污水的内含能及污水处理过程的耗能与节能
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摘要
污水处理是一个高能耗、低能效的复杂过程。改变传统认知,将污染物当作能量物质加以资源化,回用于水处理过程或者产品化,可改变污水处理的能耗。以城市污水与焦化废水为例,分析了水质中污染物具有的内含能形式,并探讨了两种计算方法,指出内含能利用的两类可能途径和最大限度。基于热力学基本定律与污水水质特征,辅以适当的当量假设,分析了污水处理过程中的不同形式能量消耗及其原因,运用能流图表达了两个具体案例的能量转化与分布规律。比较了污水处理两类节能评价方法的优异性,提出了未来水处理可能的节能新途径。在加深污水内含能认识的基础上,结合相关产业与工艺技术,分离回收有价值成分,如营养物(氮、磷)、重金属等,并获得水资源的再利用,以间接补偿处理过程的能耗,从而实现节能目标。
Wastewater treatment is a complex process with high energy consumption and low efficiency.Different from the traditional concept of wastewater treatment,the pollutants contained of wastewater can be regarded as energy materials or as the raw materials of other products to be havested to reduce the energy consumption.The forms of the pollutants' embodied energy in wastewater were examined by employing two calculation methods and taking sewage and coking wastewater as examples.Moreover,two possible path ways for the utilization and maximization of the recovery of embodied energy during the wastewater treatment were discussed.The different forms of energy consumption and their causes in wastewater treatment process were analyzed based on thermodynamic laws and quality characteristics of the wastewater,with reasonable assumptions.The laws of energy transfer and distribution of two specific cases are expressed by the energy flow diagram.Some possible energy-saving approaches and wastewater treatment methods in the future are predicted by comparing different energy saving technologies.Based on in-depth understanding of the embodied energy in wastewaters,valuable elements such as nutrients(nitrogen,phosphorus)and heavy metals can be separated and recovered,and water resources can be reused by combining with related industries and technologies.Therefore,the goal of energy saving can be achieved by the indirect compensation of energy consumption in the wastewater treatment process.
Wastewater treatment is a complex process with high energy consumption and low efficiency.Different from the traditional concept of wastewater treatment,the pollutants contained of wastewater can be regarded as energy materials or as the raw materials of other products to be havested to reduce the energy consumption.The forms of the pollutants' embodied energy in wastewater were examined by employing two calculation methods and taking sewage and coking wastewater as examples.Moreover,two possible path ways for the utilization and maximization of the recovery of embodied energy during the wastewater treatment were discussed.The different forms of energy consumption and their causes in wastewater treatment process were analyzed based on thermodynamic laws and quality characteristics of the wastewater,with reasonable assumptions.The laws of energy transfer and distribution of two specific cases are expressed by the energy flow diagram.Some possible energy-saving approaches and wastewater treatment methods in the future are predicted by comparing different energy saving technologies.Based on in-depth understanding of the embodied energy in wastewaters,valuable elements such as nutrients(nitrogen,phosphorus)and heavy metals can be separated and recovered,and water resources can be reused by combining with related industries and technologies.Therefore,the goal of energy saving can be achieved by the indirect compensation of energy consumption in the wastewater treatment process.
引文
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[8]熊焱，齐香汝，金文杰，等．灰色关联分析的季节性污水处理能耗评价研究[J]．环境科学与技术，2014,37(8):188-191.XIONG Y,QI X R,JIN W J,et al.Evaluation of seasonal energy in sewage treatment based on grey correlation analysis[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,37(8):188-191.(in Chinese)
[9]国家环境保护总局．中国环境统计年报[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，2016.State Environmental Protection Administration.Annual report on environmental statistics in China[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2016.
[10]USEPA.Evaluation of energy conservation measures for wastewater treatment facilities[S]. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D C,2010.
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[12]HUANG M H,LI Y M,GU G W.Chemical composition of organic matters in domestic wastewater[J].Desalination,2010,262(1/2/3):36-42.
[13]JURENKA R A,CHAPMAN-WILBERT M.Maricopa groundwater treatment study-Water Treatment Technology Program Report No.15[R].New York:Bureau of Reclamation 1996.
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[15]REN Y,WEI C H,WU C F,et al.Environmental and biological characteristics of coking wastewater[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiate, 2007, 27(7):1094-1100.
[16]MCNEILL A S,CUI C,MILLER S R,et al.Bond dissociation energies in glycine,alanine,and dipeptide deprotonated anions for use in analyzing collisioninduced dissociation processes[J]. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry,2018,429:212-226.
