利用远程视频监控系统观察卧龙自然保护区的羚牛和水鹿
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摘要
2016年10月至2017年12月,利用远程视频监控系统对卧龙国家级自然保护区羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor)和水鹿(Cervus unicolor)在天然盐井的活动进行初步观察。结果显示:羚牛和水鹿在水源的使用上具有明显的等级序位,并会利用地形进行争夺。水鹿种群扩大会缩短个体用于警戒的时间,鹿群也会在水源地停留更久。羚牛花费在警戒行为中的时间比水鹿少。2种动物在种内及种间的冲突行为表现出不同的形式。羚牛和水鹿具有不同的集群类型,但都由雌性引导种群的活动。2种动物的未成年个体跟随母体生活和学习的时间均超过1 a,水鹿母幼之间的亲昵行为频率要低于羚牛。远程视频监控系统能够全天候观察自然状态下的野生动物,并可以进行视频回放。该系统在卧龙的应用增加了对羚牛、水鹿生态学和行为学的认识,有利于保护这2个物种。
引文
[1]冯慧.利用mtDNA和微卫星分析羚牛秦岭亚种遗传多样性和遗传结构[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2016.
[2]李石华,王金亮,陈姚.高黎贡山羚牛生境选择初步研究[J].四川动物,2007,26(1):51-56.
[3]WU S B,ZHANG X Y,YUE B S,et al.Phylogenetic position of the takin(Budorcas taxicolor)and the yak(Bos grunniens)within the family Bovidae[J].Zootaxa,2010,(2392):62-68.
[4]李明富,李晟,王大军,等.四川唐家河自然保护区扭角羚冬春季日活动模式研究[J].四川动物,2011,30(6):850-855.
[5]Ge B M,Guan T P,Powell D,et al.Effects of an earthquake on wildlife behavior:a case study of takin(Budorcas taxicolor)in Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve,China[J].Ecological Research,2011,26(1):217-223.
[6]虎绍勇,谌利民,杨建东.四川唐家河自然保护区扭角羚死亡监测探讨[J].四川动物,2011,30(6):982-985.
[7]Guan T P,Ge B M,Powell D M,et al.Does a temperate ungulate that breeds in summer exhibit rut-induced hypophagia?Analysis of time budgets of male takin(Budorcas taxicolor)in Sichuan,China[J].Behavioural Processes,2012,89(3):286-291.
[8]Adkin A,Bernier D,Santymire R M.Characterizing the behavior and reproductive biology of zoo-housed Sichuan takin(Budorcas taxicolor tibetana)using non-invasive techniques[J].Theriogenology,2012,78(3):483-494.
[9]Guan T P,Ge B M,Mcshea W J,et al.Seasonal migration by a large forest ungulate a study on takin(Budorcas taxicolor)in Sichuan Province,China[J].European Journal of Wildlife Research,2013,(59):81-91.
[10]Powell D,Speeg B,Li S,et al.An ethogram and activity budget of captive Sichuan takin(Budorcas taxicolor tibetana)with comparisons to other Bovidae[J].Mammalia,2013,77(4):391-401.
[11]Guan T P,Wang F,Li S,et al.Nature reserve requirements for landscape-dependent ungulates:The case of endangered takin(Budorcas taxicolor)in Southwestern China[J].Biological Conservation,2015,(182):63-71.
[12]Wangchuk T R,Wegge P,Sangay T.Habitat and diet of Bhutan takin Budorcas taxicolor whitei during summer in Jigme Dorji National Park,Bhutan[J].Journal of Natural History,2016,50(11-12):759-770.
[13]舒服,李炳章,刘务林,等.西藏喜马拉雅地区发现水鹿[J].四川动物,2017,36(5):563.
[14]董为.鹿角形态演化综述[C]//第十一届中国古脊椎动物学学术年会论文集,北京:海洋出版社,2008:127-144.
[15]Podchong S,Schmidtvogt D,Honda K.An improved approach for identifying suitable habitat of Sambar Deer(Cervus unicolor Kerr)using ecological niche analysis and environmental categorization:case study at PhuKhieo Wildlife Sanctuary,Thailand[J].Ecological Modelling,2009,220(17):2103-2114.
[16]Chan P W,Tsai H Y,Chen C F,et al.The reproductive performance of female Formosan sambar deer(Cervus unicolor swinhoei)in semi-domesticated herds[J].Theriogenology,2009,71(7):1156-1161.
