基于景观格局和连接度评价的生态网络方法优化与应用
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摘要
景观生态学中常凭借最小累积阻力模型构建目标种生态网络,以提升破碎栖息地间的景观连接度,缓解生境破碎化负面影响.但传统最小累积阻力生态网络方法缺乏对生态网络的效用验证,对研究地的景观结构变化与生态过程的影响认识不足.本研究运用景观格局指数与连接度概率指数,定量评价生态网络构建前后的研究地景观结构与连接度特征,并以崇左白头叶猴栖息地生态网络为例,详尽叙述此生态网络方法的优化与应用过程.通过对白头叶猴栖息地斑块进行辨认、踏脚石斑块识别,对研究地用地类型进行划分并进行阻力赋值,运用最小累积阻力模型生成了20条白头叶猴栖息地生态网络廊道;然后利用景观结构指数与连接度概率指数结合的方法,对生成的生态网络结构和功能连接度进行评价.结果表明:凭借最小累积阻力模型构建的目标种生态网络,能有效提升栖息地生境的完整性和连续性,降低总体破碎化水平,并改善生境质量.同时,该生态网络构建能提升生境景观的结构连接度与功能连接度,且两方面的连接度变化在结果上具有极显著的一致性(R~2=98.3%,P<0.01).生态网络带来的景观结构方面变化与功能连接度的关联性不强,两种指数间的相互关系不如结构与功能的内在关系显著.
In landscape ecology, the target species ecological network is often constructed by the least-cost path model(hereafter LCPM) to improve landscape connectivity among discrete habitats and to mitigate the negative impacts of habitat fragmentation. Nevertheless, the traditional ecological network method based on LCRM has insufficient understanding of landscape structure changes and ecological processes of research site. We used landscape pattern index and connectivity probability index to quantitatively evaluate the landscape structure and connectivity characteristics of the research area before and after the construction of the ecological network. The ecological network of the habitat of Presbytis leucocephalus, located in Chongzuo, Guangxi Province, was used as an example to describe the optimization and application of this method in detail. We identified the habitat and stepping stone patches of the target species, classified land use types of the study area, set up different resistant values, and obtained 20 corridors of ecological network using LCPM. The results showed that LCRM could effectively improve habitat integrity and continuity, reduce overall fragmentation level, and improve habitat quality based on the structural and functional connectivity evaluation by landscape pattern index and connectivity probability index. Meanwhile, its construction could improve the structural connectivity and functional connectivity of the habitat landscape, with significant consistency of the connection degree changes in both aspects(R~2=98.3%, P<0.01). However, the relationship between landscape structure changes and functional connectivity caused by the network was not strong, and their relationship was not as significant as the inherent relationship between the structure and function.
In landscape ecology, the target species ecological network is often constructed by the least-cost path model(hereafter LCPM) to improve landscape connectivity among discrete habitats and to mitigate the negative impacts of habitat fragmentation. Nevertheless, the traditional ecological network method based on LCRM has insufficient understanding of landscape structure changes and ecological processes of research site. We used landscape pattern index and connectivity probability index to quantitatively evaluate the landscape structure and connectivity characteristics of the research area before and after the construction of the ecological network. The ecological network of the habitat of Presbytis leucocephalus, located in Chongzuo, Guangxi Province, was used as an example to describe the optimization and application of this method in detail. We identified the habitat and stepping stone patches of the target species, classified land use types of the study area, set up different resistant values, and obtained 20 corridors of ecological network using LCPM. The results showed that LCRM could effectively improve habitat integrity and continuity, reduce overall fragmentation level, and improve habitat quality based on the structural and functional connectivity evaluation by landscape pattern index and connectivity probability index. Meanwhile, its construction could improve the structural connectivity and functional connectivity of the habitat landscape, with significant consistency of the connection degree changes in both aspects(R~2=98.3%, P<0.01). However, the relationship between landscape structure changes and functional connectivity caused by the network was not strong, and their relationship was not as significant as the inherent relationship between the structure and function.
