干涸湖床不同类型盐土地表净风吹蚀实验研究
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摘要
以内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗及浑善达克沙地区域干涸湖床3种不同形态的盐土原状土为对象,通过风洞模拟实验,研究了干涸湖床不同类型盐土地表的净风吹蚀速率。对比风洞实验测定结果发现,3种盐土净风吹蚀速率依次是:蓬松盐霜盐土(14. 44 g·m~(-2)·min~(-1))>普通盐土(1. 00 g·m~(-2)·min~(-1))>结皮盐土(0. 42 g·m~(-2)·min~(-1))。风蚀过程中,不同类型盐土的近地表物质输移主要集中分布在0～10 cm的高度范围内,初始运动中,实验盐土风蚀颗粒物质以就地滚动和近距离跃移为主。实验观测发现,随着风速的增大,更多、更大的表面物质会受到更强烈的撞击与磨蚀作用,形成较细小的粉尘物质释放于空中,因此,干旱区盐土地表是形成区域盐碱浮尘或含盐沙尘天气的重要物源。不同类型盐土近地表物质输移总量从大到小依次是:蓬松盐霜盐土(3. 17 g)、结皮盐土(0. 42 g)、普通盐土(0. 35 g)。
In this study,the soil samples of the typical solonchaks including meadow solonchak,puffy solonchak and crustal solonchak as well as the topsoil and undisturbed soil were collected from the dried lake beds in northeast Inner Mongolia. Through wind tunnel experiments,the wind erosion rates of different solonchak samples were revealed. The compared results of wind tunnel experiments revealed that the pure airflow rates were in an order of meadow solonchak( 12 m·s~(-1)) > puffy solonchak( 9 m·s~(-1)) > crustal solonchak( 8 m·s~(-1)). The wind erosion rates were in an order of puffy solonchak( 14. 44 g·m~(-2)·min~(-1)) > meadow solonchak( 1. 00 g·m~(-2)·min~(-1)) > crustal solonchak( 0. 42 g·m~(-2)·min~(-1)). With the increase of wind velocity,the difference of wind erosion rates of different solonchaks became more significant. The wind velocity higher than 15 m·s~(-1) was the main driving force for wind erosion in the dried lake beds. During the process of wind erosion,the sediments were mainly distributed within the height 0~(-1)0 cm from the ground. In the initial movement,the movement of eroded materials from saline soil was dominated by rolling and close-range saltation. Results showed that the sediment flux was increased with the increase of wind velocity. With the increase of wind speed,more and more dust particles subjected to a stronger impact and formed finer dust particles to release into the air. Therefore,the salt land surface in arid area was an important source of material to form a regional saline dust or salt dust weather. The transport flux of soil samples was ranked in an order of puffy solonchak( 3. 17 g) > crustal solonchak( 0. 42 g) > meadow solonchak( 0. 35 g).
In this study,the soil samples of the typical solonchaks including meadow solonchak,puffy solonchak and crustal solonchak as well as the topsoil and undisturbed soil were collected from the dried lake beds in northeast Inner Mongolia. Through wind tunnel experiments,the wind erosion rates of different solonchak samples were revealed. The compared results of wind tunnel experiments revealed that the pure airflow rates were in an order of meadow solonchak( 12 m·s~(-1)) > puffy solonchak( 9 m·s~(-1)) > crustal solonchak( 8 m·s~(-1)). The wind erosion rates were in an order of puffy solonchak( 14. 44 g·m~(-2)·min~(-1)) > meadow solonchak( 1. 00 g·m~(-2)·min~(-1)) > crustal solonchak( 0. 42 g·m~(-2)·min~(-1)). With the increase of wind velocity,the difference of wind erosion rates of different solonchaks became more significant. The wind velocity higher than 15 m·s~(-1) was the main driving force for wind erosion in the dried lake beds. During the process of wind erosion,the sediments were mainly distributed within the height 0~(-1)0 cm from the ground. In the initial movement,the movement of eroded materials from saline soil was dominated by rolling and close-range saltation. Results showed that the sediment flux was increased with the increase of wind velocity. With the increase of wind speed,more and more dust particles subjected to a stronger impact and formed finer dust particles to release into the air. Therefore,the salt land surface in arid area was an important source of material to form a regional saline dust or salt dust weather. The transport flux of soil samples was ranked in an order of puffy solonchak( 3. 17 g) > crustal solonchak( 0. 42 g) > meadow solonchak( 0. 35 g).
引文
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[30]李占宏.内蒙古沙化土地表土粒度特征及其可蚀性颗粒研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古师范大学,2007.[Li Zhanhong.The Research on Granularity Characteristics of the Surface Soil and Erodibility Particle in the Desertification Land in Inner Mongolia[D].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Normal University,2007.]
