五种生物质炭的特性分析
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摘要
以南北方5种农林废弃物水稻壳、果壳、花生壳、玉米秸秆和竹子为原料,采用限氧控温法制备生物质炭,分析生物质炭的基本性质及结构特征。结果表明:5种生物质炭呈碱性,炭化结构清晰良好,呈疏松多孔结构;竹炭的pH值、灰分含量、电导率和阳离子交换量显著高于秸秆类炭和壳渣类炭,500℃热裂解条件下竹炭适合作为土壤改良剂;花生壳炭平均孔径最大且为多孔隙结构,表明有最佳的组成与结构用于重金属的吸附固定。
In this paper, five kinds of agricultural and forestry wastes in south and north China, including rice husk, nut shell, peanut hull, corn stalk and bamboo, were used as raw materials to prepare biomass carbon by oxygen-limited temperature control method. The basic properties and structural characteristics of biochar were analyzed. The results showed that the five kinds of biochar were alkaline, the carbonized structure was clear and good and showed porous structure. The pH, conductivity, CEC and ash content of bamboo charcoal were significantly higher than that of straw carbon and shell slag. It is considered that bamboo charcoal is suitable as a soil improve under the thermal cracking condition at 500°C. Peanut shell charcoal has the largest average pore size and a porous structure, indicating they have the best composition and structure that could be used for adsorption and fixation of heavy metals.
In this paper, five kinds of agricultural and forestry wastes in south and north China, including rice husk, nut shell, peanut hull, corn stalk and bamboo, were used as raw materials to prepare biomass carbon by oxygen-limited temperature control method. The basic properties and structural characteristics of biochar were analyzed. The results showed that the five kinds of biochar were alkaline, the carbonized structure was clear and good and showed porous structure. The pH, conductivity, CEC and ash content of bamboo charcoal were significantly higher than that of straw carbon and shell slag. It is considered that bamboo charcoal is suitable as a soil improve under the thermal cracking condition at 500°C. Peanut shell charcoal has the largest average pore size and a porous structure, indicating they have the best composition and structure that could be used for adsorption and fixation of heavy metals.
引文
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[2] Lehmann J,Gaunt J,Rondon M.Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems - A review[J].Mitigation & Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,2006,11(2):403-427.
[3] 黄玉威.生物炭微观解剖结构表征及理化性质研究[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2018.
[4] Zhao J,Li X,Qu Y.Application of enzymes in producing bleached pulp from wheat straw[J].Bioresource Technology,2006,97(13):1470-1476.
[5] 周建斌.玉米秸秆炭化产物的性能及应用[J].东北林业大学学报,2008,36(12):59-61.
[6] Wilson K,Yang H,Seo C W,et al.Select metal adsorption by activated carbon made from peanut shells[J].Bioresour Technol,2006,97(18):2266-2270.
[7] Sreejalekshmi K G,Krishnan K A,Anirudhan T S.Adsorption of Pb(II) and Pb(II)-citric acid on sawdust activated carbon:Kinetic and equilibrium isotherm studies[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,161(2-3):1506-1513.
[8] 张志柏,朱义年,刘辉利,等.氯化锌活化法制备甘蔗渣活性炭吸附剂[J].化工环保,2009,29(1):62-66.
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[10] Yu X Y,Ying G G,Kookana R S.Sorption and desorption behaviors of diuron in soils amended with charcoal[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2006,54(22):8545-8550.
[11] 王立华.畜禽固废生物质炭中的铜锌形态以及活性研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2013.
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[13] Sevilla M,Fuertes A B.Chemical and structural properties of carbonaceous products obtained by hydrothermal carbonization of saccharides[J].Chemistry - A European Journal,2009,15(16):4195-4203.
[14] 陈学榕,黄彪,江茂生.杉木间伐材炭化过程的FTIR光谱比较分析[J].化工进展,2008,27(3):429-439.
[15] 章明奎,Bayou W D,唐红娟.生物质炭对土壤有机质活性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(2):127-132.
[16] Balwant S,Bhupinderpal S,Annettel C.Characterisation and evaluation of biochars for their application as a soil amendment[J].Soil Research,2010,48(7):516-525.
[17] Hartley W,Dickinson N M,Riby P,et al.Arsenic mobility in brownfield soils amended with green waste compost or biochar and planted with Miscanthus[J].Environmental Pollution,2009,157(10):2654-2662.
[18] 郭文娟,梁学峰,林大松,等.土壤重金属钝化修复剂生物炭对镉的吸附特性研究[J].环境科学,2013,34(9):3716-3721.
[19] Park J H,Choppala G K,Bolan N S,et al.Biochar reduces the bioavailability and phytotoxicity of heavy metals[J].Plant and Soil,2011,348(1-2):439-451.
[20] Chemical characterization of rice straw-derived biochar for soil amendment[J].Biomass & Bioenergy,2012,47(4):268-276.
[21] 罗煜,赵立欣,孟海波,等.不同温度下热裂解芒草生物质炭的理化特征分析[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(13):208-216.