引文
[1] Noss RF.Landscape connectivity:Different functions at different scales // Hudson WE,ed.Landscape Linkages and Biodiversity.Washington,DC:Island Press,1991:27-39
[2] Swart J,Lawes MJ.The effect of habitat patch connectivity on samango monkey (Cercopithecus mitis) meta-population persistence.Ecological Modelling,1996,93:57-74
[3] May RM,Lawton JH,Stork NE.Landscape connectivity:Assessing extinction rates// Lawton JH,May RM,eds.Extinction Rates.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1995:1-24
[4] Thomas CD.Dispersal and extinction in fragmented landscapes.Proceedings of the Royal Society:Biological Sciences,2000,267:139-145
[5] Beier P,Noss RF.Do habitat corridors provide connectivity?Conservation Biology,1998,12:1241-1252
[6] Lacher I,Wilkerson ML.Wildlife connectivity approaches and best practices in U.S.State Wildlife Action Plans.Conservation Biology,2014,28:13-21
[7] Fleury AM,Brown RD.A framework for the design of wildlife conservation corridors:With specific application to southwestern Ontario.Landscape and Urban Planning,1997,37:163-186
[8] Linehan J,Gross M,Finn J.Greenway planning:Developing a landscape ecological network approach.Landscape and Urban Planning,1995,33:179-193
[9] Zhang LQ,Wang HZ.Planning an ecological network of Xiamen Island (China) using landscape metrics and network analysis.Landscape and Urban Planning,2006,78:449-456
[10] Lyu D (吕东),Wang Y-C (王云才),Peng Z-W (彭震伟).The study on the ecological network planning of rapid urbanization areas based on the suitability assessment:A case study of Changbai Korean Autonomous County.Landscape Architecture (风景园林),2018,26(1):36-43 (in Chinese)
[11] Qing J (青菁),Xu C (胥池),Yang B (杨彪),et al.Corridor design for the giant panda in the Xiaoxiangling Mountains.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2016,36(4):1125-1133 (in Chinese)
[12] Pan J-H (潘竟虎),Liu X (刘晓).Assessment of landscape ecological security and optimization of landscape pattern based on spatial principal component analy-sis and resistance model in arid inland area:A case study of Ganzhou District,Zhangye City,Northwest China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2015,26(10):3126-3136 (in Chinese)
[13] Yang Z-G (杨志广),Jiang Z-Y (蒋志云),Guo C-X (郭程轩),et al.Construction of ecological network using morphological spatial pattern analysis and minimal cumulative resistance models in Guangzhou City,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2018,29(10):3367-3376 (in Chinese)
[14] Guo J-G (郭纪光),Cai Y-L (蔡永立),Luo K (罗坤),et al.Ecological corridor construction based on target species protection:A case study of Chongming Island.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2009,28(8):1668-1672 (in Chinese)
[15] Li HL,Li DH,Li T,et al.Application of least-cost path model to identify a giant panda dispersal corridor network after the Wenchuan earthquake:Case study of Wolong Nature Reserve in China.Ecological Modelling,2010,221:944-952
[16] Qi DW,Hu YB,Gu XD,et al.Quantifying landscape linkages among giant panda subpopulations in regional scale conservation.Integrative Zoology,2012,7:165-174
[17] Leit?o AB,Ahern J.Applying landscape ecological concepts and metrics in sustainable landscape planning.Landscape and Urban Planning,2002,59:65-93
[18] Wu J-G (邬建国).Landscape Ecology:Pattern,Process,Scale and Hierarchy.2nd Ed.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2007 (in Chinese)
[19] Chen L-D (陈利顶),Wang J-P (王计平) ,Jiang C-L (姜昌亮),et al.Quantitative study on effect of linear project construction on landscape pattern along pipeline.Scientia Geographica Sinica (地理科学),2010,30(2):161-167 (in Chinese)