[31]甘肃安西极旱荒漠国家级自然保护区管理局.甘肃安西极旱荒漠国家级自然保护区三期综合科考报告[M].兰州:甘肃人民出版社,2014.[Gansu Anxi Extremely Drought Desert National Nature Reserve Administrative Bureau.Gansu Anxi Extremely Drought Desert National Nature Reserve Phase III Comprehensive Scientific Report[M].Lanzhou:Gansu People’s Publishing House,2014.]
[32]Rice M A,Mcewan I K.Crust strength:A wind tunnel study of the effect of impact by saltating particles on cohesive soil surfaces[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2010,26(7):721-733.
[33]王鹏祥,孙兰东,岳平,等.盐池地区沙尘暴期间风沙运动若干特征研究[J].中国沙漠,2007,27(6):1 077-1 079.[Wang Pengxiang,Sun Landong,Yue Ping,et al.Features of dust aerosol transportation during sandstorms over Yanchi area of Ninxia autonomous region[J].Journal of Desert Research,2007,27(6):1 077-1 079.]
[34]李万源,沈志宝,吕世华,等.风蚀影响因子的敏感性试验[J].中国沙漠,2007,27(6):984-993.[Li Wanyuan,Chen Zhibao,Lv Shihua,et al.Sensitivity tests of factors influencing wind erosion[J].Journal of Desert Research,2007,27(6):984-993.]
[2]Orlovsky N,Orlvsky L,Yang Y L,et al.Salt dust storms of Central Asia since 1960s[J].Journal of Desert Research,2003,23(1):18-27.
[3]韩同林.京津地区沙尘暴与盐碱尘暴浅析[J].科学,2008,60(1):46-49.[Han Tonglin.Analysis of sandstorm and saline dust storm in Beijing and Tianjin Area[J].Science,2008,60(1):46-49.]
[4]吉力力·阿不都外力.干旱区湖泊与盐尘暴[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2012.[Jilili Abuduwaili.Lakes of Arid Land and Salt-Dust Storms[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2012.]
[5]宋怀龙.全球气候变化中被忽略的重大问题---盐碱(混合)尘暴[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2013,33(1):45-55.[Song Huailong.Saline-ackaline mixed dust storms:An ignored issue for global climate change[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2013,33(1):45-55.]
[6]Jensen S,Mazhitova Z,Zetterstr9m R.Environmental pollution and child health in the Aral Sea region in Kazakhstan[J].Science of the Total Environment,1997,206(2-3):187-193.
[7]岳乐平,杨利荣,李智佩,等.阿拉善高原干涸湖床沉积物与华北地区沙尘暴[J].第四纪研究,2004,24(3):311-317.[Yue Leping,Yang Liyong,Li Zhipei,et al.Lacustrine deposit in the Alxa Plateau and the sand-dust storm in Northern China[J].Quaternary Sciences,2004,24(3):311-317.]
[8]刘东伟,吉力力·阿不都外力,雷加强,等.盐尘暴及其生态效应[J].中国沙漠,2011,31(1):168-173.[Liu Dongwei,Jilili Abuduwaili,Lei Jiaqiang,et al.Saline dust storms and its ecological effects[J].Journal of Desert Research,2011,31(1):168-173.]
[9]Cahill T A,Gill T E,Reid J S,et al.Saltating particles,playa crusts and dust aerosols from Owens(Dry)Lake,California[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,1996,21(7):621-639.
[10]李小雁,李福兴,刘连友.土壤风蚀中有关土壤性质因子的研究历史与动向[J].中国沙漠,1998,18(1):91-95.[Li Xiaoyan,Li Fuxing,Liu Lianyou.Research history and trend on soil property factors concerning wind erosion[J].Journal of Desert Research,1998,18(1):91-95.]
[11]Abuduwaili J,Liu D W,Wu G Y.Saline dust storms and their ecological impacts in arid regions[J].Journal of Arid Land,2010,2(2):144-150.
[12]葛拥晓,吉力力·阿不都外力,马龙,等.新疆艾比湖干涸湖底沉积物粒径分布及其对风蚀的响应[J].干旱区研究,2014,31(4):636-642.[Ge Yongxiao,Jilili Abuduwaili,Ma Long,et al.Response of granularity distribution to wind erosion in the playa of the Ebinur Lake,Xinjiang,Northwest China[J].Arid Zone Research,2014,31(4):636-642.]
[13]Blank R R,Young J A,Allen F L.Aeolian dust in a saline playa environment,Nevada,U.S.A[J].Journal of Arid Environments,1999,41(4):365-381.
[14]Gill T E,Gillette D A,Niemeyer T,et al.Elemental geochemistry of wind-erodible playa sediments,Owens Lake,California[J].Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B:Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms,2002,189(1):209-213.
[15]Gillette D A,Fryrear D W,Gill T E,et al.Relation of vertical flux of particles smaller than 10μm to total aeolian horizontal mass flux at Owens Lake[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres(1984-2012),1997,102(D22):26 009-26 015.
