黄土高原典型坝系流域碳氮湿沉降与水体碳氮流失特征
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摘要
本研究通过对黄土高原坝系流域的碳(C)、氮(N)湿沉降过程、降雨径流过程及其基流过程的动态监测,揭示C、N湿沉降对流域水体碳氮流失的贡献,探讨C、N流失负荷在降雨-径流中的分布,进一步评估黄土高原雨季水体碳氮流失状况。结果表明,研究区域碳、氮湿沉降通量分别为173.95 kg km~(-2)mon~(-1)和43.01 kg km~(-2)mon~(-1),而通过径流的碳、氮流失量为11.52 kg km~(-2)mon~(-1)和2.19 kg km~(-2)mon~(-1)。雨季C、N湿沉降对该地区水体C、N流失的贡献率分别为65.81%和100%,其中流水侵蚀引起的C、N流失贡献率为59.20%和56.16%。黄土高原主要以流水侵蚀为主,C、N主要集中在降雨径流后期,因此截留后期径流可以有效控制养分流失。
In this research,we monitored carbon( C) and nitrogen( N) wet deposition,rainfall-runoff,and base-flow processes in Loess Plateau's dam watershed during wet season,in order to elucidate the contribution of C and N deposition to C and N loss in water body and discuss the distribution of C and N load in rainfall runoff,and then further evaluate the C and N losses during wet-season in the Loess Plateau. The results showed that the C and N wet deposition flux in this area reached 173.95 and 43.01 kg km~(-2)mon~(-1),respectively,whereas the C and N loss load by runoff were 11.52 and 2.19 kg km~(-2)mon~(-1),respectively. Therefore,the contribution rates of C and N wet deposition to the C and N loss by runoff during rainy season reached 65.81% and 100%,respectively,wherein the rainfall erosion contributed 59.20% and 56.16% of C and N loss,respectively. The rainfall erosion in Loess Plateau is mainly driving mechanism and the C and N loss mainly concentrated at the later stage of rainfall runoff,so if we take a measure to intercept the runoff at the later stage,nutrient losses will be effectively controlled. In addition,it is necessary to control nutrient loss according to local conditions to alleviate soil erosion and nutrient losses in the Loess Plateau's dam watershed.
In this research,we monitored carbon( C) and nitrogen( N) wet deposition,rainfall-runoff,and base-flow processes in Loess Plateau's dam watershed during wet season,in order to elucidate the contribution of C and N deposition to C and N loss in water body and discuss the distribution of C and N load in rainfall runoff,and then further evaluate the C and N losses during wet-season in the Loess Plateau. The results showed that the C and N wet deposition flux in this area reached 173.95 and 43.01 kg km~(-2)mon~(-1),respectively,whereas the C and N loss load by runoff were 11.52 and 2.19 kg km~(-2)mon~(-1),respectively. Therefore,the contribution rates of C and N wet deposition to the C and N loss by runoff during rainy season reached 65.81% and 100%,respectively,wherein the rainfall erosion contributed 59.20% and 56.16% of C and N loss,respectively. The rainfall erosion in Loess Plateau is mainly driving mechanism and the C and N loss mainly concentrated at the later stage of rainfall runoff,so if we take a measure to intercept the runoff at the later stage,nutrient losses will be effectively controlled. In addition,it is necessary to control nutrient loss according to local conditions to alleviate soil erosion and nutrient losses in the Loess Plateau's dam watershed.
引文
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[13]Hao Z,Gao Y,Yang T T,Tian J.Atmospheric wet deposition of nitrogen in a subtropical watershed in China:characteristics of and impacts on surface water quality.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24(9):8489-8503.
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[18]徐亚娟.红壤区亚热带流域C、N流失特征及其对水环境影响的研究以江西香溪流域为例[D].长沙:中南林业科技大学,2015.
[19]鄂馨卉,汪亚峰,高扬,陈利顶,陈世博,陈维梁.黄土高原降雨驱动下流域碳输移特征及其碳流失评估:以羊圈沟坝系流域为例.环境科学,2017,38(8):3264-3272.
[20]Liu Y,Fu B J,LüY H,Wang Z,Gao G Y.Hydrological responses and soil erosion potential of abandoned cropland in the Loess Plateau,China.Geomorphology,2012,138(1):404-414.
[21]彭梦玲,吴磊,乔闪闪.不同雨强下黄土裸坡水-沙-氮磷流失耦合模拟.中国环境科学,2018,38(3):1109-1116.
