氮肥缓解苗期干旱对小麦根系形态建成及生理特性的影响
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摘要
为揭示氮肥缓解苗期干旱对小麦根系生长的影响,以高产高蛋白品种Spitfire(S)和抗旱品种Drysdale(D)为材料,采用沙培方式研究了不同氮素处理(180和22. 5 kg·hm-2)和水分处理(干旱和正常浇水)对苗期小麦根系形态建成和生理生长的影响。结果表明,苗期干旱下增施氮肥减小了2个品种小麦根系总根长、根系表面积、总根体积、根尖数和分枝数,显著增加了根系直径和根系活力,S品种根系干重减小7. 0%,而D品种根系干重增加12. 0%。施高氮还降低了干旱下2个品种小麦根系可溶性糖含量,并提高了游离氨基酸含量,且耐旱性品种D变化幅度较大,2个品种根系可溶性蛋白含量的变化均不明显。此外,增施氮肥能促进根系对氮素的吸收,提高根系硝酸还原酶(NR)活性和含氮量。综上,在苗期干旱下增施氮肥能够促进小麦根系生长,提高根系活力和NR活性,以增强根系对氮素的吸收同化能力,促进氮代谢水平,从而提高小麦的抗旱性,但不同耐旱品种对干旱下增施氮肥的响应程度存在差异。本研究结果为通过增施氮肥有效缓解干旱进而提高小麦产量提供了理论依据。
The purposes of this study were to investigate effects of nitrogen fertilizer on root morphology and physiology of wheat in alleviating drought stress at seedling stage. The spring wheat variety Spitfire(S) with high yield and protein content and another drought-resistant variety Drysdale(D) were planted in sand. Two treatments of different N levels(low N of 22. 5 kg·hm-2 and high N of 180 kg·hm-2) and two water levels(well-watered and drought stress) were conducted. The results showed that the total root length,root surface area,total root volume,root tip number and branch number of two wheat cultivars were decreased by high N during seedling drought,but root diameter and root activity were increased significantly. However,the dry weight of underground part in S cultivar decreased by 7. 0%,while that in D cultivar increased by 12. 0%. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer also reduced the soluble sugar content and increased the free amino acid content in root of two wheat cultivars under drought stress,drought-tolerant cultivar D changed significantly,but there was little change in soluble protein content. In addition,high N promoted root uptake of nitrogen and increased root nitrogen content and NR activity in two wheat cultivars. Therefore,increasing nitrogen fertilizer amendment in seedling drought can improve drought resistance of wheat by promoting root growth,increasing root activity and NR enzyme activity,enhancing root absorption and assimilation ability of nitrogen,and promoting nitrogen metabolism level.However,different drought-tolerant varieties have different responses to increasing nitrogen fertilizer application under drought stress. This study is of great significance to improve wheat yield by nitrogen fertilizer via alleviating drought stress at seedling stage in agricultural production.
The purposes of this study were to investigate effects of nitrogen fertilizer on root morphology and physiology of wheat in alleviating drought stress at seedling stage. The spring wheat variety Spitfire(S) with high yield and protein content and another drought-resistant variety Drysdale(D) were planted in sand. Two treatments of different N levels(low N of 22. 5 kg·hm-2 and high N of 180 kg·hm-2) and two water levels(well-watered and drought stress) were conducted. The results showed that the total root length,root surface area,total root volume,root tip number and branch number of two wheat cultivars were decreased by high N during seedling drought,but root diameter and root activity were increased significantly. However,the dry weight of underground part in S cultivar decreased by 7. 0%,while that in D cultivar increased by 12. 0%. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer also reduced the soluble sugar content and increased the free amino acid content in root of two wheat cultivars under drought stress,drought-tolerant cultivar D changed significantly,but there was little change in soluble protein content. In addition,high N promoted root uptake of nitrogen and increased root nitrogen content and NR activity in two wheat cultivars. Therefore,increasing nitrogen fertilizer amendment in seedling drought can improve drought resistance of wheat by promoting root growth,increasing root activity and NR enzyme activity,enhancing root absorption and assimilation ability of nitrogen,and promoting nitrogen metabolism level.However,different drought-tolerant varieties have different responses to increasing nitrogen fertilizer application under drought stress. This study is of great significance to improve wheat yield by nitrogen fertilizer via alleviating drought stress at seedling stage in agricultural production.