[20] Liu S-L (刘世梁),Yin Y-J (尹艺洁),Yang J-J (杨珏婕),et al.Assessment of the influences of landscape fragmentation on regional habitat quality in the Manwan Basin.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2017,37(6):619-627 (in Chinese)
[21] Taylor PD,Fahrig L,Henein K,et al.Connectivity is a vital element of landscape structure.Oikos,1993,68:571-573
[22] Goodwin BJ.Is landscape connectivity a dependent or independent variable?Landscape Ecology,2003,18:687-699
[23] Liu SL,Yin YJ,Li JR et al.Using cross-scale landscape connectivity indices to identify key habitat resource patches for Asian elephants in Xishuangbanna,China.Landscape and Urban Planning,2018,171:80-87
[24] Saura S,Pascual-Hortal L.A new habitat availability index to integrate connectivity in landscape conservation planning:Comparison with existing indices and application to a case study.Landscape and Urban Planning,2007,83:91-103
[25] Chen L-D (陈利顶),Fu B-J (傅伯杰).The ecological significance and application of landscape connectivity.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),1999,15(4):37-42 (in Chinese)
[26] Liu SL,Deng L,Dong SK,et al.Landscape connectivity dynamics based on network analysis in the Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve,China.Acta Oecologica,2014,55:66-77
[27] Huang W-H (黄万辉),Xiao W-S (潘文石).Habitat characteristics of Presbytis leucocephalus in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Resgion.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2010,29(3):605-610 (in Chinese)
[28] Jiang H-S (江海声),Feng M (冯敏),Wang J (王骏),et al.The distribution and ecological habit of white-headed langur (Presbytis leucocephalus).Acta Theriologica Sinica (兽类学报),1991,11(3):236-237 (in Chinese)
[29] Chen Z (陈智),Huang C-M (黄乘明),Zhou Q-H (周歧海),et al.Spatial temporal changes of habitat of Trachypithecus leucocephalus.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2008,28(2):587-594 (in Chinese)
[30] Ran W-Z (冉文忠).The Status of Wild White Headed Macaque:Distribution,Quantity,Habitat Utilization and Population Viability Analysis.PhD Thesis.Beijing:Peking University,2003 (in Chinese)
[31] Yu KJ.Security patterns and surface model in landscape ecological planning.Landscape and Urban Planning,1996,36:1-17
[32] Zhang H-L (张宏亮),Wang R-C (王人潮),Li Z-X (李芝喜).GIS-based ecotope types and their relationship with survival of Bos gaurus readei.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),1999,10(5):619-622 (in Chinese)
[33] Wu M-C (吴名川),Wei Z-Y (韦振逸),He N-L (何农林).The distribution of Trachypithecus francoisi Pousargues in Guangxi.Chinese Journal of Wildlife (野生动物),1987(4):12-13 (in Chinese)
[34] Du Q (杜钦),Zhang C (张超).Application Course of GIS Technology in Landscape Planning.Beijing:China Forestry Press,2014 (in Chinese)
[35] Chen C-D (陈春娣),Wu S-J (吴胜军),Meurk CD,et al.Effects of changing cost values on landscape connectivity simulation.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2015,35(22):7367-7376 (in Chinese)
[36] Harris LD,Atkins K.Faunal movement corridors in Florida// Hudson WE,ed.Landscape Linkages and Biodiversity.Washington,DC:Island Press,1991:162-175
[37] Pascual-Hortal L,Saura S.Comparison and development of new graph-based landscape connectivity indices:Towards the priorization of habitat patches and corridors for conservation.Landscape Ecology,2006,21:959-967
[38] Saura S,Torné J.Conefor Sensinode 2.2:A software package for quantifying the importance of habitat patches for landscape connectivity.Environmental Modelling and Software,2009,24:135-139
[39] Anderson J,Rowcliffe JM,Cowlishaw G.Does the matrix matter?A forest primate in a complex agricultural landscape.Biological Conservation,2007,35:212-222
[40] Glantler KE.Dispersal patterns in Costa Rican Mantled Howling Monkeys.International Journal of Primatology,1992,13:415-436
