精明增长背景下上海城市空间扩展演变特征与驱动机制
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摘要
对于我国超大城市而言,正处增量规划向存量规划转变、粗放发展向精明增长转型的时期,识别新发展背景下超大城市空间扩展出现的新特征、新变化具有重要的现实意义。作为改革开放后发展最剧烈的地区,上海在空间扩展方面已经经历巨大变化,能够很好地反映城市空间扩展的历程。基于此,文章以上海超大城市为例,基于空间扩展强度指数、标准差椭圆及驱动力分析模型,对上海城市空间扩展的历程、阶段特征及驱动机制进行系统分析。结果发现:①上海城市空间扩展强度呈现明显的"S"型结构,扩展强度在经历缓慢下降、缓慢增长、快速增长后转变为精明增长背景下的中低速增长。同时,上海城市空间扩展具有明显的计划属性。②上海城市空间扩展模式呈现由蔓延式—跳跃式向填充式扩展模式演变的特征。微更新、微改造、替换将成为城市空间发展新常态。③随着计划经济向市场经济的发展转型,市场力逐渐取代行政力成为影响上海城市空间扩展的重要驱动力量。国际环境的不景气及依靠投资带动城市发展的不可持续性,使得扩大内需成为上海新一轮发展的关键。
As for the megacities in China, it is in the period that the incremental planning transforms to inventory planning; extensive development transforms to smart growth. Therefore, it is of great significance to identify the new features and changes under the new background.As the most developed area after the reform and opening up, Shanghai has undergone tremendous changes in terms of space expansion and can better reflect the process of urban spatial expansion.Based on the space expansion intensity index, standard deviation ellipse and driving force analysis model, this paper takes the Shanghai as an example and systematically analyzes the process, stage characteristics and driving mechanism of urban space expansion in Shanghai.Results are found: 1) The urban space expansion intensity presents a clear "S" structure, which has transformed from slow decline, slow growth, rapid growth to medium and low growth. At the same time, urban space expansion has obvious planning attributes. 2) The space expansion mode has transformed from sprawl-jump mode to infilling mode, micro-update, micro-reconstruction and replacement will become the new normal of urban space development. 3) With the transformation of the planned economy into market economy, market forces gradually replace administrative power and become the key driving force of urban space expansion.The recession of the international environment and the unsustainable development of urban development relying on investment make domestic demand more and more important.
As for the megacities in China, it is in the period that the incremental planning transforms to inventory planning; extensive development transforms to smart growth. Therefore, it is of great significance to identify the new features and changes under the new background.As the most developed area after the reform and opening up, Shanghai has undergone tremendous changes in terms of space expansion and can better reflect the process of urban spatial expansion.Based on the space expansion intensity index, standard deviation ellipse and driving force analysis model, this paper takes the Shanghai as an example and systematically analyzes the process, stage characteristics and driving mechanism of urban space expansion in Shanghai.Results are found: 1) The urban space expansion intensity presents a clear "S" structure, which has transformed from slow decline, slow growth, rapid growth to medium and low growth. At the same time, urban space expansion has obvious planning attributes. 2) The space expansion mode has transformed from sprawl-jump mode to infilling mode, micro-update, micro-reconstruction and replacement will become the new normal of urban space development. 3) With the transformation of the planned economy into market economy, market forces gradually replace administrative power and become the key driving force of urban space expansion.The recession of the international environment and the unsustainable development of urban development relying on investment make domestic demand more and more important.
引文
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[3]潘竟虎,戴维丽.1990-2010年中国主要城市空间形态变化特征[J].经济地理,2015,35(1):44-52.
[4]谭雪兰,欧阳巧玲,江喆,等.基于RS/GIS的长沙市城市空间扩展及影响因素[J].经济地理,2017,37(3):81-85.
[5]牟振宇.近代上海法租界城市空间的扩展[J].城市规划学刊,2008(2):111-118.
[6]陈昕,彭建,刘焱序,等.基于DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据的京津冀地区城市空间扩展与空间关联测度[J].地理研究,2018,37(5):898-909.
[7]王博,陈笑筑,何晓波.省级以下建设用地空间配置效率测度及优化探讨[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(1):89-96.
[8]李晓燕,李慧颖,满卫东,等.哈长城市群城镇用地扩展进程及其驱动因素研究[J].地理科学,2018,38(8):1 273-1 282.
[9]王利伟,冯长春.转型期京津冀城市群空间扩展格局及其动力机制——基于夜间灯光数据方法[J].地理学报,2016,71(12):2 155-2 169.
[10]朱查松,王德,赵倩,等.上海市空间扩展与公路网规划的协调性研究[J].城市规划学刊,2014(1):60-64.
[12]Chris C,Jay K.Controlling urban sprawl:Some experiences from Liverpool[J].Cities,2006,23(5):353-363.
[13]Wang J,Lin YF,Anthony G,et al.Land-use changes and land policies evolution in China’s urbanization processes[J].Land Use Policy,2018,75:375-387.
[14]Hersperger,Matthias Bürgi.Containing urban sprawl-Evaluating effectiveness of urban growth boundaries set by the Swiss[J].Land Use Plan,Land Use Policy,2009,26(2):224-232.
[15]Harvey D.The urban process under capitalism:A framework for analysis[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1978,2(1-4):101-131
[16]李灿,宋晓慧,葛京凤,等.基于CA的城市地价变化与规模扩展耦合作用研究——以石家庄市为例[J].地理与地理信息科学,2018,34(2):112-119.
[17]李保杰,顾和和,纪亚洲.基于CLUE-S模型的矿区土地利用变化情景模拟——以徐州市贾汪矿区为例[J].热带地理,2018,38(2):274-281.
[18]王竞梅.上海城市空间结构演化的研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2015.
[19]刘盛和,吴传钧,沈洪泉.基于GIS的北京城市土地利用扩展模式[J].地理学报,2000(4):407-416.
[20]王绍博,郭建科.中国风景名胜区交通可达性及市场潜力空间测度[J].地理研究,2016,35(9):1 714-1 726.
[21]郑伯红,王桂芹.基于产业用地扩展的湘潭城市空间演变及优化[J].经济地理,2017,37(6):92-99.