[17]Chen C H,Huang H L,Chang M T,et al.Characterization of mitochondrial genome of Formosan sambar(Rusa unicolor swinhoei)[J].Biologia,2011,66(6):1196-1201.
[18]Forsyth D M,Davis N E.Diets of Non-Native Deer in Australia Estimated by Macroscopic Versus Microhistological Rumen Analysis[J].Journal of Wildlife Management,2011,75(6):1488-1497.
[19]Dai T Y,Wang C H,Chen K N,et al.The Antiinfective Effects of Velvet Antler of Formosan Sambar Deer(Cervus unicolor swinhoei)on Staphylococcus aureusInfected Mice[J].Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine,2011,2011:1-9.
[20]Chu CS,Yu CY,Chen CT,et al.Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M.bovis infection in Feedlot Deer(Cervus unicolor swinhoei and C.nippon taiouanus)in Taiwan[J].Journal of Microbiology,Immunology and Infection,2012,45(6):426-434.
[21]Ismail D,Jiwan D.Browsing preference and ecological carrying capacity of sambar deer(Cervus unicolor brookei)on secondary vegetation in forest plantation[J].Animal science journal,2015,86(2):225-237.
[22]Vongpralub T,Chinchiyanond W,Hongkuntod P,et al.Cryopreservation of Sambar deer semen in Thailand[J].Zoo Biology,2015,34(4):335-344.
[23]Bennett A,Haydon S,Stevens M,et al.Culling reduces fecal pellet deposition by introduced sambar(Rusa unicolor)in a protected water catchment[J].Wildlife Society Bulletin,2015,39(2):268-275.
[24]姚刚,李艳红,张晋东,等.卧龙国家级自然保护区水鹿种群密度及分布调查[J].四川动物,2017,36(5):588-592.
[25]唐卓,杨建,刘雪华,等.基于红外相机技术对四川卧龙国家级自然保护区雪豹(Panthera uncia)的研究[J].生物多样性,2017,25(1):62-70.
[26]唐卓,杨建,刘雪华,等.利用红外相机研究卧龙国家级自然保护区绿尾虹雉的活动规律[J].四川动物,2017,36(5):582-587.
[27]葛桃安,胡锦矗,江明道.扭角羚的舔盐行为观察及初析[J].南充师院学报(自然科学版),1988,9(1):15-19.
[28]曾治高,宋延龄.秦岭羚牛的舔盐习性[J].动物学杂志,1998,33(3):31-33.
[29]袁重桂,胡锦矗,吴毅,等.唐家河自然保护区冬季独栖羚牛及其习性[J].动物学研究,1990,11(3):203-208.
[30]曾治高,宋延龄.羚牛防御行为的观察[J].兽类学报,1998,18(1):8-14.
[31]葛桃安,胡锦矗,江明道,等.唐家河自然保护区扭角羚的兽群结构及数量分布[J].兽类学报,1989,9(4):262-268.
[32]郭正彦.磐石山区高地草原台湾水鹿之日间行为[D].台北:台湾师范大学,2004.
[33]李忠秋.三种珍稀有蹄类动物的警戒行为数据[J].生物多样性,2016,24(12):1335-1340.
[34]王学志,宋延龄,曾治高,等.秦岭雄性羚牛的发情行为与其社会状态的关系[J].兽类学报,2006,26(1):33-37.
[35]张晋东,李玉杰,黄金燕,等.利用红外相机建立野生水鹿行为谱及PAE编码系统[J].兽类学报,2018,38(1):1-11.
[36]葛宝明.羚牛行为时间分配、集群、家域、监测评价和地震对羚牛的影响[D].北京:中国科学院,2010.
[37]曾治高,宋延龄,巩会生.秦岭羚牛群体分离与重组的变化[J].兽类学报,2000,20(3):161-167.
[38]Ramesh T,Sankar K,Qureshi Q,et al.Group size,sex and age composition of chital(Axis axis)and sambar(Rusa unicolor)in a deciduous habitat of Western Ghats[J].Mammalian Biology,2012,77(1):53-59.
[39]康蔼黎,张恩迪.饲养条件下羚牛母幼行为的初步研究[J].动物学杂志,2001,36(2):19-22.