[22] 王立华,林琦.热解温度对畜禽粪便制备的生物质炭性质的影响[J].浙江大学学报:理学版,2014,41(2):185-190.
[23] 许燕萍,谢祖彬,朱建国,等.制炭温度对玉米和小麦生物质炭理化性质的影响[J].土壤,2013,45(1):73-78.
[24] 姚红宇,唐光木,葛春辉,等.炭化温度和时间与棉杆炭特性及元素组成的相关关系[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(7):199-206.
[25] 高凯芳.原材料和温度对生物炭的理化特性及镉吸附能力的影响研究[D].南昌:江西师范大学,2016.
[26] Cheng C H,Lehmann J,Engelhard M H.Naturaloxidation of black carbon in soils:Changes inmolecular form and surface charge along a climosequence[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2008,72(6):1598-1610.
[27] Chen Xincai,Chen Guangcun,Chen Linggui,et al.Adsorption of copper and zinc by biochars produced from pyrolysis of hardwood and corn straw in aqueous solution[J].Bioresource Technology,2011,102(19):8877-8884.
[28] Boehm H P.Some aspects of the surface chemistry of carbon blacks and other carbons[J].Carbon,1994,32(5):759-769.
[29] Chen B,Zhou D,Zhu L.Transitional adsorption and partition of nonpolar and polar aromatic contaminants by biochars of pine needles with different pyrolytic temperatures[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2008,42(14):5137-5143.
[30] Tong X J,Li J Y,Yuan J H,et al.Adsorption of Cu(II) by biochars generated from three crop straws[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2011,172(2-3):828-834.
[31] Demirbas A.Effects of temperature and particle size on bio-char yield from pyrolysis of agricultural residues[J].Journal of Analytical & Applied Pyrolysis,2004,72(2):243-248.
[32] 袁金华,徐仁扣.生物质炭的性质及其对土壤环境功能影响的研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2011,20(4):779-785.
[33] 杨兴,黄化刚,王玲,等.烟秆生物质炭热解温度优化及理化性质分析[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2016,42(2):245-255.
[34] 王宏燕,王晓晨,张瑜洁,等.几种生物质热解炭基本理化性质比较[J].东北农业大学学报,2016,47(5):83-90.
[35] Yuan J H,Xu R K,Zhang H.The forms of alkalis in the biochar produced from crop residues at different temperatures[J].Bioresour Technol,2011,102(3):3488-3497.
[36] 刘玉学.生物质炭输入对土壤氮素流失及温室气体排放特性的影响[D].杭州:浙江大学,2011.
[37] Liu X,Zhang Y,Li Z,et al.Characterization of corncob-derived biochar and pyrolysis kinetics in comparison with corn stalk and sawdust[J].Bioresource Technology,2014,170:76-82.
[38] 刘志华,李晓梅,姜振峰,等.生物黑炭与化肥配施对大豆根际氮素转化相关功能菌的影响[J].东北农业大学学报,2014,54(8):11-19,26.
[39] 蒋恩臣,张伟,秦丽元,等.粒状生物质炭基尿素肥料制备及其性能研究[J].东北农业大学学报,2014,45(11):89-94.
[40] 李瑞月,陈德,李恋卿,等.不同作物秸秆生物炭对溶液中Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(5):1001-1008.
[41] Keiluweit M,Nico P S,Johnson M G,et al.Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon (biochar)[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2010,44(4):1247-1253.
[2] Lehmann J,Gaunt J,Rondon M.Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems - A review[J].Mitigation & Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,2006,11(2):403-427.
[3] 黄玉威.生物炭微观解剖结构表征及理化性质研究[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2018.
[4] Zhao J,Li X,Qu Y.Application of enzymes in producing bleached pulp from wheat straw[J].Bioresource Technology,2006,97(13):1470-1476.
[5] 周建斌.玉米秸秆炭化产物的性能及应用[J].东北林业大学学报,2008,36(12):59-61.
[6] Wilson K,Yang H,Seo C W,et al.Select metal adsorption by activated carbon made from peanut shells[J].Bioresour Technol,2006,97(18):2266-2270.
[7] Sreejalekshmi K G,Krishnan K A,Anirudhan T S.Adsorption of Pb(II) and Pb(II)-citric acid on sawdust activated carbon:Kinetic and equilibrium isotherm studies[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,161(2-3):1506-1513.
[8] 张志柏,朱义年,刘辉利,等.氯化锌活化法制备甘蔗渣活性炭吸附剂[J].化工环保,2009,29(1):62-66.
[9] Mohanty K,Naidu J T,Meikap B C,et al.Removal of crystal violet from wastewater by activated carbons prepared from rice husk[J].Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research,2006,45(14):5165-5171.
[10] Yu X Y,Ying G G,Kookana R S.Sorption and desorption behaviors of diuron in soils amended with charcoal[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2006,54(22):8545-8550.
[11] 王立华.畜禽固废生物质炭中的铜锌形态以及活性研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2013.
