现役人员人类能力最佳化——心肺代谢能力的上限
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摘要
采用文献资料法等方法对如何最佳化发展现役人员心肺代谢能力进行研究。提高、维持士兵心肺代谢能力对于整个军事准备极其重要,有助于维持现役人员身体健康,或成功执行各项军事职业活动。大量的低强度身体活动,易导致骨骼神经肌肉损伤,而大量高强度身体活动,可能会引发器官衰竭,因此,需要最佳化发展士兵的心肺代谢能力,同时最大限度地降低损伤的发生率。当前,已知规律性中等强度身体活动可长期获得健康效益。此外,高水平身体活动可诱导心脏表型发生适应性改变,进而促进最佳运动表现。但长期高强度、大运动量可能与不利心血管事件有关,健康上益处减少。但目前,许多关键问题仍然没有得到解决。因此,充分认识现役人员人类心肺代谢能力上限,有利于设计精准的身体活动计划,健全训练体系,提高现役人员身体健康和适应能力。
The literature data were used to study how to optimize the development of cardiopulmonary metabolic capacity of military personnel. Improving and maintaining the soldier's ability to metabolize the heart and lungs is important for overall military preparation, helping to maintain good health or successfully performing various military professional activities. A large amount of low-intensity physical activity can easily lead to skeletal nerve and muscle damage, and a large amount of high-intensity physical activity may lead to organ failure. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the development of the soldier's cardiopulmonary metabolism, and at the same time, it is necessary to minimize the occurrence of damage rate. Currently, regular, moderate-intensity physical activity is known to provide long-term health benefits. In addition, high levels of physical activity can lead to adaptive changes in the phenotype of the heart and promote optimal performance. However, long-term high intensity, large exercise volume may be associated with adverse cardiovascular events, and health benefits are reduced. But at present, many key issues remain unresolved. Therefore, to better understand the upper limit of human cardiopulmonary metabolic capacity of active personnel is conducive to designing accurate physical activity plans, improving the training system, and improving the physical health and adaptability of military personnel.
The literature data were used to study how to optimize the development of cardiopulmonary metabolic capacity of military personnel. Improving and maintaining the soldier's ability to metabolize the heart and lungs is important for overall military preparation, helping to maintain good health or successfully performing various military professional activities. A large amount of low-intensity physical activity can easily lead to skeletal nerve and muscle damage, and a large amount of high-intensity physical activity may lead to organ failure. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the development of the soldier's cardiopulmonary metabolism, and at the same time, it is necessary to minimize the occurrence of damage rate. Currently, regular, moderate-intensity physical activity is known to provide long-term health benefits. In addition, high levels of physical activity can lead to adaptive changes in the phenotype of the heart and promote optimal performance. However, long-term high intensity, large exercise volume may be associated with adverse cardiovascular events, and health benefits are reduced. But at present, many key issues remain unresolved. Therefore, to better understand the upper limit of human cardiopulmonary metabolic capacity of active personnel is conducive to designing accurate physical activity plans, improving the training system, and improving the physical health and adaptability of military personnel.
引文
[1]马继政，杨靖，王哲，等.现役人员人类能力最佳化—军事职业活动相关的能力上的疲劳[J].体育科技，2019,40(1):17-21.
[2]马继政，杨靖.军事职业活动相关骨骼肌疼痛的精准运动训练策略[J].湖北体育科技，2019,38(1):70-74.
[3]马继政，张鑫鹏，王增刚，等.不同距离负重行军生物力学和生理上的变化特点及训法研究[J].当代体育科技，2018,8(28):46-51.
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[5] Russell A,Deuster P A.Human performance optimization and precision performance:the future of special operations human performance efforts[J].J Spec Oper Med,2017,17(1):80-89.
[6] Nindl B C,Castellani J W,Warr B J,et al.Physiological Employment Standards III:physiological?challenges and consequences encountered during international military deployments[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,2013,113(11):2655-2672.
[7] Vrijkotte S,Roelands B,Meeusen R,et al.Sustained military operations and cognitive performance[J].Aerosp Med Hum Perform,2016,87(8):718-727
[8]马继政，徐盛嘉，丁明超，等.基本运动训练原则在促进新入校大学生基础运动技能方面的实践研究[J].体育科技，2018,39(2):136-142.
[9]马继政，胡涛，贾滨.美军作战人员极端训练计划的发展现状[J].军事体育学报，2014,33(1):69-72.
[10] Maron B J,Zipes D P.Introduction:eligibility recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities-general considerations[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2005,45(8):1318-1321.