[22]张雪,李忠武,申卫平,郭旺,陈晓琳,张越男,黄金权.红壤有机碳流失特征及其与泥沙径流流失量的定量关系.土壤学报,2012,49(3):465-473.
[23]赵旭珍,李纯乾.不同下垫面条件下土壤养分流失研究概况.中国农学通报,2016,32(21):129-133.
[24]郭新送,宋付朋,高杨,马富亮.模拟降雨下3种类型土壤坡面的泥沙流失特征及其养分富集效应.水土保持学报,2014,28(3):23-28.
[25]陈世博,汪亚峰,高扬,贾珺杰,陈维梁,陈利顶.黄土高原磷湿沉降特征及其对坝系流域磷输出影响---以羊圈沟为例.环境科学学报,2017,37(2):721-728.
[26]Wang Y F,Chen L D,Gao Y,Wang S,LüY H,Fu B J.Carbon sequestration function of Check-Dams:a case study of the Loess Plateau in China.Ambio,2014,43(7):926-931.
[27]贾珺杰,高扬,陈维梁,郝卓,汪亚峰,陈利顶.黄土高原坝系流域干湿季交替下氮输出特征及其源解析:以羊圈沟为例.环境科学,2017,38(1):147-155.
[28]文雯,周宝同,汪亚峰,梁地.黄土高原羊圈沟小流域土地利用时空变化的土壤有机碳效应.生态学报,2015,35(18):6060-6069.
[29]Wang Y F,Fu B J,LüY H,Chen L D.Effects of vegetation restoration on soil organic carbon sequestration at multiple scales in semi-arid Loess Plateau,China.Catena,2011,85(1):58-66.
[30]卢龙彬,付强,黄金柏.黄土高原北部水蚀风蚀交错区产流条件及径流系数.水土保持研究,2013,20(4):17-23.
[31]薛鹏程,庞燕,项颂,胡小贞,王欣泽.模拟降雨条件下农田氮素径流流失特征研究.农业环境科学学报,2017,36(7):1362-1368.
[32]Sansalone J J,Cristina C M.First flush concepts for suspended and dissolved solids in small impervious watersheds.Journal of Environmental Engineering,2004,130(11):1301-1314.
[33]赵明松,李德成,张甘霖,程先富.基于RUSLE模型的安徽省土壤侵蚀及其养分流失评估.土壤学报,2016,53(1):28-38.
[34]刘旦旦,王健,尹武君.天然降雨对黄土坡地土壤侵蚀和养分流失的影响.节水灌溉,2011,(8):17-20,24-24.
[35]王林华.黄土坡耕地地表粗糙度对入渗、产流及养分流失的影响研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2017.
[36]王全九,杨婷,刘艳丽,赵光旭,张鹏宇.土壤养分随地表径流流失机理与控制措施研究进展.农业机械学报,2016,47(6):67-82.
[37]穆天亮,王全九.黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域水土养分流失特征研究.中北大学学报:自然科学版,2007,28(4):349-355.
[38]齐清,王天明,寇晓军,葛剑平.基于GIS的黄土高原小流域土壤侵蚀定量评价.水土保持研究,2009,16(3):1-5,37-37.
[39]蔡崇法,丁树文,史志华,黄丽,张光远.GIS支持下三峡库区典型小流域土壤养分流失量预测.水土保持学报,2001,15(1):9-12.
[40]Zhu T X.Gully and tunnel erosion in the hilly Loess Plateau region,China.Geomorphology,2012,153-154:144-155.
[41]Bullock A,King B.Evaluating China's slope land conversion program as sustainable management in Tianquan and Wuqi counties.Journal of Environmental Management,2011,92(8):1916-1922.
[42]Zhang J J,Zhang T T,Lei Y N,Zhang X P,Li R.Streamflow regime variations following ecological management on the Loess Plateau,China.Forests,2016,7(1):6.
[43]Li Y J,Jiao J Y,Wang Z J,Cao B T,Wei Y H,Hu S.Effects of revegetation on soil organic carbon storage and erosion-induced carbon loss under extreme rainstorms in the hill and gully region of the Loess Plateau.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2016,13(5):456.
[44]Wang Z,Liu G B,Xu M X,Zhang J,Wang Y,Tang L.Temporal and spatial variations in soil organic carbon sequestration following revegetation in the hilly Loess Plateau,China.Catena,2012,99:26-33.
[45]裴会敏,许明祥,李强,脱登峰.侵蚀条件下土壤有机碳流失研究进展.水土保持研究,2012,19(6):269-274.