[12] Jeffery S,Verheijen F G A,Velde M V D,et al.A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis[J].Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,2011,144(1):175-187.
[13] Sevilla M,Fuertes A B.Chemical and structural properties of carbonaceous products obtained by hydrothermal carbonization of saccharides[J].Chemistry - A European Journal,2009,15(16):4195-4203.
[14] 陈学榕,黄彪,江茂生.杉木间伐材炭化过程的FTIR光谱比较分析[J].化工进展,2008,27(3):429-439.
[15] 章明奎,Bayou W D,唐红娟.生物质炭对土壤有机质活性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(2):127-132.
[16] Balwant S,Bhupinderpal S,Annettel C.Characterisation and evaluation of biochars for their application as a soil amendment[J].Soil Research,2010,48(7):516-525.
[17] Hartley W,Dickinson N M,Riby P,et al.Arsenic mobility in brownfield soils amended with green waste compost or biochar and planted with Miscanthus[J].Environmental Pollution,2009,157(10):2654-2662.
[18] 郭文娟,梁学峰,林大松,等.土壤重金属钝化修复剂生物炭对镉的吸附特性研究[J].环境科学,2013,34(9):3716-3721.
[19] Park J H,Choppala G K,Bolan N S,et al.Biochar reduces the bioavailability and phytotoxicity of heavy metals[J].Plant and Soil,2011,348(1-2):439-451.
[20] Chemical characterization of rice straw-derived biochar for soil amendment[J].Biomass & Bioenergy,2012,47(4):268-276.
[21] 罗煜,赵立欣,孟海波,等.不同温度下热裂解芒草生物质炭的理化特征分析[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(13):208-216.
[22] 王立华,林琦.热解温度对畜禽粪便制备的生物质炭性质的影响[J].浙江大学学报:理学版,2014,41(2):185-190.
[23] 许燕萍,谢祖彬,朱建国,等.制炭温度对玉米和小麦生物质炭理化性质的影响[J].土壤,2013,45(1):73-78.
[24] 姚红宇,唐光木,葛春辉,等.炭化温度和时间与棉杆炭特性及元素组成的相关关系[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(7):199-206.
[25] 高凯芳.原材料和温度对生物炭的理化特性及镉吸附能力的影响研究[D].南昌:江西师范大学,2016.
[26] Cheng C H,Lehmann J,Engelhard M H.Naturaloxidation of black carbon in soils:Changes inmolecular form and surface charge along a climosequence[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2008,72(6):1598-1610.
[27] Chen Xincai,Chen Guangcun,Chen Linggui,et al.Adsorption of copper and zinc by biochars produced from pyrolysis of hardwood and corn straw in aqueous solution[J].Bioresource Technology,2011,102(19):8877-8884.
[28] Boehm H P.Some aspects of the surface chemistry of carbon blacks and other carbons[J].Carbon,1994,32(5):759-769.
[29] Chen B,Zhou D,Zhu L.Transitional adsorption and partition of nonpolar and polar aromatic contaminants by biochars of pine needles with different pyrolytic temperatures[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2008,42(14):5137-5143.
[30] Tong X J,Li J Y,Yuan J H,et al.Adsorption of Cu(II) by biochars generated from three crop straws[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2011,172(2-3):828-834.
[31] Demirbas A.Effects of temperature and particle size on bio-char yield from pyrolysis of agricultural residues[J].Journal of Analytical & Applied Pyrolysis,2004,72(2):243-248.
[32] 袁金华,徐仁扣.生物质炭的性质及其对土壤环境功能影响的研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2011,20(4):779-785.
[33] 杨兴,黄化刚,王玲,等.烟秆生物质炭热解温度优化及理化性质分析[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2016,42(2):245-255.
[34] 王宏燕,王晓晨,张瑜洁,等.几种生物质热解炭基本理化性质比较[J].东北农业大学学报,2016,47(5):83-90.
[35] Yuan J H,Xu R K,Zhang H.The forms of alkalis in the biochar produced from crop residues at different temperatures[J].Bioresour Technol,2011,102(3):3488-3497.
[36] 刘玉学.生物质炭输入对土壤氮素流失及温室气体排放特性的影响[D].杭州:浙江大学,2011.
[37] Liu X,Zhang Y,Li Z,et al.Characterization of corncob-derived biochar and pyrolysis kinetics in comparison with corn stalk and sawdust[J].Bioresource Technology,2014,170:76-82.
[38] 刘志华,李晓梅,姜振峰,等.生物黑炭与化肥配施对大豆根际氮素转化相关功能菌的影响[J].东北农业大学学报,2014,54(8):11-19,26.
[39] 蒋恩臣,张伟,秦丽元,等.粒状生物质炭基尿素肥料制备及其性能研究[J].东北农业大学学报,2014,45(11):89-94.
[40] 李瑞月,陈德,李恋卿,等.不同作物秸秆生物炭对溶液中Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(5):1001-1008.
[41] Keiluweit M,Nico P S,Johnson M G,et al.Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon (biochar)[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2010,44(4):1247-1253.