东北虎豹国家公园东部的野猪生境利用和活动节律初步研究
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摘要
野猪是世界上分布最广的大型哺乳动物之一,也是东北虎豹国家公园内主要的有蹄类动物,东北虎主要的猎物之一。本文采集了中国虎豹观测网络架设在东北虎豹国家公园东部区域的红外相机完整一年的拍摄数据(2015年5月至2016年4月),通过占域模型和核密度分析获得不同季节的野猪生境利用情况和日活动节律,探究人为因素、环境因素和生物因素对野猪生境利用的影响。结果显示,野猪偏好于针叶林和针阔混交林,在靠近居民点的区域活动增加。不同物种间的相互作用对野猪的生境利用产生不同影响,受捕食者压力野猪倾向于躲避东北虎,但东北豹对野猪占域显示为正向影响。梅花鹿和狍对野猪的影响在不同季节呈现相反,梅花鹿对野猪的占域在冬季呈负向影响,而狍对野猪的占域则在夏季呈负向影响。本研究区域内的野猪夏季有2个活动高峰,冬季有1个活动高峰,在不同季节都倾向于白天和晨昏活动,在日落前达到活动最高峰。本研究揭示东北虎豹国家公园东部区域的野猪生境利用和活动节律是受到植被生境、大型食肉动物以及人类因素等多种因素相互作用长期相适应的结果。
Wild boar(Sus scrofa)is one of the most widely distributed large mammals in the world.It is one of the main ungulates and main prey of tigers in Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park(NTLNP),We employ the occupancy model and Kenel-density estimation to obtain the variation of habitat use and daily activity rhythms of wild boar in eastern region of NTLNP,by analyzing the camera trapping data from May 2015 to April 2016 extracted from China Tiger and Leopard Observation Network(TLON).We study the effects of human factors,environmental factors and biological factors on wild boar habitat use.The results showed that wild boar prefers coniferous forests and conifer-broadleaf forests,and is more active around human settlements.Interspecific interactions have different impact on wild boar.Wild boar tend to avoid the predator,Amur tiger(Panthera tigris altaica),but Amur leopard(Panthera pardus orientalis)had a positive effect on wild boar.Sika deer(Cervus nippon)and roe deer(Capreolus pygargus)had opposite effects in different seasons on wild boars,for instance,sika deer had a negative impact on wild boars' occupation in winter while roe deer had a negative impact in summer.Moreover,the daily activity rhythms of wild boar had two peaks in summer and one peak in winter.The wild boar was mainly diurnal and crepuscular and reached the highest peak before sunset in this study area.Forest types,large carnivores and human factors have great influence on wild boar.The research would provide theoretical support of the protection and management of preys of Amur tiger in China.
Wild boar(Sus scrofa)is one of the most widely distributed large mammals in the world.It is one of the main ungulates and main prey of tigers in Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park(NTLNP),We employ the occupancy model and Kenel-density estimation to obtain the variation of habitat use and daily activity rhythms of wild boar in eastern region of NTLNP,by analyzing the camera trapping data from May 2015 to April 2016 extracted from China Tiger and Leopard Observation Network(TLON).We study the effects of human factors,environmental factors and biological factors on wild boar habitat use.The results showed that wild boar prefers coniferous forests and conifer-broadleaf forests,and is more active around human settlements.Interspecific interactions have different impact on wild boar.Wild boar tend to avoid the predator,Amur tiger(Panthera tigris altaica),but Amur leopard(Panthera pardus orientalis)had a positive effect on wild boar.Sika deer(Cervus nippon)and roe deer(Capreolus pygargus)had opposite effects in different seasons on wild boars,for instance,sika deer had a negative impact on wild boars' occupation in winter while roe deer had a negative impact in summer.Moreover,the daily activity rhythms of wild boar had two peaks in summer and one peak in winter.The wild boar was mainly diurnal and crepuscular and reached the highest peak before sunset in this study area.Forest types,large carnivores and human factors have great influence on wild boar.The research would provide theoretical support of the protection and management of preys of Amur tiger in China.
引文
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Deng T P,Zheng H X,Zeng G S.2008.Feeding habitats of wild boars on northern slope of Funiu Mountain,Henan Province.Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 27(5):747-750.(in Chinese)
Pasquale D S,Santis D P,Rosa L G,Domenico D K,Iaconelli M,Micarelli G,Martini E,Bilei S,Medici D D,Suffredini E.2019.Quantification and genetic diversity of Hepatitis Evirus in wild boar(Sus scrofa)hunted for domestic consumption in Central Italy.Food Microbiology, 82:194-201.