[11] Baggish A L,Wang F,Weiner R B,et al.Training-specific changes in cardiac structure and function:a prospective and longitudinal assessment of competitive athletes[J]. J Appl Physiol,2008,104(4):1121-1128.
[12] Dinis P,Teixeira R,Dores H,et al.Exercise-induced cardiac remodeling in athletes and in special forces soldiers[J]. Rev Port Cardiol,2018,37(3):249-256.
[13]王增刚，胡斐，徐盛嘉，等.18 km中等强度负重行军对心脏自主神经功能的影响[J].军事体育学报，2018,37(1):112-115.
[14] Eijsvogels T M H,Thompson D,Franklin B A,et al.The"Extreme Exercise Hypothesis":recent findings and cardiovascular health implications[J].Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med,2018,20(10):84.
[15] Marijon E,Tafflet M,Antero-Jacquemin J,et al.Mortality of French participants in the Tour de France(1947-2012)[J]. Eur Heart J,2013,34(40):3145-3150.
[16] Schnohr P,O'Keefe J H,Marott J L,et al.Dose of jogging and longterm mortality:the Copenhagen City Heart Study[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2015,65(5):411-419.
[17] Lee D C,Pate R R,Lavie C J,et al.Leisure-time running reduces allcause and cardiovascular mortality risk[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2014,64(5):472-481.
[18] Arem H,Moore S C,Patel A,et al.Leisure time physical activity andmortality:a detailed pooled analysis of the dose-response relationship[J].JAMA Intern Med,2015,175(6):959-967.
[19] Gleason P T,Kim J H.Exercise and competitive sport:physiology,adaptations, and uncertain long-term risks[J]. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med,2017,19(10):79.
[20] Clarke P M,Walter S J,Hayen A,et al.Survival of the fittest:retrospective cohort study of the longevity of Olympic medallists in the modern era[J] BMJ,2012(345):8308.
[21] Rao P,Hutter A M Jr,Baggish A L.The limits of cardiac performance:can too much exercise damage the heart[J].Am J Med,2018,131(11):1279-1284.
[22] Collinson P O,Stubbs P J.Are troponins confusing[J].Heart,2003,89(11):1285-1287.
[23] Middleton N,George K,Whyte G,et al.Cardiac troponinT release is stimulated by endurance exercise in healthy humans[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2008,52(22):1813-1814.
[24] Shi X,Garry D J. Muscle stem cells in development, regeneration,and disease[J].Genes Dev,2006,20(13):1692-1708.
[25] Anversa P,Leri A,Kajstura J.Cardiac regeneration[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2006,47(9):1769-1776.
[26] Abdulla J,Nielsen J R.Is the risk of atrial fibrillation higher in athletes than in the general population? A systematic review and metaanalysis[J].Europace,2009,11(9):1156-1159.
[27] Andersen K,Farahmand B,Ahlbom A,et al.Risk of arrhyth mias in52 755 long-distance cross-country skiers:a cohort study[J].Eur Heart J,2013,34(47):3624-3631.
[28] Wilhelm M,Roten L,Tanner H,et al.Atrial remodeling, auto nomic tone, and lifetime training hours in nonelite athletes[J]. Am J Cardiol,2011,108(4):580-585.
[29] Eijsvogels T M,Fernandez A B,Thompson P D.Are there deleterious cardiac effects of acute and chronic endurance exercise[J].Physiol Rev,2016,96(1):99-125.
[30] Hattasch R,Spethmann S,de Boer R A,et al.Galectin-3 increase in endurance athletes[J].Eur J Prev Cardiol,2014,21(10):1192-1199.
[31] van de Schoor F R,Aengevaeren V L,Hopman M T,et al.Myocardial fibrosis in athletes[J].Mayo Clin Proc,2016,91(11):1617-1631.
[32] Bohm P,Schneider G,Linneweber L,et al.Right and left ventricular function and mass in male elite master athletes:a controlled contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance study[J].Circulation,2016,133(20):1927-1935.
[33] Abdullah S M,Barkley K W,Bhella P S,et al. Lifelong physical activity regardless of dose is not associated with myocardial fibrosis[J].Circ Cardiovasc Imaging,2016,9(11):e005511.
[34] Eijsvogels T M H,Oxborough D L,O'Hanlon Ret al.Global and regional cardiac function in lifelong endurance athletes with and without myocardial fibrosis[J].Eur J Sport Sci,2017,17(10):1297-1303.
[35] Sharma S,Zaidi A.Exercise-induced arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy:fact or fallacy[J].Eur Heart J,2012,33(8):938-940.
