关中地区秋冬季颗粒物二次有机碳的估算
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摘要
2017年9月4日～2018年1月19日期间分别在关中地区的5个主要城市西安(XA),渭南(WN),铜川(TCH),宝鸡(BJ),咸阳(XY)设置采样点进行PM_(2.5),PM10颗粒物手工采样观测,采用热光透射法(TOT)分析碳组分,最小值法估算二次有机碳(SOC)浓度,结果显示PM_(2.5)与PM10中SOC平均浓度分别为(7.44±5.54),(9.62±7.49)μg/m~3,一次有机碳(POC)平均浓度分别为(7.04±2.59),(9.33±4.33)μg/m~3,不同粒径颗粒物中SOC各点位的浓度值分布表现基本相同为XY>XA>WN>BJ>TCH.PM_(2.5)中SOC含量为8.76%,OC占比为48.03%,PM10含量为6.28%,OC占比为48.09%,季节分布均呈现为秋季低冬季高,关中地区SOC污染严重.后向轨迹聚类分析结果显示污染气团传输主要是关中地区局部污染和西北,东北方向传输,其中局部污染轨迹的数量占比较多,浓度较高.低空传输与近地面风向风速及污染物分布存在差异,结合关中地区盆地地形,静风频率高,边界层低等多种因素造成颗粒物中SOC浓度较高,其中BJ点位易受到东北气团的污染物传输累积.
Particulate matters including PM_(2.5) and PM~(10) were analyzed using manual determination method in the sampling sites which were situated at five inner cities of Shaan'xi province including Xi'an(XA), Weinan(WN), Tongchuan(TCH), Baoji(BJ), and Xianyang(XY) from September 4 th 2017 to January 19 th 2018. Carbon components and secondary organic carbon(SOC) were analyzed using thermo-optical transmission(TOT) and minimum value estimation method, respectively. Results showed the average concentrations of SOC and primary organic carbon(POC) were(7.44±5.54) and(7.04±2.59) μg/m~3 in the PM_(2.5);(9.62±7.49) and(9.33 ± 4.33) μg/m~3 in the PM10. The concentration distributions of SOC in five different sampling sites were XY>XA>WN>BJ>TCH. The SOC concentration was respectively 8.76% and 6.28% inPM_(2.5) and PM~(10); the OC proportion was respectively 48.03% and 48.09% in PM_(2.5) and PM~(10). The seasonal distribution of pollutants was low in the autumn and high in the winter. SOC pollution was serious in the five inner-cities of Shaanxi Province. Results of backward trajectories clustering analysis showed that the transmission of polluted air mass is mainly local pollution, as well as northwest and northeast direction transmission in the inner-city of Shaanxi province area. Among them, the number of local contamination trajectories and the concentration were relatively high. The pollutant distributions were difference in the five cities due to low-altitude transmission, and diverse near-surface wind direction and speed. The higher SOC concentrations in the particulate matters were caused by many factors such as basin topography, high static wind frequency and low boundary layer in these inner cities. The Baoji(BJ) city was vulnerable to transport and accumulate pollutants in the northeast air mass.
