基于行业全产业链评估一份外卖订单的环境影响
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摘要
构建"生产—运输—使用—废弃处置"的外卖全产业链,通过大样本企业调研与外卖平台大数据分析,计算8个样本城市不同材质与规格的外卖餐盒、餐具、包装袋的市场使用比例,挖掘骑手配送的海量数据,收集城市垃圾处理处置情况,系统评估外卖全过程的环境影响.结果表明,外卖包装物全产业链中生产环节(45%)与废弃处置环节(50%)为环境影响的主要来源,严重程度依次为固废排放、水污染、资源能源消耗和大气污染.所在城市及选用包装物材质的不同,外卖行业造成的环境影响会有显著区别,全产业链上的各环节需相互配合,多主体共同承担环境责任,采取差别化的减缓应对措施.
The study focuses on the whole takeaway food delivery industry chain contains four phases including manufacturing, delivery, usage and disposal. The basic data of materials in manufacturing phase is from big data and sample analysis of current market. As for the delivery phase, the driving records of more than 1 million delivery people were analyzed. The municipal solid waste management system is considered when calculating environmental impacts during disposal phase. The results show that the manufacturing phase and disposal phase, account for 45% and 50% of total environmental impact respectively, are the major sources of the environmental impact in the whole industry. The most serious environmental impact in this new industry is solid waste pollution, followed by water pollution, recourse consumption and air pollution. There are differences in environmental impact among different areas and packaging materials. Sustainable development of the industry requires multi-stakeholders at all stages share environmental responsibilities and establish effective cooperation.
The study focuses on the whole takeaway food delivery industry chain contains four phases including manufacturing, delivery, usage and disposal. The basic data of materials in manufacturing phase is from big data and sample analysis of current market. As for the delivery phase, the driving records of more than 1 million delivery people were analyzed. The municipal solid waste management system is considered when calculating environmental impacts during disposal phase. The results show that the manufacturing phase and disposal phase, account for 45% and 50% of total environmental impact respectively, are the major sources of the environmental impact in the whole industry. The most serious environmental impact in this new industry is solid waste pollution, followed by water pollution, recourse consumption and air pollution. There are differences in environmental impact among different areas and packaging materials. Sustainable development of the industry requires multi-stakeholders at all stages share environmental responsibilities and establish effective cooperation.
引文
[1]刘佩琦.O2O模式下餐饮外卖顾客满意度研究[D].长沙:中南林业科技大学, 2017.Liu P. Study of customer satisfaction of food takeaway in O2O Mode[D]. Changsha:Central South University of Forestry and Technology,2017.
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[15]魏丽丝.生命周期理论文献综述[J].合作经济与科技, 2014,(24):155-156.Wei L, Literature Review of Life Cycle Theory[J]. Co-Operative Economy&Science 2014,(24):155-156.
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[22]刘长玮.城市生活垃圾收运系统优化模型及其应用研究[D].重庆:重庆大学, 2007.Liu C. Study on optimization model and application of municipal solid waste collection and transportation system[D]. Chongqing:Chongqing University, 2007.
[23]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.中国城市建设统计年鉴[M].北京:中国计划出版社, 2016.Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of the People's Republic of China. Statistical yearbook of urban construction in China[M]. Beijing:China Planning Publishing House, 2016.
[24]刘夏璐,王洪涛,陈建,等.中国生命周期参考数据库的建立方法与基础模型[J].环境科学学报, 2010,30(10):2136-2144.Liu X, Wang H, Chen J, et al. Method and basic model for development of Chinese reference life cycle database[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2010,30(10):2136-2144.
[25]王琢璞,温宗国.废铅酸电池回收制取再生铅合金技术的生命周期评价[J].环境科学学报, 2018,38(3):1245-1255.Wang Z, Wen Z. Life cycle assessment of regeneration of lead alloy from waste lead-acid batteries[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2018,38(3):1245-1255.
[26]王洪涛,侯萍,翁端.生命周期节能减排评价方法与指标[C]//2013中国环境科学学会学术年会, 2013.Wang H, Hou P, Weng D. Life cycle energy saving and emission reduction assessment method and indicators[C]//2013 Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Environmental Sciences, 2013.
[2]卢益清,李忱. O2O商业模式及发展前景研究[J].企业经济,2013,(11):98-101.Lu Y, Lu C. A study on analysis and development prospect of O2O business model[J]. Enterprise Economy, 2013,(11):98-101.
[3]李专,江厚平.O2O外卖餐饮平台在线评论影响研究[J].电子商务, 2017,(12):9-10+21.Li Z, Jiang H, Research on the impact of online comments on the O2O food takeaway platform[J]. E-Business Journal, 2017,(12):9-10+21.
