乐山市2016年冬季颗粒物重污染过程与输送路径及潜在源区
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摘要
对乐山市2016年12月—2017年2月的大气污染特征及气象条件进行研究分析,并结合HYSPLIT(后向轨迹模式),用聚类方法、PSCF(潜在源贡献因子法)、CWT(浓度权重轨迹分析法)分别模拟了研究期间PM_(2.5)的主要潜在源区.结果表明:研究期间,乐山市以PM_(2.5)污染为主.因风速低、无降水、相对湿度高、边界层高度降低等原因,使乐山市发生了一次持续时间较长的重污染过程(2017年1月1—7日),该过程二次污染物累积特征较为明显;春节期间,因烟花爆竹集中燃放产生的大量污染物使乐山市出现了一次严重污染(2017年1月28日),ρ(PM_(2.5))日均值达358μg/m~3.乐山市复杂的地形引起的热力差异有利于局地环流的生成与发展,山谷风的存在可能是造成夜间乐山市郊区站点ρ(PM_(2.5))高于城区站点的主要原因.结合后向轨迹与ρ(PM_(2.5))日均值分析发现,来自盆地内部的气流(占比为28.57%)对乐山市空气质量产生的影响最大.乐山市东部边界附近、宜宾市西北部、自贡市南部等地对乐山市PM_(2.5)的潜在源贡献(WPSCF)在0.96以上,说明这些地区是研究期间影响乐山市ρ(PM_(2.5))的重要潜在源区,模型的模拟结果与风向、风速、ρ(PM_(2.5))监测值插值结果相符.研究显示,乐山市大气污染过程除了与在不利气象条件下污染物的累积有关外,区域污染物的输送贡献也不容忽视.
Pollution characteristics and meteorological parameters in Leshan City,China were analyzed from December 2016 to February2017.Combined with the HYSPLIT model,the main potential sources of PM_(2.5)were simulated by adopting the clustering method,the Potential Source Contribution Function(PSCF)method and the Concentration Weighted Trajectory(CWT)method.The results showed that during the study period,the air pollution in Leshan City was dominated by fine particulate pollutants.Due to the unfavorable meteorological conditions(low wind speed,no precipitation,high relative humidity and the decreasing boundary layer height),a severe pollution process occurred in Leshan City for a long time(from January 1~(st)2017 to January 7~(th),2017).It was obvious that the secondary pollutants were cumulated in this process.During the Spring Festival,lots of pollutants produced by the concentrated discharge of fireworks and firecrackers led to a serious pollution in Leshan(January 28~(th),2017).The average daily concentration of PM_(2.5)was 358μg/m~3.The thermal difference caused by the complex topography of Leshan City was conducive to the generation and development of local circulation,while the existence of the valley breeze might be the main reason for the higher PM_(2.5)concentration in the suburban area than in the urban area at night.By combining the backward trajectories with the daily PM_(2.5)concentrations,it was found that the air flow from the interior of the basin(28.57%)had the greatest impact on the air quality of Leshan City.The WPSCF(weighted potential source contribution function)value was higher than 0.96 at the eastern boundary of Leshan City,in the northwest of Yibin City,and in the south of Zigong City,which indicated that these regions were the major potential sources of PM_(2.5)for Leshan City in the study period.The simulation results of the model were consistent with the interpolation results of the wind direction,wind speed and daily concentration of PM_(2.5).The study showed that the pollution process of Leshan City was related with the accumulation of pollutants under adverse meteorological conditions,but the contribution of regional pollutant transport could not be ignored.
Pollution characteristics and meteorological parameters in Leshan City,China were analyzed from December 2016 to February2017.Combined with the HYSPLIT model,the main potential sources of PM_(2.5)were simulated by adopting the clustering method,the Potential Source Contribution Function(PSCF)method and the Concentration Weighted Trajectory(CWT)method.The results showed that during the study period,the air pollution in Leshan City was dominated by fine particulate pollutants.Due to the unfavorable meteorological conditions(low wind speed,no precipitation,high relative humidity and the decreasing boundary layer height),a severe pollution process occurred in Leshan City for a long time(from January 1~(st)2017 to January 7~(th),2017).It was obvious that the secondary pollutants were cumulated in this process.During the Spring Festival,lots of pollutants produced by the concentrated discharge of fireworks and firecrackers led to a serious pollution in Leshan(January 28~(th),2017).The average daily concentration of PM_(2.5)was 358μg/m~3.The thermal difference caused by the complex topography of Leshan City was conducive to the generation and development of local circulation,while the existence of the valley breeze might be the main reason for the higher PM_(2.5)concentration in the suburban area than in the urban area at night.By combining the backward trajectories with the daily PM_(2.5)concentrations,it was found that the air flow from the interior of the basin(28.57%)had the greatest impact on the air quality of Leshan City.The WPSCF(weighted potential source contribution function)value was higher than 0.96 at the eastern boundary of Leshan City,in the northwest of Yibin City,and in the south of Zigong City,which indicated that these regions were the major potential sources of PM_(2.5)for Leshan City in the study period.The simulation results of the model were consistent with the interpolation results of the wind direction,wind speed and daily concentration of PM_(2.5).The study showed that the pollution process of Leshan City was related with the accumulation of pollutants under adverse meteorological conditions,but the contribution of regional pollutant transport could not be ignored.