[36] Benito B,Gay-Jordi G,Serrano-Mollar A,et al.Cardiac arrhythmogenic remodeling in a rat model of long-term intensive exercise training[J].Circulation,2011,123(1):13-22.
[37] Mohlenkamp S,Lehmann N,Breuckmann F,et al.Running:the risk of coronary events:Prevalence and prognostic relevance of coronary atherosclerosis in marathon runners[J]. Eur Heart J,2008,29(15):1903-1910.
[38] Aengevaeren V L,Mosterd A,Braber T L,et al.Relationship between lifelong exercise volume and coronary atherosclerosis in athletes[J].Circulation,2017,136(2):138-148.
[39] Hou Z H,Lu B,Gao Y,et al.Prognostic value of coronary CT angiography and calcium score for major adverse cardiac events in outpatients[J].JACC Cardiovasc Imaging,2012,5(10):990-999.
[40] Merghani A,Maestrini V,Rosmini S,et al.Prevalence of subclinical coronary artery disease in masters endurance athletes with a low atherosclerotic risk profile[J].Circulation,2017,136(2):126-137.
[41] Lin J,DeLuca J R,Lu M T,et al.Extreme endurance exercise and progressive coronary artery disease[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2017,70(2):293-295.
[42] Lear S A,Hu W,Rangarajan S,et al.The effect of physical activity on mortality and cardiovascular disease in 130 000 people from 17high-income,middle-income, and low-income countries:the PURE study[J].Lancet,2017,390(10113):2643-2654.
[2]马继政，杨靖.军事职业活动相关骨骼肌疼痛的精准运动训练策略[J].湖北体育科技，2019,38(1):70-74.
[3]马继政，张鑫鹏，王增刚，等.不同距离负重行军生物力学和生理上的变化特点及训法研究[J].当代体育科技，2018,8(28):46-51.
[4] Deuster P A,O'Connor F G,Henry K A,et al.Human performance optimization:an evolving charge to the department of defense[J].Mil Med,2007,172(11):1133-1137.
[5] Russell A,Deuster P A.Human performance optimization and precision performance:the future of special operations human performance efforts[J].J Spec Oper Med,2017,17(1):80-89.
[6] Nindl B C,Castellani J W,Warr B J,et al.Physiological Employment Standards III:physiological?challenges and consequences encountered during international military deployments[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,2013,113(11):2655-2672.
[7] Vrijkotte S,Roelands B,Meeusen R,et al.Sustained military operations and cognitive performance[J].Aerosp Med Hum Perform,2016,87(8):718-727
[8]马继政，徐盛嘉，丁明超，等.基本运动训练原则在促进新入校大学生基础运动技能方面的实践研究[J].体育科技，2018,39(2):136-142.
[9]马继政，胡涛，贾滨.美军作战人员极端训练计划的发展现状[J].军事体育学报，2014,33(1):69-72.
[10] Maron B J,Zipes D P.Introduction:eligibility recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities-general considerations[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2005,45(8):1318-1321.
[11] Baggish A L,Wang F,Weiner R B,et al.Training-specific changes in cardiac structure and function:a prospective and longitudinal assessment of competitive athletes[J]. J Appl Physiol,2008,104(4):1121-1128.
[12] Dinis P,Teixeira R,Dores H,et al.Exercise-induced cardiac remodeling in athletes and in special forces soldiers[J]. Rev Port Cardiol,2018,37(3):249-256.
[13]王增刚，胡斐，徐盛嘉，等.18 km中等强度负重行军对心脏自主神经功能的影响[J].军事体育学报，2018,37(1):112-115.
[14] Eijsvogels T M H,Thompson D,Franklin B A,et al.The"Extreme Exercise Hypothesis":recent findings and cardiovascular health implications[J].Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med,2018,20(10):84.
[15] Marijon E,Tafflet M,Antero-Jacquemin J,et al.Mortality of French participants in the Tour de France(1947-2012)[J]. Eur Heart J,2013,34(40):3145-3150.
[16] Schnohr P,O'Keefe J H,Marott J L,et al.Dose of jogging and longterm mortality:the Copenhagen City Heart Study[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2015,65(5):411-419.
[17] Lee D C,Pate R R,Lavie C J,et al.Leisure-time running reduces allcause and cardiovascular mortality risk[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2014,64(5):472-481.
[18] Arem H,Moore S C,Patel A,et al.Leisure time physical activity andmortality:a detailed pooled analysis of the dose-response relationship[J].JAMA Intern Med,2015,175(6):959-967.