[41] Qi K (齐珂),Fan Z-Q (樊正球).Evaluation method for landscape connectivity based on graph theory:A case study of natural forests in Minqing County,Fujian Pro-vince.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2016,36(23):7580-7592 (in Chinese)
[42] Neel MC.Patch connectivity and genetic diversity conservation in the federally endangered and narrowly endemic plant species Astragalus albens (Fabaceae).Biological Conservation,2008,141:938-955
[43] Liu Y (刘宇),Lyu Y-H (吕一河),Fu B-J (傅伯杰),et al.Implication and limitation of landscape metrics in delineating relationship between landscape pattern and soil erosion.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2011,31(1):267-275 (in Chinese)
[44] Noss RF.Corridors in real landscapes:A reply to Simberloff and Cox.Conservation Biology,1987,1:159-164
[45] Bueno JA,Tsihrintzis VA,Alvarez L.South Florida greenways:A conceptual framework for the ecological reconnectivity of the region.Landscape and Urban Planning,1995,33:247-266
[46] Xiang WN.GIS-based riparian buffer analysis:Injecting geographic information into landscape planning.Landscape and Urban Planning,1996,34:1-10
[47] Chen J (陈洁),Zhou N-X (周年兴),Tao Z-M (陶卓民),et al.Algorithm improvements and applications for biological conservation security patterns.Biodiversity Science (生物多样性),2018,26(1):36-43 (in Chinese)
[48] Chen X-P (陈小平),Chen W-B (陈文波).Construction and evaluation of ecological network in Poyang Lake Eco-economic Zone,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2016,27(5):1611-1618 (in Chinese)
[49] Gu F (古璠),Huang Y-X (黄义雄),Chen C-M (陈传明).Construction and optimization of ecological network for nature reserves in Fujian Province,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2017,28(3):1013-1020 (in Chinese)
[50] Teixeira FZ,Printes RC,Fagundes JCG,et al.Canopy bridges as road overpasses for wildlife in urban fragmented landscapes.Biota Neotropica,2013,13:117-123
[2] Swart J,Lawes MJ.The effect of habitat patch connectivity on samango monkey (Cercopithecus mitis) meta-population persistence.Ecological Modelling,1996,93:57-74
[3] May RM,Lawton JH,Stork NE.Landscape connectivity:Assessing extinction rates// Lawton JH,May RM,eds.Extinction Rates.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1995:1-24
[4] Thomas CD.Dispersal and extinction in fragmented landscapes.Proceedings of the Royal Society:Biological Sciences,2000,267:139-145
[5] Beier P,Noss RF.Do habitat corridors provide connectivity?Conservation Biology,1998,12:1241-1252
[6] Lacher I,Wilkerson ML.Wildlife connectivity approaches and best practices in U.S.State Wildlife Action Plans.Conservation Biology,2014,28:13-21
[7] Fleury AM,Brown RD.A framework for the design of wildlife conservation corridors:With specific application to southwestern Ontario.Landscape and Urban Planning,1997,37:163-186
[8] Linehan J,Gross M,Finn J.Greenway planning:Developing a landscape ecological network approach.Landscape and Urban Planning,1995,33:179-193
[9] Zhang LQ,Wang HZ.Planning an ecological network of Xiamen Island (China) using landscape metrics and network analysis.Landscape and Urban Planning,2006,78:449-456
[10] Lyu D (吕东),Wang Y-C (王云才),Peng Z-W (彭震伟).The study on the ecological network planning of rapid urbanization areas based on the suitability assessment:A case study of Changbai Korean Autonomous County.Landscape Architecture (风景园林),2018,26(1):36-43 (in Chinese)
[11] Qing J (青菁),Xu C (胥池),Yang B (杨彪),et al.Corridor design for the giant panda in the Xiaoxiangling Mountains.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2016,36(4):1125-1133 (in Chinese)