[16]Gillette D,Ono D,Richmond K.A combined modeling and measurement technique for estimating windblown dust emissions at Owens(dry)Lake,California[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Earth Surface(2003-2012),2004,109(F01003):1-23.
[17]Reynolds R L,Yount J C,Reheis M,et al.Dust emission from wet and dry playas in the Mojave Desert,USA[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2007,32(12):1 811-1 827.
[18]Argaman E,Singer A,Tsoar H.Erodibility of some crust forming soils/sediments from the Southern Aral Sea Basin as determined in a wind tunnel[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2006,31(1):47-63.
[19]Mees F,Singer A.Surface crusts on soils/sediments of the southern Aral Sea basin,Uzbekistan[J].Geoderma,2006,136(1):152-159.
[20]Mu G,Yan S,Jilil Abuduwaili,et al.Wind erosion at the dry-up bottom of Aiby Lake[J].Science in China,2002,45(1):157-164.
[21]吉力力·阿不都外力,徐俊荣,穆桂金,等.艾比湖盐尘对周边地区土壤盐分及景观变化的影响[J].冰川冻土,2007,29(6):928-939.[Jilili Abuduwaili,Xu Junrong,Mu Guijin,et al.Effect of soil dust from Ebinur Lake on soil salts and landscape of surrounding regions[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2007,29(6):928-939.]
[22]刘东伟,吉力力·阿不都外力,穆桂金,等.艾比湖干涸湖底化学组成及盐尘的风运堆积[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(2):157-162.[Liu Dongwei,Jilili Abuduwaili,Mu Guijin,et al.Chemical components and transport mechanics of wind-erodible playa sediments,Ebinur Lake,Xinjiang[J].China Environmental Science,2009,29(2):157-162.]
[23]刘东伟,伊塔娜,王立新,等.干旱区盐碱尘暴的形成、输送及其环境效应[J].气象与环境学报,2015,31(3):104-108.[Liu Dongwei,Yi Tana,Wang Lixin,et al.Formation,transport and environmental effect of saline dust storm in arid area[J].Journal of Meteorology and Environment,2015,31(3):104-108.]
[24]刘艳菊,韩同林,庞健峰,等.北京地区盐碱尘暴粉尘物质的主要来源[J].地质通报,2010,29(5):713-722.[Liu Yanju,Han Tonglin,Pang Jianfeng,et al.Origin of the salt dust storm,Beijing,China[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2010,29(5):713-722.]
[25]Zobeck T M.Abrasion of crusted soils:Influence of abrader flux and soil properties[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1991,55(4):1 091-1 097.
[26]吉力力·阿不都外力,刘东伟,徐俊荣.艾比湖干涸湖底不同地表类型风蚀强度及粉尘输移通量的风洞试验研究[J].中国沙漠,2009,29(1):63-67.[Jilili Abuduwaili,Liu Dongwei,Xu Junrong.Wind tunnel study of wind erosion and dust flux on different surfaces in dry Ebinur Lake,Xinjiang,China[J].Journal of Desert Research,2009,29(1):63-67.]
[27]王遵亲,祝寿泉,俞仁培,等.中国盐渍土[M].北京:科学出版社,1993.[Wang Zunqin,Zhu Shouquan,Yu Renpei,et al.Chinese Saline Soil[M].Beijing:Science Press,1993.]
[28]郑喜玉,张明刚,徐昶,等.中国盐湖志[M].北京:科学出版社,2002.[Zheng Xiyu,Zhang Minggang,Xu Chang,et al.Chinese Salt Lake[M].Beijing:Science Press,2002.]
[29]春梅.基于GIS和RS的锡林郭勒盟风沙灾害综合评价研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古师范大学,2013.[Chun Mei.Integrated Assessment on Dust Storm Disaster in the Xilingol Based on GISand RS[D].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Normal University,2013.]
[30]李占宏.内蒙古沙化土地表土粒度特征及其可蚀性颗粒研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古师范大学,2007.[Li Zhanhong.The Research on Granularity Characteristics of the Surface Soil and Erodibility Particle in the Desertification Land in Inner Mongolia[D].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Normal University,2007.]
[31]甘肃安西极旱荒漠国家级自然保护区管理局.甘肃安西极旱荒漠国家级自然保护区三期综合科考报告[M].兰州:甘肃人民出版社,2014.[Gansu Anxi Extremely Drought Desert National Nature Reserve Administrative Bureau.Gansu Anxi Extremely Drought Desert National Nature Reserve Phase III Comprehensive Scientific Report[M].Lanzhou:Gansu People’s Publishing House,2014.]
[32]Rice M A,Mcewan I K.Crust strength:A wind tunnel study of the effect of impact by saltating particles on cohesive soil surfaces[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2010,26(7):721-733.
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