Feng L M,Shevtsova E,Vitkalova A,Matyukhina D,Miquelle D,Aramilev V,Wang T M,Mou P,Xu R M,Ge J P.2017.Collaboration brings hope for the last Amur leopards.Cat News,65:20.
Fiske I,Chandler R.2011.Unmarked:an R package for fitting hierarchical models of wildlife occurrence and abundance.Journal of Statistical Software,43(10):1-23.
Foster V C,Silveira L 2013.Jaguar and puma activity patterns and predator-prey interactions in four Brazilian Biomes.Biotropica,45(3):373-379.
Gabor T M,Hellgren E C,Silvy N J.2001.Multi-scale habitat partitioning in sympatric suiforms.The Journal of Wildlife Management,65(1):99-110.
Garza S J,Tabak M A,Miller R S,Farnsworth M L,Burdett C L2017.Abiotic and biotic influences on home-range size of wild pigs(Sus scrofa).Journal of Mammalogy,99(1):97-107.
Gómez J M,H6dar J A.2008.Wild boars(Sus scrofa)affect the recruitment rate and spatial distribution of holm oak(Quercus ilex).Forest Ecology Management, 256(6):1384-1389.
Guo G Y.2010.Study on the mountain forestland complex andits microclimate characteristics in the main urban area of Chongqing.Ph.D thesis.Chongqing:Southwest University.(in Chinese)
Hayward M W,Henschel P,O'Brien J,Hofmeyr M,Balme G,Kerley G I H.2006.Prey preferences of the leopard(Panthera pardus).Journal of Zoology,270(2):298-313.
Hebblewhite M,Zimmermann F,Lu Z,Miquelle D G,Zhang M,Sun H,Mrschel F,Wu Z,Sheng L,Purekhovsky A,Chunquan Z.2012.Is there a future for Amur tigers in a restored tiger conservation landscape in Northeast China? Animal Conservation, 15(6):579-592.
Honda T.2009.Environmental factors affecting the distribution of the wild boar,sika deer,asiatic black bear and Japanese macaque in Central Japan,with Implications for Human-Wildlife Conflict. Mammal Study, 34(2):107-1 17.
Irizar I,Laskurain N A,Herrero J.2004.Wild boar frugivory in the Atlantic Basque Country.Galemys,16(Special Issue):125-134.
Kaitlyn M G,Chery E H,Neil H C,Brashares J S.2018.The influence of human disturbance on wildlife nocturnality.Science,360(6394):1232-1235.
Kay S L,Fischer J W,Monaghan A J,Beasley J C,Boughton R,Camp-bell T A,Cooper S M,Ditchkoff S S,Hartley S B,Kilgo J C,Wisely S M,Wyckoff A C,VerCauteren K C,Pepin K M.2017.Quantifying drivers of wild pig movement across multiple spatial and temporal scales.Movement Ecology, 5(1):14.
Kerley L L,Mukhacheva A S,Matyukhina D S,Salmanova E,Salkina G P,Miquelle D G.2015.A comparison of food habits and prey preference of Amur tiger(Panthera tigris altaica)at three sites in the Russian Far East Integrative Zoology,10(4):354-364.
Keuling 0,Stier N M.2008.How does hunting influence activity and spatial usage in wild boar Sus scrofa L?European Journal of Wildlife Research,54(4):729.
Kurz J C,Marchinton R L 1972.Radiotelemetry studies of feral hogs in South Carolina The Journal of Wildlife Management,36(4):1240-1248.
Li J D,Wu B H,Sheng L X.2001.Jilin Vegetation.Changchun:Jilin Science and Technology Press.(in Chinese)
Linkie M,Ridout M S.2011.Assessing tiger-prey interactions in Sumatran rainforests.Journal of Zoology,284(3):224-229.
Liu M G.China Natural Geography Atlas.Beijing:China Map Publishing House,113-124.(in Chinese)
Lu Q B,Yu J A,Gao X,Yang X Y,Zhou Q,Zhang L B,Zhang S Y.2007.Winter habitat selection of Reeves's muntjac and wild boars in the Qingliangfeng Mountains.Acta Theriologica Sinica,27(1):45-52.(in Chinese)
Lucherini M,Reppucci J I,Walker R S,Villalba M L,Wurstten A,Gallardo G,Iriarte A,Villalobos R P.2009.Activity pattern segregation of carnivores in the High Andes.Journal of Mammalogy,90(6):1404-1409.
MacKenzie D I,Nichols J D,Lachman G B,Droege S,Andrew R J,Langtimm C A.2002.Estimating site occupancy rates when detection probabilities are less than one.Ecology,83(8):2248-2255.
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