桂西北喀斯特地区不同退化程度植被群落物种组成及多样性特征
|
摘要
世界范围内,很多自然生态系统均在不同程度上受到了损害,喀斯特脆弱生态系统的退化是一个复合过程,喀斯特地区不同退化程度植被群落特征有何差异有待研究。该文采用样方法进行全面的调查,研究了桂西北喀斯特地区5个退化程度植被群落的物种组成、群落结构特征和物种多样性。结果表明:(1)不同退化程度群落物种组成和生活型组成有较大差异,潜在退化群落科属种丰富度最高,沿着退化程度递增的梯度,群落乔木树种逐渐减少至消失,灌木比例呈先增后减的趋势,草本比例逐渐增加。(2)调查到维管束植物218种,隶属于86科168属;以大戟科、楝科、蔷薇科、马鞭草科、禾本科和肾蕨科植物为主;退化过程中,优势种的重要值逐渐降低,其在群落内的支配地位逐渐减弱,伴生种重要值逐渐升高。(3)退化过程中,群落结构趋于简单化,群落木本植物密度、高度和盖度逐渐减少。(4)不同退化程度植被群落乔灌草层物种多样性存在显著性差异,随着退化程度的增加,群落总植被物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数整体呈下降趋势。
Many natural ecosystems have been suffering from degradation across the world. Karst ecosystems are known for susceptibility and sensitivity to disturbance. So far,little information is available on the characteristics of vegetation communities suffering from different levels of degradation in karst areas. Therefore,we investigated species composition,community structure and species diversity of vegetation communities suffering from different levels of degradation in karst areas. The results were as follows:( 1) There were significant differences in species composition and life form composition of communities suffering from different levels of degradation. Numbers of plant families and species were the highest in potential degraded communities. Along degradation,tree species gradually reduced and ultimately disappeared. The proportion of shrubs increased first and then decreased. The proportion of herbal increased gradually along degradation.( 2) There was a total of 218 vascular plant species belonging to 86 families and 168 genera,and Euphorbiaceae,Meliaceae,Rosaceae,Verbenaceae,Gramineae,Nephrolepidaceae were the dominant species. Along degradation,the important values of dominant species gradually decreased,and the dominance in the community gradually weakened while the important values of the companion species gradually increased.( 3) Community structure tended to simplify along degradation,as density,height and coverage of community decreased.( 4) There were significant differences in species diversity indexs of arbor,shrub and herb layers of communities suffering from different levels of degradation. The species richness index,Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson index decreased along degradation.
Many natural ecosystems have been suffering from degradation across the world. Karst ecosystems are known for susceptibility and sensitivity to disturbance. So far,little information is available on the characteristics of vegetation communities suffering from different levels of degradation in karst areas. Therefore,we investigated species composition,community structure and species diversity of vegetation communities suffering from different levels of degradation in karst areas. The results were as follows:( 1) There were significant differences in species composition and life form composition of communities suffering from different levels of degradation. Numbers of plant families and species were the highest in potential degraded communities. Along degradation,tree species gradually reduced and ultimately disappeared. The proportion of shrubs increased first and then decreased. The proportion of herbal increased gradually along degradation.( 2) There was a total of 218 vascular plant species belonging to 86 families and 168 genera,and Euphorbiaceae,Meliaceae,Rosaceae,Verbenaceae,Gramineae,Nephrolepidaceae were the dominant species. Along degradation,the important values of dominant species gradually decreased,and the dominance in the community gradually weakened while the important values of the companion species gradually increased.( 3) Community structure tended to simplify along degradation,as density,height and coverage of community decreased.( 4) There were significant differences in species diversity indexs of arbor,shrub and herb layers of communities suffering from different levels of degradation. The species richness index,Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson index decreased along degradation.
引文
BARBOUR M,BURK G,PITTS JH,1980.Terrestrial plant ecology[M].London:The Benjamin Publishing Company:222-223.
BHIM BG,JOHN RP,2014.Ecosysten function and service quantification and valuation in a conventional winter wheat production system with DAISY model in Denmark[J].Ecosyst Serv,10:91-97.
DONG M,WANG YF,KONG FZ,et al.,1996.Survey,observation and analysis of terrestrial biocommunites[M].Beijing:China Standard Press.[董鸣,王义凤,孔繁志,等,1996.陆地生物群落调查观测与分析[M].北京:中国标准出版社.]