引文
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[26] ZHANG Q. A Heavy haze episode in Shanghai in December of2013:characteristics,origins and implications[J]. Aerosol&Air Quality Research,2015,15(5):1881-1893.
[27] HSU Y K,HOLSEN T M,HOPKE P K. Comparison of hybrid receptor models to locate PCB sources in Chicago[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(4):545-562.
[28] WANG Y Q,ZHANG X Y,ARIMOTO R. The contribution from distant dust sources to the atmospheric particulate matter loadings at Xi'an,China during spring[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2006,368(2/3):875-883.
[29] DENG X,TIE X,WU D,et al.Long-term trend of visibility and its characterizations in the Pearl River Delta(PRD)Region,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(7):1424-1435.
[30] KANG H,ZHU B,SU J,et al. Analysis of a long-lasting haze episode in Nanjing,China[J]. Atmospheric Research,2013,S120/121:78-87.
[31] JIA Y,RAHN K A,HE K,et al.A novel technique for quantifying the regional component of urban aerosol solely from its sawtooth cycles[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113(S21):6089-6098.
[32]王占山,张大伟,李云婷,等. 2014年春节期间北京市空气质量分析[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(2):371-378.WANG Zhanshan,ZHANG Dawei,LI Yunting,et al.Analysis of air quality in Beijing City during Spring Festival period of 2014[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(2):371-378.
[33]何启超.四川盆地大气扩散输送与低风速特征[D].北京:北京大学,2014:17-40.
[34]何沐全,刘志红,张颖,等.川南城市群大气灰霾时空分布特征及成因分析[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(2):432-442.HE Muquan,LIU Zhihong,ZHANG Ying,et al. Analyses on the spatial-temporal distribution features and causing factors of atmospheric haze in the southern city-group of Sichuan[J]. China Environmental Science,2017,37(2):432-442.
[2] LUO Yunfeng,LI Weiliang,ZHOU Xiuji,et al. Analysis of the atmospheric aerosol optical depth over China in 1980s[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2000,14(4):490-502.
[3] LI Y,CHEN Q,ZHAO H,et al. Variations in PM10,PM2. 5and PM1. 0in an urban area of the Sichuan Basin and their relation to meteorological factors[J].Atmosphere,2015,6(1):150-163.
[4] LIU X,CHEN Q,CHE H,et al. Spatial distribution and temporal variation of aerosol optical depth in the Sichuan Basin,China,the recent ten years[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2016,147:434-445.
[5] LIAO T,WANG S,AI J,et al. Heavy pollution episodes,transport pathways and potential sources of PM2. 5during the winter of 2013in Chengdu(China)[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,584/585:1056-1065.
[6]谢雨竹,潘月鹏,倪长健,等.成都市区夏季大气污染物浓度时空变化特征分析[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(4):975-983.XIE Yuzhu,PAN Yuepeng,NI Changjian,et al. Temporal and spatial variations of atmospheric pollutants in urban Chengdu during summer[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(4):975-983.
[7] CHEN Y,XIE S D. Characteristics and formation mechanism of a heavy air pollution episode caused by biomass burning in Chengdu,southwest China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,473/474(3):507-517.
[8]张志刚,高庆先,韩雪琴,等.中国华北区域城市间污染物输送研究[J].环境科学研究,2004,17(1):14-20.ZHANG Zhigang,GAO Qingxian,HAN Xueqin,et al. The study of pollutant transport between the cities in North China[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2004,17(1):14-20.
[9]冯琨,苑魁魁,李王锋,等.空气污染物远程传输对海岛型城市污染的影响[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(6):1410-1419.FENG Kun,YUAN Kuikui,LI Wangfeng,et al.Effects of long-range transport of air pollutants on island city pollution[J]. China Environmental Science,2014,34(6):1410-1419.
[10] ZHAO M,HUANG Z,QIAO T,et al.Chemical characterization,the transport pathways and potential sources of PM2. 5,in Shanghai seasonal variations[J].Atmospheric Research,2015,S158/159:66-78.
[11] ZHU L,HUANG X,SHI H,et al.Transport pathways and potential sources of PM10in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(3):594-604.
[12]孙峰,张大伟,孙瑞雯,等.北京地区冬季典型PM2. 5重污染案例分析[J].中国环境监测,2014,30(6):1-12.SUN Feng,ZHANG Dawei,SUN Ruiwen,et al. Typical heavy pollution episode analysis on PM2. 5in winter of Beijing[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2014,30(6):1-12.