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[19]唐诗雅，傅尧，郭庆祥．铬族金属氢化物中M-H键键能的从头计算[J]．化学学报，2012,70:1923-1929.TANG S Y,FU Y,GUO Q X.Ab initio calculation of M-H bond dissociation energies of Cr-group metal hydrides[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2012, 70:1923-1929.
[20]KOSMATOS A.Experimental determination of the empirical formula and energy content of unknown organics in wastewater[D].Toronto:University of Toronto.2001.
[21]SHIZAS I,BAGLEY D M.Experimental determination of energy content of unknown organics in municipal wastewater streams[J].Journal of Energy Engineering,2004,130(2):45-53.
[22] HEIDRICH E S, CURTIS T P, DOLFING J.Determination of the internal chemical energy of wastewater[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(2):827-832.
[23]高旭．城市污水处理工艺能量平衡分析研究和应用[D]．重庆：重庆大学，2002.GAO X.Study and application on energy balance analysis for municipal wastewater treatment processes[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2002.(in Chinese)
[24]ZHOU H T,WEI C H,ZHANG F Z,et al.Energysaving optimization of coking wastewater treated by aerobic bio-treatment integrating two-stage activated carbon adsorption[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2018,175:467-476.
[25]任福民，毛联华，阜葳，等．中国城镇污水处理厂运行能耗影响因素研究[J]．给水排水，2015,41(1):42-47.REN F M,MAO L H,FU W,et al.Study of influent factors on energy consumption of municipal wastewater treatment plant operation in China[J]. Water and Wastewater Engineering,2015,41(1):42-47.(in Chinese)
[26]高旭，郭劲松，方芳．污水污染物化学焓与常规水质指标的定量关系[J]．重庆大学学报（自然科学版），2004,27(8):116-120.GAO X,GUO J S,FANG F.Research on quantitative correlation between chemical enthalpy of wastewater pollutants and their traditional water qulity indexes[J].Journal of Chongqing University(Natural Science Edition),2004,27(8):116-120.(in Chinese)
[27]OWEN W F.Energy in wastewater treatment[M].New York:Prentice-Hall.1982.
[28]许保玖，龙腾锐．当代给水与废水处理原理[M].2版．北京：高等教育出版社，2000.XU B J,LONG T R.The principle of contemporary water treatment and wastewater treatment[M].2nd Edition.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2000.
[29]范丹，廖建波，韦聪，等．焦化废水处理工程运行能耗的单元解析模型———以OHO流化床工艺为例[J]．环境科学学报，2016,36(10):3709-3719.FAN D,LIAO J B,WEI C,et al.Unit analytical model of energy consumption during the operation of coking wastewater treatment plant:A case study of OHO fluidized bed process[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016, 36(10):3709-3719.(in Chinese)
[30]杨凌波，曾思育，鞠宇平，等．我国城市污水处理厂能耗规律的统计分析与定量识别[J]．给水排水，2008,34(10):42-45.YANG L B,ZENG S Y,JU Y P,et al.Statistical analysis and quantitative recognition of energy consumption of municipal wastewater treatment plants in China[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2008,34(10):42-45.(in Chinese)
[31]MIZUTA K,SHIMADA M.Benchmarking energy consumption in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Japan[J].Water Science and Technology,2010,62(10):2256-2262.
[32]STILLWELL A,HOPPOCK D,WEBBER M.Energy recovery from wastewater treatment plants in the United States:A case study of the energy-water nexus[J].Sustainability,2010,2(4):945-962.
[33]YASSIN L,LETTIERI P,SIMONS S J R,et al.Study of the process design and flue gas treatment of an industrial-scale energy-from-waste combustion plant[J].Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,2007,46(8):2648-2656.
[34]范丹．焦化废水生化处理工艺的选择及工程运行能耗的研究[D]．广州：华南理工大学，2016.FAN D. Selection of coking wastewater(CW)biological treatment process(BTP)and the operation energy consumption(EC)in CW treatment plant[D].Guangzhou:South China University of Technology,2016.(in Chinese)
[35]FITZSIMONS L,HORRIGAN M,MCNAMARA G,et al.Assessing the thermodynamic performance of Irish municipal wastewater treatment plants using exergy analysis:apotential benchmarking approach[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,131:387-398.
[36]GUO B B,YANG X H,JIN X B,et al.Eco-exergybased ecological flow accounting of cropland ecosystem and utilisation efficiencies in China[J].International Journal of Exergy,2015,17(1):74-91.
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