DU H,PENG WX,SONG TQ,et al.,2013.Plant community characteristics and its coupling relationships with soil in depressions between karst hills,North Guangxi,China[J].Chin J Plant Ecol,37(3):197-208.[杜虎,彭晚霞,宋同清,等,2013.桂北喀斯特峰丛洼地植物群落特征及其与土壤的耦合关系[J].植物生态学报,37(3):197-208.]
HOU Y,GUO ZG,LONG RH,2009.Changes of plant community structure and species diversity in degradation process of Shouqu wetland of Yellow River[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,20(1):27-32.[后源,郭正刚,龙瑞军,2009.黄河首曲湿地退化过程中植物群落组分及物种多样性的变化[J].应用生态学报,20(1):27-32.]
JIANG ZC,LI XK,HU BQ,et al.,2011.Study on rocky desertification and its comprehensive treatment in karst mountainous area of Guangxi[M].Beijing:Science Press.[蒋忠诚,李先坤,胡宝清,等,2011.广西岩溶山区石漠化及其综合治理研究[M].北京:科学出版社.]
JIANG ZG,MA KP,HAN XG,1997.Conservation biology[M].Hangzhou:Zhejiang Science and Technology Press.[蒋志刚,马克平,韩兴国,1997.保护生物学[M].杭州:浙江科学技术出版社.]
LEVINE JM,2000.Complexinteractions in a streamside plant community[J].Ecology,81(12):3431-3444.
LIU XN,SUN JL,ZHANG DG,et al.,2008.A study on community structure and plant diversity of alpine meadow under different degrees of degredation in the Eastern Qilian Mountains[J].Acta Pratac Sin,17(4):1-11.[柳小妮,孙九林,张德罡,等,2008.东祁连山不同退化阶段高寒草甸群落结构与植物多样性特征研究[J].草业学报,17(4):1-11.]
LOMOLION MV,2001.Elevation gradients of species-density:historical and prospective views[J].Glob Ecol Biog,10(1):3-13.
LORTIE CJ,BROOKER RW,CHOLE P,et al.,2004.Rethinking plant community theory[J].Oikos,107(2):433-438.
MA KP,HUANG JH,YU SL,et al.,1995.Plant community diversity in Dongling Mountain,Beijing,China:Ⅱ.Species richness,evenness and species diversites[J].Acta Ecol Sin,15:268-277.[马克平,黄建辉,于顺利,等,1995.北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性的研究Ⅱ:丰富度、均匀度和物种多样性指数[J].生态学报,15:268-277.]
MA WW,LI G,SHI WL,et al.,2016.Changes of plant biomass and species diversity in degradation process of Gahai Wetland in Gansu Province[J].Acta Agr Sin,24(5):960-966.[马维伟,李广,石万里,等,2016.甘肃尕海湿地退化过程中植物生物量及物种多样性变化动态[J].草地学报,24(5):960-966.]
MENG YY,ZHOU L,ZHOU WM,et al.,2015.Characteristics of plant species diversity in a windthrow area on Changbai Mountain after 26 years of natural recovery[J].Acta Ecol Sin,35(1):142-149.[孟莹莹,周莉,周旺明,等,2015.长白山风倒区植被恢复26年后物种多样性变化特征[J].生态学报,35(1):142-149.]
PENG WX,SONG TQ,ZENG FP,et al.,2010.The coupling relationships between vegetation,soil,and topography factors in karst mixed evergreen and deciduous broadleaf forest[J].Acta Ecol Sin,30(13):3472-3481.[彭晚霞,宋同清,曾馥平,等,2010.喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林植物与土壤地形因子的耦合关系[J].生态学报,30(13):3472-3481.]
SONG TQ,PENG WX,DU H,et al.,2014.Occurrence,spatial-temporal dynamics and regulation strategies of karst rocky desertification insouthwest China[J].Acta Ecol Sin,34(18):5328-5341.[宋同清,彭晚霞,杜虎,等,2014.中国西南喀斯特石漠化时空演变特征、发生机制与调控对策[J].生态学报,34(18):5328-5341]
SONG TQ,PENG WX,ZENG FP,et al.,2010.Community composition and biodiversity characteristics of forests in karst cluster-peak-depression region[J].Biodivers Sci,18(4):355-364.[宋同清,彭晚霞,曾馥平,等,2010.喀斯特峰丛洼地不同类型森林群落的组成与生物多样性特征[J].生物多样性,18(4):355-364.]