[19] Gleason P T,Kim J H.Exercise and competitive sport:physiology,adaptations, and uncertain long-term risks[J]. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med,2017,19(10):79.
[20] Clarke P M,Walter S J,Hayen A,et al.Survival of the fittest:retrospective cohort study of the longevity of Olympic medallists in the modern era[J] BMJ,2012(345):8308.
[21] Rao P,Hutter A M Jr,Baggish A L.The limits of cardiac performance:can too much exercise damage the heart[J].Am J Med,2018,131(11):1279-1284.
[22] Collinson P O,Stubbs P J.Are troponins confusing[J].Heart,2003,89(11):1285-1287.
[23] Middleton N,George K,Whyte G,et al.Cardiac troponinT release is stimulated by endurance exercise in healthy humans[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2008,52(22):1813-1814.
[24] Shi X,Garry D J. Muscle stem cells in development, regeneration,and disease[J].Genes Dev,2006,20(13):1692-1708.
[25] Anversa P,Leri A,Kajstura J.Cardiac regeneration[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2006,47(9):1769-1776.
[26] Abdulla J,Nielsen J R.Is the risk of atrial fibrillation higher in athletes than in the general population? A systematic review and metaanalysis[J].Europace,2009,11(9):1156-1159.
[27] Andersen K,Farahmand B,Ahlbom A,et al.Risk of arrhyth mias in52 755 long-distance cross-country skiers:a cohort study[J].Eur Heart J,2013,34(47):3624-3631.
[28] Wilhelm M,Roten L,Tanner H,et al.Atrial remodeling, auto nomic tone, and lifetime training hours in nonelite athletes[J]. Am J Cardiol,2011,108(4):580-585.
[29] Eijsvogels T M,Fernandez A B,Thompson P D.Are there deleterious cardiac effects of acute and chronic endurance exercise[J].Physiol Rev,2016,96(1):99-125.
[30] Hattasch R,Spethmann S,de Boer R A,et al.Galectin-3 increase in endurance athletes[J].Eur J Prev Cardiol,2014,21(10):1192-1199.
[31] van de Schoor F R,Aengevaeren V L,Hopman M T,et al.Myocardial fibrosis in athletes[J].Mayo Clin Proc,2016,91(11):1617-1631.
[32] Bohm P,Schneider G,Linneweber L,et al.Right and left ventricular function and mass in male elite master athletes:a controlled contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance study[J].Circulation,2016,133(20):1927-1935.
[33] Abdullah S M,Barkley K W,Bhella P S,et al. Lifelong physical activity regardless of dose is not associated with myocardial fibrosis[J].Circ Cardiovasc Imaging,2016,9(11):e005511.
[34] Eijsvogels T M H,Oxborough D L,O'Hanlon Ret al.Global and regional cardiac function in lifelong endurance athletes with and without myocardial fibrosis[J].Eur J Sport Sci,2017,17(10):1297-1303.
[35] Sharma S,Zaidi A.Exercise-induced arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy:fact or fallacy[J].Eur Heart J,2012,33(8):938-940.
[36] Benito B,Gay-Jordi G,Serrano-Mollar A,et al.Cardiac arrhythmogenic remodeling in a rat model of long-term intensive exercise training[J].Circulation,2011,123(1):13-22.
[37] Mohlenkamp S,Lehmann N,Breuckmann F,et al.Running:the risk of coronary events:Prevalence and prognostic relevance of coronary atherosclerosis in marathon runners[J]. Eur Heart J,2008,29(15):1903-1910.
[38] Aengevaeren V L,Mosterd A,Braber T L,et al.Relationship between lifelong exercise volume and coronary atherosclerosis in athletes[J].Circulation,2017,136(2):138-148.
[39] Hou Z H,Lu B,Gao Y,et al.Prognostic value of coronary CT angiography and calcium score for major adverse cardiac events in outpatients[J].JACC Cardiovasc Imaging,2012,5(10):990-999.
[40] Merghani A,Maestrini V,Rosmini S,et al.Prevalence of subclinical coronary artery disease in masters endurance athletes with a low atherosclerotic risk profile[J].Circulation,2017,136(2):126-137.
[41] Lin J,DeLuca J R,Lu M T,et al.Extreme endurance exercise and progressive coronary artery disease[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2017,70(2):293-295.
[42] Lear S A,Hu W,Rangarajan S,et al.The effect of physical activity on mortality and cardiovascular disease in 130 000 people from 17high-income,middle-income, and low-income countries:the PURE study[J].Lancet,2017,390(10113):2643-2654.