[40]Leslie D M.Rusa unicolor(Artiodactyla:Cervidae)[J].Mammalian Species,2011,43(871):1-30.
[41]吴家炎,吕宗宝,郑永烈,等.秦岭太白山区羚牛生态的初步观察[J].动物学杂志,1966,3(3):107-108.
[42]邓其祥.天全县蜂子河羚牛生态调查[J].动物学杂志,1984,6(6):30-33.
[43]Matsubayashi H,Lagan P,Sukor J,et al.Seasonal and daily use of natural licks by sambar deer(Cervus unicolor)in a Bornean tropical rain forest[J].Tropics,2007,17(1):81-86.
[2]李石华,王金亮,陈姚.高黎贡山羚牛生境选择初步研究[J].四川动物,2007,26(1):51-56.
[3]WU S B,ZHANG X Y,YUE B S,et al.Phylogenetic position of the takin(Budorcas taxicolor)and the yak(Bos grunniens)within the family Bovidae[J].Zootaxa,2010,(2392):62-68.
[4]李明富,李晟,王大军,等.四川唐家河自然保护区扭角羚冬春季日活动模式研究[J].四川动物,2011,30(6):850-855.
[5]Ge B M,Guan T P,Powell D,et al.Effects of an earthquake on wildlife behavior:a case study of takin(Budorcas taxicolor)in Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve,China[J].Ecological Research,2011,26(1):217-223.
[6]虎绍勇,谌利民,杨建东.四川唐家河自然保护区扭角羚死亡监测探讨[J].四川动物,2011,30(6):982-985.
[7]Guan T P,Ge B M,Powell D M,et al.Does a temperate ungulate that breeds in summer exhibit rut-induced hypophagia?Analysis of time budgets of male takin(Budorcas taxicolor)in Sichuan,China[J].Behavioural Processes,2012,89(3):286-291.
[8]Adkin A,Bernier D,Santymire R M.Characterizing the behavior and reproductive biology of zoo-housed Sichuan takin(Budorcas taxicolor tibetana)using non-invasive techniques[J].Theriogenology,2012,78(3):483-494.
[9]Guan T P,Ge B M,Mcshea W J,et al.Seasonal migration by a large forest ungulate a study on takin(Budorcas taxicolor)in Sichuan Province,China[J].European Journal of Wildlife Research,2013,(59):81-91.
[10]Powell D,Speeg B,Li S,et al.An ethogram and activity budget of captive Sichuan takin(Budorcas taxicolor tibetana)with comparisons to other Bovidae[J].Mammalia,2013,77(4):391-401.
[11]Guan T P,Wang F,Li S,et al.Nature reserve requirements for landscape-dependent ungulates:The case of endangered takin(Budorcas taxicolor)in Southwestern China[J].Biological Conservation,2015,(182):63-71.
[12]Wangchuk T R,Wegge P,Sangay T.Habitat and diet of Bhutan takin Budorcas taxicolor whitei during summer in Jigme Dorji National Park,Bhutan[J].Journal of Natural History,2016,50(11-12):759-770.
[13]舒服,李炳章,刘务林,等.西藏喜马拉雅地区发现水鹿[J].四川动物,2017,36(5):563.
[14]董为.鹿角形态演化综述[C]//第十一届中国古脊椎动物学学术年会论文集,北京:海洋出版社,2008:127-144.
[15]Podchong S,Schmidtvogt D,Honda K.An improved approach for identifying suitable habitat of Sambar Deer(Cervus unicolor Kerr)using ecological niche analysis and environmental categorization:case study at PhuKhieo Wildlife Sanctuary,Thailand[J].Ecological Modelling,2009,220(17):2103-2114.
[16]Chan P W,Tsai H Y,Chen C F,et al.The reproductive performance of female Formosan sambar deer(Cervus unicolor swinhoei)in semi-domesticated herds[J].Theriogenology,2009,71(7):1156-1161.
[17]Chen C H,Huang H L,Chang M T,et al.Characterization of mitochondrial genome of Formosan sambar(Rusa unicolor swinhoei)[J].Biologia,2011,66(6):1196-1201.
[18]Forsyth D M,Davis N E.Diets of Non-Native Deer in Australia Estimated by Macroscopic Versus Microhistological Rumen Analysis[J].Journal of Wildlife Management,2011,75(6):1488-1497.