引文
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[15]薛丽华,赵连佳,陈兴武,孙诗仁,张宏芝,赛力汗.施氮量对滴灌冬小麦光合特性、产量及氮素利用效率的影响[J].中国农学通报,2018,34(10):11-16
[16] Bosquet L C,Albrizio R,Araus J L,Nogués S. Photosynthetic capacity of field-grown durum wheat under different N availabilities:A comparative study from leaf to canopy[J]. Environmental and Experimental Botany,2009,67:145-152
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[18] Abid M,Tian Z,Ata-Ul-Karim S T. Nitrogen nutrition improves the potential of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)to alleviate the effects of drought stress during vegetative growth periods[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science,2016,7:1-14
[19]白宝璋,金锦子,白崧,黄丽萍.玉米根系活力TTC测定法的改良[J].玉米科学,1994,2(4):44-47
[20]钟临渊,胡家立,阿夏.用扩散皿测定全氮、水解氮[J].新疆农业科学,1978(4):36-37
[21]刘萍,李明军.植物生理学实验技术[M].北京:科技出版社,2007:86-88
[22]刘海英,王华华,崔长海,王曼,郭净净,文昭普.可溶性糖含量测定(蒽酮法)实验的改进[J].实验室科学,2013,16(2):19-20
[23]曲春香,沈颂东,王雪峰,崔永华,宋卫平.用考马斯亮蓝测定植物粗提液中可溶性蛋白质含量方法的研究[J].苏州大学学报,2006,22(2):82-85
[24]王文平.植物样品中游离氨基酸总量测定方法的改进[J].北京农学院学报,1998,13(3):9-13
[25]王秀波,上官周平.干旱胁迫下氮素对不同基因型小麦根系活力和生长的调控[J].麦类作物学报,2017,37(6):820-827
[26]段丽娜,章建新,薛丽华,孙乾坤,赵连佳.施氮量对新疆滴灌冬小麦根系生长及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2016,36(6):773-778
[27]刘小刚,张富仓,杨启良,李志军.玉米叶绿素、脯氛酸、根系活力对调亏灌溉和氮肥处理的响应[J].华北农学报,2009,24(4):106-111
[28] Kaur G,Asthir B,Bains N S. Nitrogen nutrition,its assimilation and remobilization in diverse wheat genotypes[J]. International Journal of Agriculture&Biology,2015,17(3):531-538
[29]左文博,吴静利,杨奇,张嘉楠,刘桂茹.干旱胁迫对小麦根系活力和可溶性糖含量的影响[J].华北农学报,2010,25(6):191-193
[30]张永杰,徐文修,任毅,茹生古丽·牙生,耿洪伟.干旱胁迫对春小麦不同品种(系)苗期生理生化指标的影响[J].中国农学通报,2018,34(12):7-12
[31] Crawford N M,Glass A D M. Molecular and physiological aspects of nitrate uptake in plants[J]. Trends in Plant Science,1998,3(10):389-395
[32] Maheshwari R,Dubey R S. Nickel toxicity inhibits ribonuclease and protease activities in rice seedlings:Protective effects of proline[J].Plant Growth Regulation,2007,51(3):231-243
[33] Ramanjulu S,Sudhakar C. Drought tolerance is partly related to amino acid accumulation and ammonia assimilation:A comparative study in two mulberry genotypes differing in drought sensitivity[J].Journal of Plant Physiology,1997,150(3):345-350
[34]赵君霞,马耕,岳鹏莉,王强,刘甘霖,谢旭东.氮素和干旱胁迫对冬小麦幼苗生长发育及生理指标的影响[J].河南农业科学,2015,44(5):26-30
[2]吴昱璇.中国主要农业气象灾害的区域分布与减灾对策分析[J].南方农机,2017,48(22):149-150
[3]刘小平.浅谈干旱对农作物的影响[J].农民致富之友,2013,14(18):237
[4] Morgan J A. Interaction of water supply and N in wheat[J]. Plant Physiology,1984,76(1):112-117
[5] Frink C R,Waggoner P E,Ausubel J H. Nitrogen fertilizer:Retrospect and prospect[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,1999,96(4):1175-1180
[6]梁靖越,张敬昇,王昌全.控释尿素对小麦籽粒产量和氮素利用率的影响[J].核农学报,2018,32(1):157-164
[7]田中伟,樊永惠,殷美,王方瑞,蔡剑,姜东.长江中下游小麦品种根系改良特征及其与产量的关系[J].作物学报,2015,41(4):613-622
[8]徐国伟,孙梦,王贺正,陈明灿,李友军.水氮耦合对郑麦9023结实期根系生理特性及产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(2):49-54