[13] LIAO T,GUI K,JIANG W,et al.Air stagnation and its impact on air quality during winter in Sichuan and Chongqing,southwestern China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,635:576-585.
[14]张强.地形和逆温层对兰州市污染物输送的影响[J].中国环境科学,2001,21(3):230-234.ZHANG Qiang. The influence of terrain and inversion layer on pollutant transfer over Lanzhou City[J]. China Environmental Science,2001,21(3):230-234.
[15] HWANG I,HOPKE P. Estimation of source apportionment and potential source locations of PM2. 5at a west coastal IMPROVE site[J].Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(3):506-518.
[16] KARACA F. Long-range potential source contributions of episodic aerosol events to PM10profile of a megacity[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(36):5713-5722.
[17] ZEMMER F,KARACA F,OZKARAGOZ F. Ragweed pollen observed in Turkey:detection of sources using back trajectory models[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,430(14):101-108.
[18] GAO L,TIAN Y,ZHANG C,et al. Local and long-range transport influences on PM2. 5at a cities-cluster in northern China,during summer 2008[J].Particuology,2014,13(2):66-72.
[19] SIROIS A,BOTTENHEIM J W. Use of backward trajectories to interpret the 5-year record of PAN and O3ambient air concentrations at Kejimkujik National Park,Nova Scotia[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,1995,100(S2):2867-2881.
[20] DRAXLER R R,HESS G D.An overview of the hysplit-4 modeling system for trajectories[J]. Australian Meteorological Magazine,1998,47(4):295-308.
[21]王郭臣,王珏,信玉洁,等.天津PM10和NO2输送路径及潜在源区研究[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(12):3009-3016.WANG Guochen,WANG Jue,XIN Yujie,et al. Transportation pathways and potential source areas of PM10and NO2in Tianjin[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(12):3009-3016.
[22]王郭臣,王东启,陈振楼.北京冬季严重污染过程的PM2. 5污染特征和输送路径及潜在源区[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(7):1931-1937.WANG Guochen,WANG Dongqi,CHEN Zhenlou. Characteristics and transportation pathways and potential sources of a severe PM2. 5episodes during winter in Beijing[J]. China Environmental Science,2016,36(7):1931-1937.
[23] WANG Y Q,ZHANG X Y,DRAXLER R R. Traj Stat:GIS-based software that uses various trajectory statistical analysis methods to identify potential sources from long-term air pollution measurement data[J].Environmental Modelling&Software,2009,24(8):938-939.
[24] ASHBAUGH L L,MALM W C,SADEH W Z. A residence time probability analysis of sulfur concentrations at grand Canyon National Park[J]. Atmospheric Environment,1985,19(8):1263-1270.
[25] POLISSAR A V,HOPKE P K,PAATERO P,et al.The aerosol at Barrow,Alaska:long-term trends and source locations[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(16):2441-2458.
[26] ZHANG Q. A Heavy haze episode in Shanghai in December of2013:characteristics,origins and implications[J]. Aerosol&Air Quality Research,2015,15(5):1881-1893.
[27] HSU Y K,HOLSEN T M,HOPKE P K. Comparison of hybrid receptor models to locate PCB sources in Chicago[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(4):545-562.
[28] WANG Y Q,ZHANG X Y,ARIMOTO R. The contribution from distant dust sources to the atmospheric particulate matter loadings at Xi'an,China during spring[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2006,368(2/3):875-883.
[29] DENG X,TIE X,WU D,et al.Long-term trend of visibility and its characterizations in the Pearl River Delta(PRD)Region,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(7):1424-1435.
[30] KANG H,ZHU B,SU J,et al. Analysis of a long-lasting haze episode in Nanjing,China[J]. Atmospheric Research,2013,S120/121:78-87.
[31] JIA Y,RAHN K A,HE K,et al.A novel technique for quantifying the regional component of urban aerosol solely from its sawtooth cycles[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113(S21):6089-6098.
[32]王占山,张大伟,李云婷,等. 2014年春节期间北京市空气质量分析[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(2):371-378.WANG Zhanshan,ZHANG Dawei,LI Yunting,et al.Analysis of air quality in Beijing City during Spring Festival period of 2014[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(2):371-378.
[33]何启超.四川盆地大气扩散输送与低风速特征[D].北京:北京大学,2014:17-40.
[34]何沐全,刘志红,张颖,等.川南城市群大气灰霾时空分布特征及成因分析[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(2):432-442.HE Muquan,LIU Zhihong,ZHANG Ying,et al. Analyses on the spatial-temporal distribution features and causing factors of atmospheric haze in the southern city-group of Sichuan[J]. China Environmental Science,2017,37(2):432-442.