[46]张耀宗,张多勇,刘艳艳.近50年黄土高原马莲河流域降水变化特征分析.中国水土保持科学,2016,14(6):44-52.
[47]李素清,李斌,张金屯.不同降雨量下的黄土高原土壤侵蚀特征分析.农业环境科学学报,2005,24(1):94-97.
[2]Wang L H,Yen H,Chen L D,E X H,Wang Y F.Characteristics of wet carbon deposition in a semi-arid catchment at Loess Plateau,China.Biogeosciences Discussions,2018:1-18.
[3]于贵瑞,高扬,王秋凤,刘世荣,申卫军.陆地生态系统碳-氮-水循环的关键耦合过程及其生物调控机制探讨.中国生态农业学报,2013,21(1):1-13.
[4]郝卓,高扬,张进忠,徐亚娟,于贵瑞.南方红壤区氮湿沉降特征及其对流域氮输出的影响.环境科学,2015,36(5):1630-1638.
[5]Zhao Y H,Zhang L,Chen Y F,Liu X J,Xu W,Pan Y P,Duan L.Atmospheric nitrogen deposition to China:a model analysis on nitrogen budget and critical load exceedance.Atmospheric Environment,2017,153:32-40.
[6]Armalis S.Wet deposition of elemental carbon in Lithuania.Science of the Total Environment,1999,239(1/3):89-93.
[7]Siudek P,Frankowski M,Siepak J.Seasonal variations of dissolved organic carbon in precipitation over urban and forest sites in central Poland.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(4):11087-11096.
[8]Iavorivska L,Boyer E W,Grimm J W.Wet atmospheric deposition of organic carbon:an underreported source of carbon to watersheds in the northeastern United States.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2017,122(5):3104-3115.
[9]Kieber R J,Peake B,Willey J D,Avery G B.Dissolved organic carbon and organic acids in coastal New Zealand rainwater.Atmospheric Environment,2002,36(21):3557-3563.
[10]Coelho C H,Francisco J G,Nogueira R F P,Campos M L A M.Dissolved organic carbon in rainwater from areas heavily impacted by sugar cane burning.Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(30):7115-7121.
[11]Pan Y P,Wang Y S,Xin J Y,Tang G Q,Song T,Wang Y H,Li X R,Wu F K.Study on dissolved organic carbon in precipitation in Northern China.Atmospheric Environment,2010,44(19):2350-2357.
[12]Li C L,Yan F P,Kang S C,Chen P F,Qu B,Hu Z F,Sillanpaa M.Concentration,sources,and flux of dissolved organic carbon of precipitation at Lhasa city,the Tibetan Plateau.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(13):12915-12921.
[13]Hao Z,Gao Y,Yang T T,Tian J.Atmospheric wet deposition of nitrogen in a subtropical watershed in China:characteristics of and impacts on surface water quality.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24(9):8489-8503.
[14]李永红,高照良.黄土高原地区水土流失的特点、危害及治理.生态经济,2011,(8):148-153.
[15]水利部,中国科学院,中国工程院.中国水土流失防治与生态安全(西北黄土高原区卷).北京:科学出版社,2010:28-59.
[16]高海东,李占斌,李鹏,贾莲莲,徐国策,任宗萍,庞国伟,赵宾华.基于土壤侵蚀控制度的黄土高原水土流失治理潜力研究.地理学报,2015,70(9):1503-1517.
[17]路培.陕北黄土高原径流泥沙变化特征分析[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2014.
[18]徐亚娟.红壤区亚热带流域C、N流失特征及其对水环境影响的研究以江西香溪流域为例[D].长沙:中南林业科技大学,2015.
[19]鄂馨卉,汪亚峰,高扬,陈利顶,陈世博,陈维梁.黄土高原降雨驱动下流域碳输移特征及其碳流失评估:以羊圈沟坝系流域为例.环境科学,2017,38(8):3264-3272.
[20]Liu Y,Fu B J,LüY H,Wang Z,Gao G Y.Hydrological responses and soil erosion potential of abandoned cropland in the Loess Plateau,China.Geomorphology,2012,138(1):404-414.
[21]彭梦玲,吴磊,乔闪闪.不同雨强下黄土裸坡水-沙-氮磷流失耦合模拟.中国环境科学,2018,38(3):1109-1116.
[22]张雪,李忠武,申卫平,郭旺,陈晓琳,张越男,黄金权.红壤有机碳流失特征及其与泥沙径流流失量的定量关系.土壤学报,2012,49(3):465-473.