[9]王艳哲,刘秀位,孙宏勇,张喜英,张连蕊.水氮调控对冬小麦根冠比和水分利用效率的影响研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(3):282-289
[10]熊淑萍,吴克远,王小纯,张捷,杜盼,吴懿鑫.不同氮效率基因型小麦根系吸收特性与氮素利用差异的分析[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(12):2267-2279
[11]宋海星,李生秀.玉米生长空间对根系吸收特性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(8):899-904
[12]李振山,王龙.不同水分条件下施氮对小麦幼苗生长发育的影响[J].种业导刊,2016(3):24-26
[13]马富举,李丹丹,蔡剑.姜东,曹卫星,戴廷波.干旱胁迫对小麦幼苗根系生长和叶片光合作用的影响[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(3):724-730
[14]胡云平,张静,刘丹.水肥耦合对春小麦叶片生态特性及产量的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2017,45(12):48-52
[15]薛丽华,赵连佳,陈兴武,孙诗仁,张宏芝,赛力汗.施氮量对滴灌冬小麦光合特性、产量及氮素利用效率的影响[J].中国农学通报,2018,34(10):11-16
[16] Bosquet L C,Albrizio R,Araus J L,Nogués S. Photosynthetic capacity of field-grown durum wheat under different N availabilities:A comparative study from leaf to canopy[J]. Environmental and Experimental Botany,2009,67:145-152
[17]钱立生,王松华,何庆元.小麦幼苗根系抗氧化酶对镍胁迫的响应[J].核农学报,2014,28(9):1708-1714
[18] Abid M,Tian Z,Ata-Ul-Karim S T. Nitrogen nutrition improves the potential of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)to alleviate the effects of drought stress during vegetative growth periods[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science,2016,7:1-14
[19]白宝璋,金锦子,白崧,黄丽萍.玉米根系活力TTC测定法的改良[J].玉米科学,1994,2(4):44-47
[20]钟临渊,胡家立,阿夏.用扩散皿测定全氮、水解氮[J].新疆农业科学,1978(4):36-37
[21]刘萍,李明军.植物生理学实验技术[M].北京:科技出版社,2007:86-88
[22]刘海英,王华华,崔长海,王曼,郭净净,文昭普.可溶性糖含量测定(蒽酮法)实验的改进[J].实验室科学,2013,16(2):19-20
[23]曲春香,沈颂东,王雪峰,崔永华,宋卫平.用考马斯亮蓝测定植物粗提液中可溶性蛋白质含量方法的研究[J].苏州大学学报,2006,22(2):82-85
[24]王文平.植物样品中游离氨基酸总量测定方法的改进[J].北京农学院学报,1998,13(3):9-13
[25]王秀波,上官周平.干旱胁迫下氮素对不同基因型小麦根系活力和生长的调控[J].麦类作物学报,2017,37(6):820-827
[26]段丽娜,章建新,薛丽华,孙乾坤,赵连佳.施氮量对新疆滴灌冬小麦根系生长及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2016,36(6):773-778
[27]刘小刚,张富仓,杨启良,李志军.玉米叶绿素、脯氛酸、根系活力对调亏灌溉和氮肥处理的响应[J].华北农学报,2009,24(4):106-111
[28] Kaur G,Asthir B,Bains N S. Nitrogen nutrition,its assimilation and remobilization in diverse wheat genotypes[J]. International Journal of Agriculture&Biology,2015,17(3):531-538
[29]左文博,吴静利,杨奇,张嘉楠,刘桂茹.干旱胁迫对小麦根系活力和可溶性糖含量的影响[J].华北农学报,2010,25(6):191-193
[30]张永杰,徐文修,任毅,茹生古丽·牙生,耿洪伟.干旱胁迫对春小麦不同品种(系)苗期生理生化指标的影响[J].中国农学通报,2018,34(12):7-12
[31] Crawford N M,Glass A D M. Molecular and physiological aspects of nitrate uptake in plants[J]. Trends in Plant Science,1998,3(10):389-395
[32] Maheshwari R,Dubey R S. Nickel toxicity inhibits ribonuclease and protease activities in rice seedlings:Protective effects of proline[J].Plant Growth Regulation,2007,51(3):231-243
[33] Ramanjulu S,Sudhakar C. Drought tolerance is partly related to amino acid accumulation and ammonia assimilation:A comparative study in two mulberry genotypes differing in drought sensitivity[J].Journal of Plant Physiology,1997,150(3):345-350
[34]赵君霞,马耕,岳鹏莉,王强,刘甘霖,谢旭东.氮素和干旱胁迫对冬小麦幼苗生长发育及生理指标的影响[J].河南农业科学,2015,44(5):26-30