SONG TQ,PENG WX,ZENG FP,et al.,2008.Vegetation succession rule andregeneration stratigies in disturbed karst area,Northwest Guangxi[J].J Mount Sci,26(5):597-604.[宋同清,彭晚霞,曾馥平,等,2008.桂西北喀斯特人为干扰区植被的演替规律与更新策略[J].山地学报,26(5):597-604.]
TUYET D,2001.Characteristics of karst ecosystems of Vietnam and their vulnerability to human impact[J].Acta Geol,75:325-329.
WANG KL,SU YR,ZENG FP,et al.,2008.Ecological process and vegetation restoration in karst region of Southwest China[J].Reas Agric Modern,29(6):641-645.[王克林,苏以荣,曾馥平,等,2008.西南喀斯特典型生态系统土壤特征与植被适应性恢复研究[J].农业现代化研究,29(6):641-645.]
WANG SJ,LI YB,2007.Problems and development trends about researches on karst rocky desertification[J].Adv Earth Sci,22(6):573-582.[王世杰,李阳兵,2007.喀斯特石漠化研究存在的问题与发展趋势[J].地球科学进展,22(6):573-582.]
WANG Y,OUYANG ZY,ZHENG H,et al.,2013.Effects of three forest restoration approaches on plant diversity in red soil region,southern China[J].Acta Ecol Sin,33(4):1205-1211.[王芸,欧阳志云,郑华,等,2013.南方红壤区3种典型森林恢复方式对植物群落多样性的影响[J].生态学报,33(4):1205-1211.]
XIONG KN,LI P,ZHOU ZF,et al.,2002.A study of karst rocky desertification by remote sensing and GIS:A case study of Guizhou[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing Press.[熊康宁,黎平,周忠发,等,2002.喀斯特石漠化的遥感-GIS典型研究-以贵州省为例[M].北京:地质出版社.]
ZENG FP,PENG WX,SONG TQ,et al.,2007.Changes in vegetation after 22 years natural restoration in the karst disturbed area in Northwest Guangxi[J].Acta Ecol Sin,27(12):5110-5119.[曾馥平,彭晚霞,宋同清,等,2007.桂西北喀斯特人为干扰区植被自然恢复22年后群落特征[J].生态学报,27(12):5110-5119.
ZHANG JT,1995.Methods of quantitative vegetation ecology[M].Beijing:China Science and Technology Press.[张金屯,1995.植被数量生态学方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社.]
ZHANG MX,YAN CG,WANG JC,et al.,2001.Analyses on wetland degradation and its reasons in China[J].For Resour Manag,3:23-26.[张明祥,严承高,王建春,等,2001.中国湿地资源的退化及其原因分析[J].林业资源管理,3:23-26.]
ZHANG W,CHEN HS,WANG KL,et al.,2008.Spatial variability of soil nutrients on hillslope in typical karst peakcluster depression areas[J].Trans Chin Soc Agric Eng,24(1):68-73.[张伟,陈洪松,王克林,等,2008.典型喀斯特峰丛洼地坡面土壤养分空间变异性研究[J].农业工程学报,24(1):68-73.]
ZHANG XB,WANG SJ,HE XB,et al.,2007.A preliminary discussion on the rocky desertification classification for slope land in karst mountain area of Southwest China[J].Earth Environ,35(2):188-192.[张信宝,王世杰,贺秀斌,等,2007.西南岩溶山地坡地石漠化分类刍议[J].地球与环境,35(2):188-192.]
ZHANG XL,ZHOU JH,CAI WT,et al.,2017.Diversity characteristics of plant communities in the arid desert of the Heihe basin under different moisture gradients[J].Acta Ecol Sin,37(14):4627-4635.[张晓龙,周继华,蔡文涛,等,2017.水分梯度下黑河流域荒漠植物群落多样性特征[J].生态学报,37(14):4627-4635.]
ZHOU HK,ZHAO XQ,WEN J,et al.,2012.The characteristics of soil and vegetation degenerated in alpine steppe in the Yellow River Source Region[J].Acta Pratac Sin,21(5):1-11.[周华坤,赵新全,温军,等,2012.黄河源区高寒草原的植被退化与土壤退化特征[J].草业学报,21(5):1-11.]
BHIM BG,JOHN RP,2014.Ecosysten function and service quantification and valuation in a conventional winter wheat production system with DAISY model in Denmark[J].Ecosyst Serv,10:91-97.