[12] Pan J-H (潘竟虎),Liu X (刘晓).Assessment of landscape ecological security and optimization of landscape pattern based on spatial principal component analy-sis and resistance model in arid inland area:A case study of Ganzhou District,Zhangye City,Northwest China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2015,26(10):3126-3136 (in Chinese)
[13] Yang Z-G (杨志广),Jiang Z-Y (蒋志云),Guo C-X (郭程轩),et al.Construction of ecological network using morphological spatial pattern analysis and minimal cumulative resistance models in Guangzhou City,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2018,29(10):3367-3376 (in Chinese)
[14] Guo J-G (郭纪光),Cai Y-L (蔡永立),Luo K (罗坤),et al.Ecological corridor construction based on target species protection:A case study of Chongming Island.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2009,28(8):1668-1672 (in Chinese)
[15] Li HL,Li DH,Li T,et al.Application of least-cost path model to identify a giant panda dispersal corridor network after the Wenchuan earthquake:Case study of Wolong Nature Reserve in China.Ecological Modelling,2010,221:944-952
[16] Qi DW,Hu YB,Gu XD,et al.Quantifying landscape linkages among giant panda subpopulations in regional scale conservation.Integrative Zoology,2012,7:165-174
[17] Leit?o AB,Ahern J.Applying landscape ecological concepts and metrics in sustainable landscape planning.Landscape and Urban Planning,2002,59:65-93
[18] Wu J-G (邬建国).Landscape Ecology:Pattern,Process,Scale and Hierarchy.2nd Ed.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2007 (in Chinese)
[19] Chen L-D (陈利顶),Wang J-P (王计平) ,Jiang C-L (姜昌亮),et al.Quantitative study on effect of linear project construction on landscape pattern along pipeline.Scientia Geographica Sinica (地理科学),2010,30(2):161-167 (in Chinese)
[20] Liu S-L (刘世梁),Yin Y-J (尹艺洁),Yang J-J (杨珏婕),et al.Assessment of the influences of landscape fragmentation on regional habitat quality in the Manwan Basin.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2017,37(6):619-627 (in Chinese)
[21] Taylor PD,Fahrig L,Henein K,et al.Connectivity is a vital element of landscape structure.Oikos,1993,68:571-573
[22] Goodwin BJ.Is landscape connectivity a dependent or independent variable?Landscape Ecology,2003,18:687-699
[23] Liu SL,Yin YJ,Li JR et al.Using cross-scale landscape connectivity indices to identify key habitat resource patches for Asian elephants in Xishuangbanna,China.Landscape and Urban Planning,2018,171:80-87
[24] Saura S,Pascual-Hortal L.A new habitat availability index to integrate connectivity in landscape conservation planning:Comparison with existing indices and application to a case study.Landscape and Urban Planning,2007,83:91-103
[25] Chen L-D (陈利顶),Fu B-J (傅伯杰).The ecological significance and application of landscape connectivity.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),1999,15(4):37-42 (in Chinese)
[26] Liu SL,Deng L,Dong SK,et al.Landscape connectivity dynamics based on network analysis in the Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve,China.Acta Oecologica,2014,55:66-77
[27] Huang W-H (黄万辉),Xiao W-S (潘文石).Habitat characteristics of Presbytis leucocephalus in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Resgion.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2010,29(3):605-610 (in Chinese)
[28] Jiang H-S (江海声),Feng M (冯敏),Wang J (王骏),et al.The distribution and ecological habit of white-headed langur (Presbytis leucocephalus).Acta Theriologica Sinica (兽类学报),1991,11(3):236-237 (in Chinese)
[29] Chen Z (陈智),Huang C-M (黄乘明),Zhou Q-H (周歧海),et al.Spatial temporal changes of habitat of Trachypithecus leucocephalus.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2008,28(2):587-594 (in Chinese)
[30] Ran W-Z (冉文忠).The Status of Wild White Headed Macaque:Distribution,Quantity,Habitat Utilization and Population Viability Analysis.PhD Thesis.Beijing:Peking University,2003 (in Chinese)