Particulate matters including PM_(2.5) and PM~(10) were analyzed using manual determination method in the sampling sites which were situated at five inner cities of Shaan'xi province including Xi'an(XA), Weinan(WN), Tongchuan(TCH), Baoji(BJ), and Xianyang(XY) from September 4 th 2017 to January 19 th 2018. Carbon components and secondary organic carbon(SOC) were analyzed using thermo-optical transmission(TOT) and minimum value estimation method, respectively. Results showed the average concentrations of SOC and primary organic carbon(POC) were(7.44±5.54) and(7.04±2.59) μg/m~3 in the PM_(2.5);(9.62±7.49) and(9.33 ± 4.33) μg/m~3 in the PM10. The concentration distributions of SOC in five different sampling sites were XY>XA>WN>BJ>TCH. The SOC concentration was respectively 8.76% and 6.28% inPM_(2.5) and PM~(10); the OC proportion was respectively 48.03% and 48.09% in PM_(2.5) and PM~(10). The seasonal distribution of pollutants was low in the autumn and high in the winter. SOC pollution was serious in the five inner-cities of Shaanxi Province. Results of backward trajectories clustering analysis showed that the transmission of polluted air mass is mainly local pollution, as well as northwest and northeast direction transmission in the inner-city of Shaanxi province area. Among them, the number of local contamination trajectories and the concentration were relatively high. The pollutant distributions were difference in the five cities due to low-altitude transmission, and diverse near-surface wind direction and speed. The higher SOC concentrations in the particulate matters were caused by many factors such as basin topography, high static wind frequency and low boundary layer in these inner cities. The Baoji(BJ) city was vulnerable to transport and accumulate pollutants in the northeast air mass.
引文
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[30]沈学勇,翟崇治,许丽萍,等.利用轨迹模式研究重庆主城区冬季PM2.5污染特征[J].环境污染与防治, 2016,38(3):72-76.Shen X Y, Di C Z, Xu L P, et al. Study on pollution characteristics of PM2.5 in Chongqing urban area in winter with backward trajectories[J].Environmental Pollution&Control, 2016,38(3):72-76.
[2]曹军骥,李建军.二次有机气溶胶的形成及其毒理效应[J].地球环境学报, 2016,7(5):431-441.CAO J J, LI J J. Formation and toxicological effect of secondary organic aerosols[J]. Journal of Earth Environment, 2016,7(5):431-441.
[3] Malm W C, Sisler J F, Huffman D, et al. Spatial and seasonal trends in particle concentration and optical extinction in the United States[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 1994,99(D1):1347-1370.
[4] Hansen J. Efficacy of climate forcings[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 2005,110(D18):2571-2592.
[5] Mauderly J L, Chow J C. Health effects of organic aerosols[J].Inhalation Toxicology, 2008,20(3):257-288.
[6] Khan M B, Masiol M, Formenton G, et al. Carbonaceous PM2.5 and secondary organic aerosol across the Veneto region(NE Italy).[J].Science of the Total Environment, 2016,542(Pt A):172-181.
[7] Bian Q, Alharbi B, Shareef M M, et al. Sources of PM2.5 carbonaceous aerosol in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,2018,18(6):1-36.
[8] HJ 656-2013环境空气颗粒物(PM2.5)手工监测方法(重量法)技术规范[S].
[9] Castro L M, Pio C A, Harrison R M, et al. Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres:estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1999,33(17):2771-2781.
[10] Wang Y Q, Zhang X Y, Draxler R R. TrajStat:GIS-based software that uses various trajectory statistical analysis methods to identify potential sources from long-term air pollution measurement data[J].Environmental Modelling&Software, 2009,24(8):938-939.
[11] Timothy Gallaudet, Noaa National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration[DB/OL]. ftp://arlftp.arlhq.noaa.gov/pub/archives/gdas1, 2018-1-22.
[12] GB3095-2012环境空气质量标准[S].
[13] Lai S, Zhao Y, Ding A, et al. Characterization of PM2.5, and the major chemical components during a 1-year campaign in rural Guangzhou,Southern China[J]. Atmospheric Research, 2016,167:208-215.
[14] Zhou S, Wang T, Wang Z, et al. Photochemical evolution of organic aerosols observed in urban plumes from Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta of China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2014,88(5):219-229.
[15] Zeng Y, Wang G, Jian Y, et al. Characteristics of carbonaceous particulate matter in suburban Shanghai atmosphere[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2013,33(1):189-200.
[16] Zhou S, Yang L, Gao R, et al. A comparison study of carbonaceous aerosols in a typical North China Plain urban atmosphere:Seasonal variability, sources and implications to haze formation[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2017,149:95-103.
