的影响[J].烟草科技,2005(3):40-42.Deng Y L,Cui G M,Zhang S T,et al.. Effects of barn typeand accompanied curing techniques on starch in tobacco leaves[J]. Tob. Sci. Technol.,2005(3):40-42.
[15]陶晓秋,黄玫,杨雪,等.四川烟叶淀粉含量的分析评价[J].烟草科技,2012(1):78-80.Tao X Q,Huang M,Yang X,et al.. Analysis and evaluationof starch content in Sichuan tobacco leaves[J]. Tob. Sci.Technol.,2012(1):78-80.
[16]廖孔凤,徐兴阳,代瑾然,等.2个生态区不同成熟度烟叶生理生化指标的研究[J].西南农业学报,2016,29(2):281-287.Liao K F, Xu X Y, Dai J R, et al.. Physiological andbiochemical indexes of tobacco leaves with different maturity intwo ecological regions[J]. Southwest China J. Agric. Sci.,2016,29(2):281-287.
[17]王寒,陈建军,林锐峰,等.粤北地区移栽期对烤烟成熟期生理生化指标和经济性状的影响[J].中国烟草学报,2013,19(6):71-77.Wang H,Chen J J,Lin R F,et al.. Effects of transplantingdate on several physiological and biochemical indexes atmaturation stage and economic trait of flue-cured tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.)[J]. Acta Tab. Sin.,2013,19(6):71-77.
[18]江豪,陈朝阳.打顶、留叶对K326烟叶产量及质量的影响[J].福建农业大学学报,2001,30(3):329-333.Jiang H,Chen C Y. Effects of topping and leaves remained onthe yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco variety K326[J].J. Fujian Agric. Univ.,2001,30(3):329-333.
[19]黎旺姐,李勇,崔明昆,等.烟草氨基酸代谢及其调控机制[J].安徽农业科学,2016,44(21):15-19.Li W J,Li Y,Cui M K,et al.. Amino acid metabolism and itsregulation mechanism in tobacco plants[J]. J. Anhui Agric.Sci.,2016,44(21):15-19.
[20]王学龙.矿质营养对烤烟烟碱的调控及其生理机制研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,博士学位论文,2012.Wang X L. Regulation of nicotine synthesis in flue-curedtobacco by mineral nutrition and its physiological mechanisms[D]. Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,DoctorDissertation,2012.
[21]左天觉.烟草的生产、生理和生物化学[M].上海:上海远东出版社,1993:370.
[22]高林.白肋烟成熟及调制期间生理生化指标的动态变化及其与品质关系的研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,硕士学位论文,2005.Gao L. Studies on dynamic changes of physiological andbiochemical indexes and its relationship with quality in burleytobacco[D]. Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,Master Dissertation,2005.
[23]陈爱国,王树声,申国明,等.烟叶成熟期间主要化学成分的变化及机理研究[A].见:中国烟草学会第五届理事会第二次会议暨2005年学术年会论文集[C].北京,2005.Chen A G,Wang S S,Shen G M,et al.. Studies on changes ofmain chemical components and mechanism in flue-curedtobacco during ripeness[A]. In:Proceedings of the SecondSession of the Fifth Council of China Tobacco Society and the2005 Annual Academic Conference[C]. Beijing,2005.