[31] Yu KJ.Security patterns and surface model in landscape ecological planning.Landscape and Urban Planning,1996,36:1-17
[32] Zhang H-L (张宏亮),Wang R-C (王人潮),Li Z-X (李芝喜).GIS-based ecotope types and their relationship with survival of Bos gaurus readei.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),1999,10(5):619-622 (in Chinese)
[33] Wu M-C (吴名川),Wei Z-Y (韦振逸),He N-L (何农林).The distribution of Trachypithecus francoisi Pousargues in Guangxi.Chinese Journal of Wildlife (野生动物),1987(4):12-13 (in Chinese)
[34] Du Q (杜钦),Zhang C (张超).Application Course of GIS Technology in Landscape Planning.Beijing:China Forestry Press,2014 (in Chinese)
[35] Chen C-D (陈春娣),Wu S-J (吴胜军),Meurk CD,et al.Effects of changing cost values on landscape connectivity simulation.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2015,35(22):7367-7376 (in Chinese)
[36] Harris LD,Atkins K.Faunal movement corridors in Florida// Hudson WE,ed.Landscape Linkages and Biodiversity.Washington,DC:Island Press,1991:162-175
[37] Pascual-Hortal L,Saura S.Comparison and development of new graph-based landscape connectivity indices:Towards the priorization of habitat patches and corridors for conservation.Landscape Ecology,2006,21:959-967
[38] Saura S,Torné J.Conefor Sensinode 2.2:A software package for quantifying the importance of habitat patches for landscape connectivity.Environmental Modelling and Software,2009,24:135-139
[39] Anderson J,Rowcliffe JM,Cowlishaw G.Does the matrix matter?A forest primate in a complex agricultural landscape.Biological Conservation,2007,35:212-222
[40] Glantler KE.Dispersal patterns in Costa Rican Mantled Howling Monkeys.International Journal of Primatology,1992,13:415-436
[41] Qi K (齐珂),Fan Z-Q (樊正球).Evaluation method for landscape connectivity based on graph theory:A case study of natural forests in Minqing County,Fujian Pro-vince.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2016,36(23):7580-7592 (in Chinese)
[42] Neel MC.Patch connectivity and genetic diversity conservation in the federally endangered and narrowly endemic plant species Astragalus albens (Fabaceae).Biological Conservation,2008,141:938-955
[43] Liu Y (刘宇),Lyu Y-H (吕一河),Fu B-J (傅伯杰),et al.Implication and limitation of landscape metrics in delineating relationship between landscape pattern and soil erosion.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2011,31(1):267-275 (in Chinese)
[44] Noss RF.Corridors in real landscapes:A reply to Simberloff and Cox.Conservation Biology,1987,1:159-164
[45] Bueno JA,Tsihrintzis VA,Alvarez L.South Florida greenways:A conceptual framework for the ecological reconnectivity of the region.Landscape and Urban Planning,1995,33:247-266
[46] Xiang WN.GIS-based riparian buffer analysis:Injecting geographic information into landscape planning.Landscape and Urban Planning,1996,34:1-10
[47] Chen J (陈洁),Zhou N-X (周年兴),Tao Z-M (陶卓民),et al.Algorithm improvements and applications for biological conservation security patterns.Biodiversity Science (生物多样性),2018,26(1):36-43 (in Chinese)
[48] Chen X-P (陈小平),Chen W-B (陈文波).Construction and evaluation of ecological network in Poyang Lake Eco-economic Zone,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2016,27(5):1611-1618 (in Chinese)
[49] Gu F (古璠),Huang Y-X (黄义雄),Chen C-M (陈传明).Construction and optimization of ecological network for nature reserves in Fujian Province,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2017,28(3):1013-1020 (in Chinese)
[50] Teixeira FZ,Printes RC,Fagundes JCG,et al.Canopy bridges as road overpasses for wildlife in urban fragmented landscapes.Biota Neotropica,2013,13:117-123
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