[23]赵旭珍,李纯乾.不同下垫面条件下土壤养分流失研究概况.中国农学通报,2016,32(21):129-133.
[24]郭新送,宋付朋,高杨,马富亮.模拟降雨下3种类型土壤坡面的泥沙流失特征及其养分富集效应.水土保持学报,2014,28(3):23-28.
[25]陈世博,汪亚峰,高扬,贾珺杰,陈维梁,陈利顶.黄土高原磷湿沉降特征及其对坝系流域磷输出影响---以羊圈沟为例.环境科学学报,2017,37(2):721-728.
[26]Wang Y F,Chen L D,Gao Y,Wang S,LüY H,Fu B J.Carbon sequestration function of Check-Dams:a case study of the Loess Plateau in China.Ambio,2014,43(7):926-931.
[27]贾珺杰,高扬,陈维梁,郝卓,汪亚峰,陈利顶.黄土高原坝系流域干湿季交替下氮输出特征及其源解析:以羊圈沟为例.环境科学,2017,38(1):147-155.
[28]文雯,周宝同,汪亚峰,梁地.黄土高原羊圈沟小流域土地利用时空变化的土壤有机碳效应.生态学报,2015,35(18):6060-6069.
[29]Wang Y F,Fu B J,LüY H,Chen L D.Effects of vegetation restoration on soil organic carbon sequestration at multiple scales in semi-arid Loess Plateau,China.Catena,2011,85(1):58-66.
[30]卢龙彬,付强,黄金柏.黄土高原北部水蚀风蚀交错区产流条件及径流系数.水土保持研究,2013,20(4):17-23.
[31]薛鹏程,庞燕,项颂,胡小贞,王欣泽.模拟降雨条件下农田氮素径流流失特征研究.农业环境科学学报,2017,36(7):1362-1368.
[32]Sansalone J J,Cristina C M.First flush concepts for suspended and dissolved solids in small impervious watersheds.Journal of Environmental Engineering,2004,130(11):1301-1314.
[33]赵明松,李德成,张甘霖,程先富.基于RUSLE模型的安徽省土壤侵蚀及其养分流失评估.土壤学报,2016,53(1):28-38.
[34]刘旦旦,王健,尹武君.天然降雨对黄土坡地土壤侵蚀和养分流失的影响.节水灌溉,2011,(8):17-20,24-24.
[35]王林华.黄土坡耕地地表粗糙度对入渗、产流及养分流失的影响研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2017.
[36]王全九,杨婷,刘艳丽,赵光旭,张鹏宇.土壤养分随地表径流流失机理与控制措施研究进展.农业机械学报,2016,47(6):67-82.
[37]穆天亮,王全九.黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域水土养分流失特征研究.中北大学学报:自然科学版,2007,28(4):349-355.
[38]齐清,王天明,寇晓军,葛剑平.基于GIS的黄土高原小流域土壤侵蚀定量评价.水土保持研究,2009,16(3):1-5,37-37.
[39]蔡崇法,丁树文,史志华,黄丽,张光远.GIS支持下三峡库区典型小流域土壤养分流失量预测.水土保持学报,2001,15(1):9-12.
[40]Zhu T X.Gully and tunnel erosion in the hilly Loess Plateau region,China.Geomorphology,2012,153-154:144-155.
[41]Bullock A,King B.Evaluating China's slope land conversion program as sustainable management in Tianquan and Wuqi counties.Journal of Environmental Management,2011,92(8):1916-1922.
[42]Zhang J J,Zhang T T,Lei Y N,Zhang X P,Li R.Streamflow regime variations following ecological management on the Loess Plateau,China.Forests,2016,7(1):6.
[43]Li Y J,Jiao J Y,Wang Z J,Cao B T,Wei Y H,Hu S.Effects of revegetation on soil organic carbon storage and erosion-induced carbon loss under extreme rainstorms in the hill and gully region of the Loess Plateau.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2016,13(5):456.
[44]Wang Z,Liu G B,Xu M X,Zhang J,Wang Y,Tang L.Temporal and spatial variations in soil organic carbon sequestration following revegetation in the hilly Loess Plateau,China.Catena,2012,99:26-33.
[45]裴会敏,许明祥,李强,脱登峰.侵蚀条件下土壤有机碳流失研究进展.水土保持研究,2012,19(6):269-274.
[46]张耀宗,张多勇,刘艳艳.近50年黄土高原马莲河流域降水变化特征分析.中国水土保持科学,2016,14(6):44-52.
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