[4]谢斌,宋伟.在线餐饮外卖发展、城市环境负外部性与垃圾监管[J].陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2018,47(6):79-88.Xie B, Song W, Online catering takeout development, urban environmental negative externalities and waste regulation[J]. Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 2018,47(6):79-88.
[5] Van Eygen E, Laner D, Fellner J. Circular economy of plastic packaging:Current practice and perspectives in Austria[J]. Waste Manag, 2018,72:55-64.
[6] Dahlbo H, Poliakova V, Myllari V, et al. Recycling potential of post-consumer plastic packaging waste in Finland[J]. Waste Manag,2018,71:52-61.
[7] Hahladakis J N, Purnell P, Iacovidou E, et al. Post-consumer plastic packaging waste in England:Assessing the yield of multiple collection-recycling schemes[J]. Waste Manag, 2018,75:149-159.
[8] Chilton T, Burnley S, Nesaratnam S. A life cycle assessment of the closed-loop recycling and thermal recovery of post-consumer PET[J].Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2010,54(12):1241-1249.
[9] Chen L, Pelton R E O, Smith T M. Comparative life cycle assessment of fossil and bio-based polyethylene terephthalate(PET)bottles[J].Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016,137:667-676.
[10] Geueke B, Groh K, Muncke J. Food packaging in the circular economy:Overview of chemical safety aspects for commonly used materials[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018,193:491-505.
[11]谢明辉,李丽,乔琦,等.塑料牛奶包装及处置方式生命周期环境影响研究[J].中国环境科学, 2011,31(11):1924-1930.Xie M, Li L,Qiao Q, et al. Environmental impacts from milk plastic package and waste treatments of entire life cycle[J]. China Environmental Science, 2011,31(11):1924-1930.
[12] Madival S, Auras R, Singh S P, et al. Assessment of the environmental profile of PLA, PET and PS clamshell containers using LCA methodology[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2009,17(13):1183-1194.
[13] Dilkes-Hoffman L S, Lane J L, Grant T, et al. Environmental impact of biodegradable food packaging when considering food waste[J].Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018,180:325-334.
[14] Song G, Zhang H, Duan H, et al. Packaging waste from food delivery in China’s mega cities[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling,2018,130:226-227.
[15]魏丽丝.生命周期理论文献综述[J].合作经济与科技, 2014,(24):155-156.Wei L, Literature Review of Life Cycle Theory[J]. Co-Operative Economy&Science 2014,(24):155-156.
[16] Rebitzer G, Ekvall T, Frischknecht R, et al. Life cycle assessment:Part1:Framework, goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, and applications[J]. Environment International, 2004,30(5):701-720.
[17] ISO14040-2006 Environmental management–life cycle assessment–principals and framework[S].
[18] ISO14044-2006 Environmental management–life cycle assessment–requirements and guidelines[S].
[19] ISO14049-2004 Environmental management–life cycle assessment–examples of application of ISO 14041 to goal and scope definition and inventory analysis[S].
[20]项阳.成都市城市生活垃圾收运路线优化研究[D].成都:西南交通大学, 2012.Xiang Y. Research on the optimization of municipal solid waste collection and transportation routing in Chengdu City[D]. Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University, 2012.
[21]刘洁.城市生活垃圾收运系统优化模型研究[D].成都:西南交通大学, 2011.Liu J. Study on Optimization models for municipal solid waste collection and transportation system[D]. Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University, 2011.
[22]刘长玮.城市生活垃圾收运系统优化模型及其应用研究[D].重庆:重庆大学, 2007.Liu C. Study on optimization model and application of municipal solid waste collection and transportation system[D]. Chongqing:Chongqing University, 2007.
[23]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.中国城市建设统计年鉴[M].北京:中国计划出版社, 2016.Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of the People's Republic of China. Statistical yearbook of urban construction in China[M]. Beijing:China Planning Publishing House, 2016.
[24]刘夏璐,王洪涛,陈建,等.中国生命周期参考数据库的建立方法与基础模型[J].环境科学学报, 2010,30(10):2136-2144.Liu X, Wang H, Chen J, et al. Method and basic model for development of Chinese reference life cycle database[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2010,30(10):2136-2144.
[25]王琢璞,温宗国.废铅酸电池回收制取再生铅合金技术的生命周期评价[J].环境科学学报, 2018,38(3):1245-1255.Wang Z, Wen Z. Life cycle assessment of regeneration of lead alloy from waste lead-acid batteries[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2018,38(3):1245-1255.
[26]王洪涛,侯萍,翁端.生命周期节能减排评价方法与指标[C]//2013中国环境科学学会学术年会, 2013.Wang H, Hou P, Weng D. Life cycle energy saving and emission reduction assessment method and indicators[C]//2013 Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Environmental Sciences, 2013.