[19]Dai T Y,Wang C H,Chen K N,et al.The Antiinfective Effects of Velvet Antler of Formosan Sambar Deer(Cervus unicolor swinhoei)on Staphylococcus aureusInfected Mice[J].Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine,2011,2011:1-9.
[20]Chu CS,Yu CY,Chen CT,et al.Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M.bovis infection in Feedlot Deer(Cervus unicolor swinhoei and C.nippon taiouanus)in Taiwan[J].Journal of Microbiology,Immunology and Infection,2012,45(6):426-434.
[21]Ismail D,Jiwan D.Browsing preference and ecological carrying capacity of sambar deer(Cervus unicolor brookei)on secondary vegetation in forest plantation[J].Animal science journal,2015,86(2):225-237.
[22]Vongpralub T,Chinchiyanond W,Hongkuntod P,et al.Cryopreservation of Sambar deer semen in Thailand[J].Zoo Biology,2015,34(4):335-344.
[23]Bennett A,Haydon S,Stevens M,et al.Culling reduces fecal pellet deposition by introduced sambar(Rusa unicolor)in a protected water catchment[J].Wildlife Society Bulletin,2015,39(2):268-275.
[24]姚刚,李艳红,张晋东,等.卧龙国家级自然保护区水鹿种群密度及分布调查[J].四川动物,2017,36(5):588-592.
[25]唐卓,杨建,刘雪华,等.基于红外相机技术对四川卧龙国家级自然保护区雪豹(Panthera uncia)的研究[J].生物多样性,2017,25(1):62-70.
[26]唐卓,杨建,刘雪华,等.利用红外相机研究卧龙国家级自然保护区绿尾虹雉的活动规律[J].四川动物,2017,36(5):582-587.
[27]葛桃安,胡锦矗,江明道.扭角羚的舔盐行为观察及初析[J].南充师院学报(自然科学版),1988,9(1):15-19.
[28]曾治高,宋延龄.秦岭羚牛的舔盐习性[J].动物学杂志,1998,33(3):31-33.
[29]袁重桂,胡锦矗,吴毅,等.唐家河自然保护区冬季独栖羚牛及其习性[J].动物学研究,1990,11(3):203-208.
[30]曾治高,宋延龄.羚牛防御行为的观察[J].兽类学报,1998,18(1):8-14.
[31]葛桃安,胡锦矗,江明道,等.唐家河自然保护区扭角羚的兽群结构及数量分布[J].兽类学报,1989,9(4):262-268.
[32]郭正彦.磐石山区高地草原台湾水鹿之日间行为[D].台北:台湾师范大学,2004.
[33]李忠秋.三种珍稀有蹄类动物的警戒行为数据[J].生物多样性,2016,24(12):1335-1340.
[34]王学志,宋延龄,曾治高,等.秦岭雄性羚牛的发情行为与其社会状态的关系[J].兽类学报,2006,26(1):33-37.
[35]张晋东,李玉杰,黄金燕,等.利用红外相机建立野生水鹿行为谱及PAE编码系统[J].兽类学报,2018,38(1):1-11.
[36]葛宝明.羚牛行为时间分配、集群、家域、监测评价和地震对羚牛的影响[D].北京:中国科学院,2010.
[37]曾治高,宋延龄,巩会生.秦岭羚牛群体分离与重组的变化[J].兽类学报,2000,20(3):161-167.
[38]Ramesh T,Sankar K,Qureshi Q,et al.Group size,sex and age composition of chital(Axis axis)and sambar(Rusa unicolor)in a deciduous habitat of Western Ghats[J].Mammalian Biology,2012,77(1):53-59.
[39]康蔼黎,张恩迪.饲养条件下羚牛母幼行为的初步研究[J].动物学杂志,2001,36(2):19-22.
[40]Leslie D M.Rusa unicolor(Artiodactyla:Cervidae)[J].Mammalian Species,2011,43(871):1-30.
[41]吴家炎,吕宗宝,郑永烈,等.秦岭太白山区羚牛生态的初步观察[J].动物学杂志,1966,3(3):107-108.
[42]邓其祥.天全县蜂子河羚牛生态调查[J].动物学杂志,1984,6(6):30-33.
[43]Matsubayashi H,Lagan P,Sukor J,et al.Seasonal and daily use of natural licks by sambar deer(Cervus unicolor)in a Bornean tropical rain forest[J].Tropics,2007,17(1):81-86.
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