澜沧江梯级水坝库区沉积物重金属和营养盐污染特征及评价
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摘要
为研究梯级水坝运行条件下沉积物中重金属和营养盐的污染状况,于2016年对澜沧江漫湾和大朝山梯级水坝库区表层沉积物中重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn)和营养盐(总有机碳TOC、总氮TN)的污染特征展开了调查,并采用潜在生态风险指数(RI)、有机指数(OI)、有机氮百分数(ONP)、TOC/TN和Pearson相关分析评价了梯级水坝库区沉积物污染状况及空间分布特征.结果表明,沿着库区河流纵向梯度,重金属和营养盐污染均表现为坝前静水区相对较高的空间分布格局.重金属潜在生态风险指数(RI)评价结果表明,上游漫湾库区重金属生态风险(I～III级)总体高于下游大朝山库区(I～II级);而营养盐污染程度则表现为下游大朝山库区高于上游漫湾库区的分布格局.两库区沉积物有机质主要由水库水体产生,漫湾库区坝前静水区雨季有机质来源主要为陆源.Pearson相关分析表明,沉积物重金属生态风险与营养盐污染的来源具有一定的空间差异性.梯级水坝工程对沉积物的重金属和营养盐污染具有显著的累积和拦截效应.
The contamination of heavy metals(As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn), total organic carbon(TOC) and total nitrogen(TN) were investigated in the surface sediments of the cascading hydropower dams of Lancang River including Manwan and Dachaoshan in 2016. The potential ecological risk index(RI), organic index(OI), organic nitrogen percentage(ONP), TOC/TN were calculated and Pearson correlation analysis were performed to evaluate the contamination status of sediments in various spatial zones of cascading hydropower dams. The results indicate that the contents of heavy metals and nutrients in the lacustrine zone were relative higher than those of transitional and riverine zone along the longitudinal gradient of this river. The RI of heavy metals at the upstream of Manwan(level I～III) was higher than that at the downstream Dachaoshan dam(level I～II). The nutrient pollution at the downstream Dachaoshan was higher than that at the upstream Manwan dam. In these cascading hydropower dams, organic matter in the sediment was mainly originated from water, but was mainly derived from land source in the lacustrine zone of Manwan dam in rainy season. Pearson correlation analysis shows that there was spatial difference of pollution sources for ecological risk of heavy metals and nutrients in sediments. Cascading hydropower dams showed significant accumulation and interception effects on heavy metals and nutrients pollution in sediments.
The contamination of heavy metals(As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn), total organic carbon(TOC) and total nitrogen(TN) were investigated in the surface sediments of the cascading hydropower dams of Lancang River including Manwan and Dachaoshan in 2016. The potential ecological risk index(RI), organic index(OI), organic nitrogen percentage(ONP), TOC/TN were calculated and Pearson correlation analysis were performed to evaluate the contamination status of sediments in various spatial zones of cascading hydropower dams. The results indicate that the contents of heavy metals and nutrients in the lacustrine zone were relative higher than those of transitional and riverine zone along the longitudinal gradient of this river. The RI of heavy metals at the upstream of Manwan(level I～III) was higher than that at the downstream Dachaoshan dam(level I～II). The nutrient pollution at the downstream Dachaoshan was higher than that at the upstream Manwan dam. In these cascading hydropower dams, organic matter in the sediment was mainly originated from water, but was mainly derived from land source in the lacustrine zone of Manwan dam in rainy season. Pearson correlation analysis shows that there was spatial difference of pollution sources for ecological risk of heavy metals and nutrients in sediments. Cascading hydropower dams showed significant accumulation and interception effects on heavy metals and nutrients pollution in sediments.