DONG M,WANG YF,KONG FZ,et al.,1996.Survey,observation and analysis of terrestrial biocommunites[M].Beijing:China Standard Press.[董鸣,王义凤,孔繁志,等,1996.陆地生物群落调查观测与分析[M].北京:中国标准出版社.]
DU H,PENG WX,SONG TQ,et al.,2013.Plant community characteristics and its coupling relationships with soil in depressions between karst hills,North Guangxi,China[J].Chin J Plant Ecol,37(3):197-208.[杜虎,彭晚霞,宋同清,等,2013.桂北喀斯特峰丛洼地植物群落特征及其与土壤的耦合关系[J].植物生态学报,37(3):197-208.]
HOU Y,GUO ZG,LONG RH,2009.Changes of plant community structure and species diversity in degradation process of Shouqu wetland of Yellow River[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,20(1):27-32.[后源,郭正刚,龙瑞军,2009.黄河首曲湿地退化过程中植物群落组分及物种多样性的变化[J].应用生态学报,20(1):27-32.]
JIANG ZC,LI XK,HU BQ,et al.,2011.Study on rocky desertification and its comprehensive treatment in karst mountainous area of Guangxi[M].Beijing:Science Press.[蒋忠诚,李先坤,胡宝清,等,2011.广西岩溶山区石漠化及其综合治理研究[M].北京:科学出版社.]
JIANG ZG,MA KP,HAN XG,1997.Conservation biology[M].Hangzhou:Zhejiang Science and Technology Press.[蒋志刚,马克平,韩兴国,1997.保护生物学[M].杭州:浙江科学技术出版社.]
LEVINE JM,2000.Complexinteractions in a streamside plant community[J].Ecology,81(12):3431-3444.
LIU XN,SUN JL,ZHANG DG,et al.,2008.A study on community structure and plant diversity of alpine meadow under different degrees of degredation in the Eastern Qilian Mountains[J].Acta Pratac Sin,17(4):1-11.[柳小妮,孙九林,张德罡,等,2008.东祁连山不同退化阶段高寒草甸群落结构与植物多样性特征研究[J].草业学报,17(4):1-11.]
LOMOLION MV,2001.Elevation gradients of species-density:historical and prospective views[J].Glob Ecol Biog,10(1):3-13.
LORTIE CJ,BROOKER RW,CHOLE P,et al.,2004.Rethinking plant community theory[J].Oikos,107(2):433-438.
MA KP,HUANG JH,YU SL,et al.,1995.Plant community diversity in Dongling Mountain,Beijing,China:Ⅱ.Species richness,evenness and species diversites[J].Acta Ecol Sin,15:268-277.[马克平,黄建辉,于顺利,等,1995.北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性的研究Ⅱ:丰富度、均匀度和物种多样性指数[J].生态学报,15:268-277.]
MA WW,LI G,SHI WL,et al.,2016.Changes of plant biomass and species diversity in degradation process of Gahai Wetland in Gansu Province[J].Acta Agr Sin,24(5):960-966.[马维伟,李广,石万里,等,2016.甘肃尕海湿地退化过程中植物生物量及物种多样性变化动态[J].草地学报,24(5):960-966.]
MENG YY,ZHOU L,ZHOU WM,et al.,2015.Characteristics of plant species diversity in a windthrow area on Changbai Mountain after 26 years of natural recovery[J].Acta Ecol Sin,35(1):142-149.[孟莹莹,周莉,周旺明,等,2015.长白山风倒区植被恢复26年后物种多样性变化特征[J].生态学报,35(1):142-149.]
PENG WX,SONG TQ,ZENG FP,et al.,2010.The coupling relationships between vegetation,soil,and topography factors in karst mixed evergreen and deciduous broadleaf forest[J].Acta Ecol Sin,30(13):3472-3481.[彭晚霞,宋同清,曾馥平,等,2010.喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林植物与土壤地形因子的耦合关系[J].生态学报,30(13):3472-3481.]
SONG TQ,PENG WX,DU H,et al.,2014.Occurrence,spatial-temporal dynamics and regulation strategies of karst rocky desertification insouthwest China[J].Acta Ecol Sin,34(18):5328-5341.[宋同清,彭晚霞,杜虎,等,2014.中国西南喀斯特石漠化时空演变特征、发生机制与调控对策[J].生态学报,34(18):5328-5341]
SONG TQ,PENG WX,ZENG FP,et al.,2010.Community composition and biodiversity characteristics of forests in karst cluster-peak-depression region[J].Biodivers Sci,18(4):355-364.[宋同清,彭晚霞,曾馥平,等,2010.喀斯特峰丛洼地不同类型森林群落的组成与生物多样性特征[J].生物多样性,18(4):355-364.]