[17]元洁,刘保双,程渊,等.2017年1月天津市区PM2.5化学组分特征及高时间分辨率来源解析研究[J].环境科学学报, 2018,38(3):1090-1101.Yuan J, Liu B S, Chen Y, et al. Study on characteristics of PM2.5and chemical components and source apportionment of high temporal resolution in January 2017 in Tianjin urban area[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2018,38(3):1090-1101.
[18]西安晚报,西安机动车保有量突破300万辆,位列全国第九平均4人拥有一辆车[DB/OL]. https://sn.ifeng.com/a/20180505/6551817_0.shtml, 2018-05-05.
[19] Cesari D, Benedetto De G E, Bonasoni P, et al. Seasonal variability of PM2.5 and PM10 composition and sources in an urban background site in Southern Italy.[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017,612:202-213.
[20]张家营,刘保双,毕晓辉,等.天津市区夏季碳气溶胶特征及改进的二次有机碳估算方法[J].环境科学研究, 2018,31(9):1504-1518.Zhang J Y, Liu B S, Bi X H, et al. Characteristics of carbon aerosols in summer in Tianjin urban area and improved estimation method for secondary organic carbon[J]. Research of Environmental Science,2018,31(9):1504-1518.
[21] Wu C, Zhen Yu J. Determination of primary combustion source organic carbon-to-elemental carbon(OC/EC)ratio using ambient OC and EC measurements:secondary OC-EC correlation minimization method[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics, 2016,16(8):1-25.
[22] Lonati G, Ozgen S M. Primary and secondary carbonaceous species in PM2.5 samples in Milan(Italy)[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2007,41(22):4599-4610.
[23] Ji D, Zhang J, He J, et al. Characteristics of atmospheric organic and elemental carbon aerosols in urban Beijing, China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2016,125:293-306.
[24] Wang J, Ho S S H, Cao J, et al. Characteristics and major sources of carbonaceous aerosols in PM2.5, from Sanya, China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2015,530-531:110-119.
[25] Chen Y T, Chen J S, Hu G R, et al.[Characterization of organic carbon(OC)and elemental carbon(EC)in PM2.5during the winter in three major cities in Fujian province, China].[J]. Environmental Science,2013,34(5):1988-94.
[26] Pietrogrande M C, Bacco D, Ferrari S, et al. Characteristics and major sources of carbonaceous aerosols in PM2.5 in Emilia Romagna Region(Northern Italy)from four-year observations[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2016,553:172-183.
[27] Sandra W, Marcel L, Ute H, et al. Assessing the influence of seasonal and spatial variations on the estimation of secondary organic carbon in urban particulate matter by applying the EC-Tracer method[J].Atmosphere, 2014,5(2):252-272.
[28]许丹丹,屈晓萍,汪伟峰,等.宁波PM10中有机碳和元素碳的季节变化及来源分析[J].中国环境监测, 2014,30(1):49-52.Xu D D, Qu X P, Wang X F, et al. Characteristics of organic and elemental carbon in PM10 in Ningbo and source analysis[J].Environmental Monitoring of China, 2014,30(1):49-52.
[29]黄炯丽,陈志明,莫招育,等.广西玉林市大气PM10和PM2.5中有机碳和元素碳污染特征分析[J].环境科学, 2018,39(1):27-37.Huang J L, Chen Z M, Mo Z Y, et al. Characteristics of organic and elemental carbon in PM10 and PM2.5 in Yulin City, Guangxi[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Science, 2018,39(1):27-37.
[30]沈学勇,翟崇治,许丽萍,等.利用轨迹模式研究重庆主城区冬季PM2.5污染特征[J].环境污染与防治, 2016,38(3):72-76.Shen X Y, Di C Z, Xu L P, et al. Study on pollution characteristics of PM2.5 in Chongqing urban area in winter with backward trajectories[J].Environmental Pollution&Control, 2016,38(3):72-76.