引文
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Hakanson L.1980.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control a sediment ecological approach[J].Water Research,14(8):975-1001
贾志翔.2011.大朝山水电站库区污染成因及防治对策[J].环境科学导刊,30(6):37-39
Kummu M,Lu X X,Wang J J,et al.2010.Basin-wide sediment trapping efficiency of emerging reservoirs along the Mekong[J].Geomorphology,119:181-197
李晋鹏,董世魁,彭明春.2018.澜沧江梯级水坝库区大型底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价[J].环境科学学报,38(7):2931-2940
李晓明,周密.2016.武汉东湖沉积物重金属分布特征及其污染评价[J].环境科学与技术,39(10):161-169
吕豪朋,申丽娜.2017.天津于桥水库流域河流表层沉积物中碳、氮、磷分布及污染评价[J].安徽农业科学,45(27):98-102
Nilsson C,Reidy C A,Dynesius M,et al.2005.Fragment and flow regulation of the world′s large river system[J].Science,308:405-408
欧阳慧,邵骏,李秀峰.2010.大朝山电站入库径流变化及预测研究[J].水电能源科学,28(7):6-8
Perbiche-Neves G,Ferreira R A R,Nogueira M G.2011.Phytoplankton structure in two contrasting cascade reservoirs (Paranapanema River,Southeast Brazil)[J].Biologia,66(6):967-976
邱祖凯,胡小贞,姚程,等.2016.山美水库沉积物氮磷和有机质污染特征及评价[J].环境科学,37(4):1389-1396
Saleem M,Iqbal J,Akhter G,et al.2018.Fractionation,bioavailability,contamination and environmental risk of heavy metals in the sediments from a freshwater reservoir,Pakistan[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,184:199-208
王超.2017.“西南水电高坝大库梯级开发的生态保护与恢复”研究构想[J].工程科学与技术,49(1):1-8
王妙,王胜,唐鹊辉,等.2014.粤西三座重要供水水库沉积物营养盐负荷与重金属污染特征[J].生态环境学报,23(5):834-841
王忠泽,张向明.2000.云南澜沧江漫湾水电站库区生态环境与生物资源[M].昆明:云南科技出版社
Wang C,Liu S,Zhao Q,et al.2012.Spatial variation and contamination assessment of heavy metals in sediments in the Manwan Reservoir,Lancang River[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,82:32-39
Yang S L,Xu K H,Milliman J D,et al.2015.Decline of Yangtze River water and sediment discharge:Impact from natural and anthropogenic changes[J].Scientific Reports,5:12581
翟红娟,崔保山,胡波,等.2007.纵向岭谷区不同水电梯级开发情景胁迫下的区域生态系统变化[J].科学通报,52(S2):93-100
Zhai H,Cui B,Hu B,et al.2010.Prediction of river ecological integrity after cascade hydropower dam construction on the mainstream of rivers in longitudinal range-gorge region (LRGR),China[J].Ecological Engineering,36(4):361-372
张伯镇,王丹,张洪,等.2016.官厅水库沉积物重金属沉积通量及沉积物记录的生态风险变化规律[J].环境科学学报,36(2):458-465
张继来,傅开道,王波,等.2014.澜沧江河床沉积物重金属污染评价[J].地理科学进展,33(8):1136-1144
张璐璐,刘静玲,James P.Lassoie,等,2013.白洋淀底栖动物群落特征与重金属潜在生态风险的相关性研究[J].农业环境科学学报,32(3):612-621
Zhang C,Yu Z,Zeng G,et al.2014.Effects of sediment geochemical properties on heavy metal bioavailability[J].Environment International,73:270-281
赵晨,董世魁,刘世梁,等.2014.漫湾大坝上下游沉积物重金属与营养元素分布特征及环境风险评价[J].环境科学学报,34(9):2417-2425
Zhao Q,Liu S,Deng L,et al.2011.Spatio-temporal variation of heavy metals in fresh water after dam construction:a case study of the Manwan Reservoir,Lancang River[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,184(7):4253-4266
郑飞燕,谭路,陈星,等.2018.三峡水库香溪河库湾氮磷分布状况及沉积物污染评价[J].生态毒理学报,13(4):49-59
周伟立,麻冰涓,程柳,等.2018.重金属在三门峡水库的赋存特征和风险评价[J].人民黄河,49(4):83-87
陈丽晖,何大明.2000.澜沧江-湄公河水电梯级开发的生态影响[J].地理学报,55(5):577-586
陈明,蔡青云,徐慧,等.2015.水体沉积物重金属污染风险评价研究进展[J].生态环境学报,24(6):1069-1074
陈荣,徐晓鹏,丁兵.2007.漫湾水库拦沙对大朝山水库淤积的影响研究[J].人民长江,38(2):106-108
程先,孙然好,孔佩儒,等.2016.海河流域水体沉积物碳、氮、磷分布与污染评价[J].应用生态学报,27(8):2679-2686
程先,王瑞霖,王建力,等.2015.海河流域西部地区水库沉积物重金属潜在生态风险评价[J].应用生态学报,26(5):1495-1500
董世魁,赵晨,刘世梁,等.2016.水坝建设影响下澜沧江中游沉积物重金属形态分析及污染指数研究[J].环境科学学报,36(2):466-474
Dore J,Yu X.2004.Yunnan hydropower expansion:update on China′s energy industry reforms and the Nu,Lancang and Jinsha Hydropower dams[R].Chiang Mai,Thailand:Chiang Mai University′s Unit for Social and Environment Research,and Green Watershed