SONG TQ,PENG WX,ZENG FP,et al.,2008.Vegetation succession rule andregeneration stratigies in disturbed karst area,Northwest Guangxi[J].J Mount Sci,26(5):597-604.[宋同清,彭晚霞,曾馥平,等,2008.桂西北喀斯特人为干扰区植被的演替规律与更新策略[J].山地学报,26(5):597-604.]
TUYET D,2001.Characteristics of karst ecosystems of Vietnam and their vulnerability to human impact[J].Acta Geol,75:325-329.
WANG KL,SU YR,ZENG FP,et al.,2008.Ecological process and vegetation restoration in karst region of Southwest China[J].Reas Agric Modern,29(6):641-645.[王克林,苏以荣,曾馥平,等,2008.西南喀斯特典型生态系统土壤特征与植被适应性恢复研究[J].农业现代化研究,29(6):641-645.]
WANG SJ,LI YB,2007.Problems and development trends about researches on karst rocky desertification[J].Adv Earth Sci,22(6):573-582.[王世杰,李阳兵,2007.喀斯特石漠化研究存在的问题与发展趋势[J].地球科学进展,22(6):573-582.]
WANG Y,OUYANG ZY,ZHENG H,et al.,2013.Effects of three forest restoration approaches on plant diversity in red soil region,southern China[J].Acta Ecol Sin,33(4):1205-1211.[王芸,欧阳志云,郑华,等,2013.南方红壤区3种典型森林恢复方式对植物群落多样性的影响[J].生态学报,33(4):1205-1211.]
XIONG KN,LI P,ZHOU ZF,et al.,2002.A study of karst rocky desertification by remote sensing and GIS:A case study of Guizhou[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing Press.[熊康宁,黎平,周忠发,等,2002.喀斯特石漠化的遥感-GIS典型研究-以贵州省为例[M].北京:地质出版社.]
ZENG FP,PENG WX,SONG TQ,et al.,2007.Changes in vegetation after 22 years natural restoration in the karst disturbed area in Northwest Guangxi[J].Acta Ecol Sin,27(12):5110-5119.[曾馥平,彭晚霞,宋同清,等,2007.桂西北喀斯特人为干扰区植被自然恢复22年后群落特征[J].生态学报,27(12):5110-5119.
ZHANG JT,1995.Methods of quantitative vegetation ecology[M].Beijing:China Science and Technology Press.[张金屯,1995.植被数量生态学方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社.]
ZHANG MX,YAN CG,WANG JC,et al.,2001.Analyses on wetland degradation and its reasons in China[J].For Resour Manag,3:23-26.[张明祥,严承高,王建春,等,2001.中国湿地资源的退化及其原因分析[J].林业资源管理,3:23-26.]
ZHANG W,CHEN HS,WANG KL,et al.,2008.Spatial variability of soil nutrients on hillslope in typical karst peakcluster depression areas[J].Trans Chin Soc Agric Eng,24(1):68-73.[张伟,陈洪松,王克林,等,2008.典型喀斯特峰丛洼地坡面土壤养分空间变异性研究[J].农业工程学报,24(1):68-73.]
ZHANG XB,WANG SJ,HE XB,et al.,2007.A preliminary discussion on the rocky desertification classification for slope land in karst mountain area of Southwest China[J].Earth Environ,35(2):188-192.[张信宝,王世杰,贺秀斌,等,2007.西南岩溶山地坡地石漠化分类刍议[J].地球与环境,35(2):188-192.]
ZHANG XL,ZHOU JH,CAI WT,et al.,2017.Diversity characteristics of plant communities in the arid desert of the Heihe basin under different moisture gradients[J].Acta Ecol Sin,37(14):4627-4635.[张晓龙,周继华,蔡文涛,等,2017.水分梯度下黑河流域荒漠植物群落多样性特征[J].生态学报,37(14):4627-4635.]
ZHOU HK,ZHAO XQ,WEN J,et al.,2012.The characteristics of soil and vegetation degenerated in alpine steppe in the Yellow River Source Region[J].Acta Pratac Sin,21(5):1-11.[周华坤,赵新全,温军,等,2012.黄河源区高寒草原的植被退化与土壤退化特征[J].草业学报,21(5):1-11.]