夏季赤道西印度洋对大气的强迫作用及其机制研究
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摘要
基于1982—2015年高分辨率海气资料,从海表面温度(Sea Surface Temperature, SST)和海表面风速相关关系的角度研究了年际尺度上赤道印度洋的海气关系。结果表明,印度洋的海气关系具有明显区域性和季节性特征,即整个印度洋除赤道东南印度洋和赤道西印度洋SST与海表风速在夏季(7—9月)为显著正相关关系,主要表现为海洋影响大气;其他地区和月份均为负相关关系,主要表现为大气对海洋的强迫作用。回归分析发现,夏季赤道西印度洋SST异常可能通过海平面气压调整机制影响海表面风场,即海温增温使边界层空气增暖,海表面风场辐合增强;反之则相反。此外,还利用AM2.1模式进行模拟试验,试验结果成功地再现了夏季赤道西印度洋海表面温度与海表风速之间的正相关关系。
Based on the high resolution ocean-atmosphere data from 1982 to 2015, this study reveals the ocean-atmosphere relationship in the equatorial Indian Ocean on the inter-annual timescale in terms of the correlation between the Sea Surface Temperature(SST) and sea surface wind speed. The results show that the ocean-atmosphere relationship in Indian Ocean manifests significant regional and seasonal characteristics. The correlation between the SST and surface wind speed anomalies appearred positive only in the western equatorial Indian Ocean and southeast equatorial Indian Ocean during summer(July-September), which was manifested as ocean-to-atmosphere forcing, while the correlations in other regions and months were all negative, which was manifested as atmosphere-to-ocean forcing. The regression analysis shows that the SST anomalies in the western equatorial Indian Ocean during the summer might influence the sea surface wind field via the sea level pressure adjustment mechanism, that is, the sea temperature increase made the boundary layer air warmer, leading to the increase of convergence of sea surface wind field, and vice versa. In addition, the AM2.1 model was used for the simulation test. The test results successfully reproduced the positive correlation between the surface temperature of the western equatorial Indian Ocean and the sea surface wind speed in summer.
Based on the high resolution ocean-atmosphere data from 1982 to 2015, this study reveals the ocean-atmosphere relationship in the equatorial Indian Ocean on the inter-annual timescale in terms of the correlation between the Sea Surface Temperature(SST) and sea surface wind speed. The results show that the ocean-atmosphere relationship in Indian Ocean manifests significant regional and seasonal characteristics. The correlation between the SST and surface wind speed anomalies appearred positive only in the western equatorial Indian Ocean and southeast equatorial Indian Ocean during summer(July-September), which was manifested as ocean-to-atmosphere forcing, while the correlations in other regions and months were all negative, which was manifested as atmosphere-to-ocean forcing. The regression analysis shows that the SST anomalies in the western equatorial Indian Ocean during the summer might influence the sea surface wind field via the sea level pressure adjustment mechanism, that is, the sea temperature increase made the boundary layer air warmer, leading to the increase of convergence of sea surface wind field, and vice versa. In addition, the AM2.1 model was used for the simulation test. The test results successfully reproduced the positive correlation between the surface temperature of the western equatorial Indian Ocean and the sea surface wind speed in summer.
引文
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[3] Wallace J M, Smith C,JIANG Quanrong. Spatial patterns of atmosphere-ocean interaction in the northern winter. J. Climate, 1905, 3(9): 990-998.
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[11] Chelton D B, Esbensen S K, Schlax M G, et al. Observations of coupling between surface wind stress and sea surface temperature in the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 2001, 14(7): 1479-1498.
[12] Hashizume H,XIE Shangping, LIU W T, et al. Local and remote atmospheric response to tropical instability waves: a global view from space. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 2001, 106(D10): 10173-10185.
[13] Vecchi G A, XIE Shangping, Fischer A S. Ocean-atmosphere covariability in the western Arabian Sea. J. Climate, 2004, 17(6): 1213-1224.
[14] Webster P J, Magaňa V O, Palmer T N, et al. Monsoons: processes, predictability, and the prospects for prediction. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 1998, 103(C7): 14451-14510.
[15] Shukla J, Misra B M. Relationships between sea surface temperature and wind speed over the central Arabian sea, and monsoon rainfall over India. Mon. Wea. Rev., 2009, 105(8): 988-1002.
[16] Cadet D L, Diehl B C. Interannual variability of surface fields over the Indian Ocean during recent decades. Mon. Wea. Rev., 1984, 112(10): 1921-1935.
[17] Rao K G, Goswami B N. Interannual variations of sea surface temperature over the Arabian Sea and the Indian monsoon: a new perspective. Mon. Wea. Rev., 1988, 116(3): 558-568.
[18] Cadet D L. The southern oscillation over theIndian Ocean. J. Climatol., 1985, 5(2): 189-212.
[19] Nicholson S E. Correction: an analysis of the ENSO signal in the tropical Atlantic and western Indian oceans. Int. J. Climatol., 2015, 17(9): 1008.
[20] Klein S A, Soden B J, Lau N C. Remote sea surface temperature variations during ENSO: evidence for a tropical atmospheric bridge. J. Climate, 1997, 12(4): 917-932.
[21] 张岚, 杜岩, 张玉红, 等. 南印度洋偶极子的特征及其与ENSO的关系. 大气科学学报, 2014, 37(6): 695-704.ZHANG Lan, DU Yan, ZHANG Yuhong, et al. Characteristics ofSouthern Indian Ocean Dipole and its relationships with ENSO. Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 2014, 37(6): 695-704.
[22] Saji N H, Goswami B N, Vinayachandran P N, et al. A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean. Nature, 1999, 401(6751): 360-363.
[23] Webster P J, Moore A M, Loschnigg J P, et al. Coupled ocean-atmosphere dynamics in the Indian Ocean during 1997—1998. Nature, 1999, 401(6751): 356-360.
[24] Tourre Y M, White W B. ENSO signals in global upper-ocean temperature. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 1995, 25(6): 1317-1332.
[25] Allan R J, Chambers D, Drosdowsky W, et al. Is there an Indian Ocean Dipole and is it independent of the El Niňo-Southern Oscillation?. CLIVAR Exchanges, 2001, 6(3): 18-22.
[26] Hastenrath S. Dipoles,temperature gradients, and tropical climate anomalies. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 2002, 83(5): 735-738.
[27] WANG Bin, WU Renguang, LI T. Atmosphere-warm ocean interaction and its impacts on Asian-Australian monsoon variation. J. Climate, 2003, 16(8): 1195-1211.
[28] 高艺, 郑益群, 邓飞, 等. 东南印度洋海温变化对我国东部夏季降水的影响. 海洋预报, 2010, 27(1): 15-20.GAO Yi, ZHENG Yiqun, DENG Fei, et al.Effect of SST of Southeast Indian Ocean on summer precipitation over eastem China. Marine Forecasts (in Chinese), 2010, 27(1): 15-20.
[29] Weare B C. Interannual moisture variations near the surface of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 1984, 110(464): 489-504.
[30] WU Renguang, Kirtman B P, Pegion K. Surface latent heat flux and its relationship with sea surface temperature in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System simulations and retrospective forecasts. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2007, 34(17): L17712. doi: 10.1029/2007GL030751.
[31] North G R, Bell T L, Cahalan R F, et al. Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical orthogonal functions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 1982, 110(7): 699-706.
[32] Hsiung J. Mean surface energy fluxes over the global ocean. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 1986, 91(C9): 10585-10606.
[33] Kiehl J T,Trenberth K E. Earth’s annual global mean energy budget. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 1997, 78(2): 197-208.
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