Fang Y,Deng W.2011.The critical scale and section management of cascade hydropower exploitation in Southwestern China[J].Energy,36(10):5944-5953
傅开道,王超,苏斌,等.2016.澜沧江中下游水库泥沙重金属分布及其污染评价[J].生态经济,32(12):163-168
Gao Q,Li Y,Cheng Q,et al.2016.Analysis and assessment of the nutrients,biochemical indexes and heavy metals in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China,from 2008 to 2013[J].Water Research,92:262-274
侯迎迎,2016.于桥水库上游子流域水体重金属分布特征及生态风险评价[D].天津:天津师范大学
Hakanson L.1980.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control a sediment ecological approach[J].Water Research,14(8):975-1001
贾志翔.2011.大朝山水电站库区污染成因及防治对策[J].环境科学导刊,30(6):37-39
Kummu M,Lu X X,Wang J J,et al.2010.Basin-wide sediment trapping efficiency of emerging reservoirs along the Mekong[J].Geomorphology,119:181-197
李晋鹏,董世魁,彭明春.2018.澜沧江梯级水坝库区大型底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价[J].环境科学学报,38(7):2931-2940
李晓明,周密.2016.武汉东湖沉积物重金属分布特征及其污染评价[J].环境科学与技术,39(10):161-169
吕豪朋,申丽娜.2017.天津于桥水库流域河流表层沉积物中碳、氮、磷分布及污染评价[J].安徽农业科学,45(27):98-102
Nilsson C,Reidy C A,Dynesius M,et al.2005.Fragment and flow regulation of the world′s large river system[J].Science,308:405-408
欧阳慧,邵骏,李秀峰.2010.大朝山电站入库径流变化及预测研究[J].水电能源科学,28(7):6-8
Perbiche-Neves G,Ferreira R A R,Nogueira M G.2011.Phytoplankton structure in two contrasting cascade reservoirs (Paranapanema River,Southeast Brazil)[J].Biologia,66(6):967-976
邱祖凯,胡小贞,姚程,等.2016.山美水库沉积物氮磷和有机质污染特征及评价[J].环境科学,37(4):1389-1396
Saleem M,Iqbal J,Akhter G,et al.2018.Fractionation,bioavailability,contamination and environmental risk of heavy metals in the sediments from a freshwater reservoir,Pakistan[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,184:199-208
王超.2017.“西南水电高坝大库梯级开发的生态保护与恢复”研究构想[J].工程科学与技术,49(1):1-8
王妙,王胜,唐鹊辉,等.2014.粤西三座重要供水水库沉积物营养盐负荷与重金属污染特征[J].生态环境学报,23(5):834-841
王忠泽,张向明.2000.云南澜沧江漫湾水电站库区生态环境与生物资源[M].昆明:云南科技出版社
Wang C,Liu S,Zhao Q,et al.2012.Spatial variation and contamination assessment of heavy metals in sediments in the Manwan Reservoir,Lancang River[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,82:32-39
Yang S L,Xu K H,Milliman J D,et al.2015.Decline of Yangtze River water and sediment discharge:Impact from natural and anthropogenic changes[J].Scientific Reports,5:12581
翟红娟,崔保山,胡波,等.2007.纵向岭谷区不同水电梯级开发情景胁迫下的区域生态系统变化[J].科学通报,52(S2):93-100
Zhai H,Cui B,Hu B,et al.2010.Prediction of river ecological integrity after cascade hydropower dam construction on the mainstream of rivers in longitudinal range-gorge region (LRGR),China[J].Ecological Engineering,36(4):361-372
张伯镇,王丹,张洪,等.2016.官厅水库沉积物重金属沉积通量及沉积物记录的生态风险变化规律[J].环境科学学报,36(2):458-465
张继来,傅开道,王波,等.2014.澜沧江河床沉积物重金属污染评价[J].地理科学进展,33(8):1136-1144
张璐璐,刘静玲,James P.Lassoie,等,2013.白洋淀底栖动物群落特征与重金属潜在生态风险的相关性研究[J].农业环境科学学报,32(3):612-621
Zhang C,Yu Z,Zeng G,et al.2014.Effects of sediment geochemical properties on heavy metal bioavailability[J].Environment International,73:270-281
赵晨,董世魁,刘世梁,等.2014.漫湾大坝上下游沉积物重金属与营养元素分布特征及环境风险评价[J].环境科学学报,34(9):2417-2425
Zhao Q,Liu S,Deng L,et al.2011.Spatio-temporal variation of heavy metals in fresh water after dam construction:a case study of the Manwan Reservoir,Lancang River[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,184(7):4253-4266
郑飞燕,谭路,陈星,等.2018.三峡水库香溪河库湾氮磷分布状况及沉积物污染评价[J].生态毒理学报,13(4):49-59
周伟立,麻冰涓,程柳,等.2018.重金属在三门峡水库的赋存特征和风险评价[J].人民黄河,49(4):83-87