三江源区高寒沼泽草甸日蒸散估算模型研究
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摘要
蒸散作为重要的水文特征参数,是高寒沼泽草甸能量和水分消耗的主要途径,直接影响着生态系统的物质和能量循环。在高寒地区应用涡动相关法、波文比法、大型蒸渗仪等方法获取大范围实际蒸散较为困难。本研究通过高原地区辐射模型的比较、波文比系统观测,构建基于常规气象要素的高寒沼泽草甸实际蒸散模型,为高寒区域沼泽草甸大范围蒸散估算提供可能。研究结果表明,左大康辐射模型(ZUO)对青藏高原高寒沼泽草甸日辐射模拟效果最佳;采用FAO56P-M,Priestley-Taylor,Hargreaves,Makkink等方法建立青藏高原高寒沼泽草甸日蒸散量估算参考蒸散量与实际蒸散量之间的经验模型,通过比较4种经验模型的RMSE,MAE和AI,发现经验模型FAO56P-M,Makkink,Priestley-Taylor和Hargreaves都可以很好的估算高寒沼泽草甸的实际蒸散,其中FAO56P-M,Priestley-Taylor和Makkink模型的模拟效果优于Hargreaves模型。
Evapotranspiration as important hydrological characteristics of alpine marsh meadow,is the main way of its energy and water consumption,and it affects directly the mass change and energy cycle of adjacent ecosystems.It is difficult to obtain a large range of actual evapotranspiration in cold region by Eddy Correlation method,Bowen Ratio method and large-scale permeameter.In this study,through comparison of radiation models in the plateau area and bowen ratio system observation,the actual evapotranspiration model of the alpine marsh meadow based on conventional meteorological elements was constructed,which provided a possibility for the estimation of large-scale evapotranspiration of the marsh wetland in the alpine region.The results showed that the ZUO model has the best simulation effect on the diurnal radiation of the alpine meadow over the Tibetan Plateau.And the model recommend by FAO56 P-M.FAO56 P-M,Priestley-Taylor,Hargreaves and Makkink methods were applied to build the empirical model for estimating daily evapotranspiration between reference evapotranspiration and actual evapotranspiration derived from Bowen Ratio method on alpine marsh meadow in the Tibetan Plateau.After comparing the performance of four empirical models by RMSE,MAE and AI,it showed these models all can get the better estimated daily ETadata on alpine marsh meadow in Tibetan Plateau,however,the performance of the FAO56 P-M,Makkink and the Priestley-Taylor empirical model were better than Hargreaves empirical models.
Evapotranspiration as important hydrological characteristics of alpine marsh meadow,is the main way of its energy and water consumption,and it affects directly the mass change and energy cycle of adjacent ecosystems.It is difficult to obtain a large range of actual evapotranspiration in cold region by Eddy Correlation method,Bowen Ratio method and large-scale permeameter.In this study,through comparison of radiation models in the plateau area and bowen ratio system observation,the actual evapotranspiration model of the alpine marsh meadow based on conventional meteorological elements was constructed,which provided a possibility for the estimation of large-scale evapotranspiration of the marsh wetland in the alpine region.The results showed that the ZUO model has the best simulation effect on the diurnal radiation of the alpine meadow over the Tibetan Plateau.And the model recommend by FAO56 P-M.FAO56 P-M,Priestley-Taylor,Hargreaves and Makkink methods were applied to build the empirical model for estimating daily evapotranspiration between reference evapotranspiration and actual evapotranspiration derived from Bowen Ratio method on alpine marsh meadow in the Tibetan Plateau.After comparing the performance of four empirical models by RMSE,MAE and AI,it showed these models all can get the better estimated daily ETadata on alpine marsh meadow in Tibetan Plateau,however,the performance of the FAO56 P-M,Makkink and the Priestley-Taylor empirical model were better than Hargreaves empirical models.
引文
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[15]胡庆芳，杨大文，王银堂，等．Hargreaves公式的全局校正及适用性评价[J]．水科学进展，2011,22(2):160-167
[16]Najafi P.Assessment of CropWat model accuracy for estimating potential evapotranspiration in arid and semi-arid region of Iran[J].Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences,2007,10:2665-2669
[17]Hargreaves G L,Hargreaves G H,Riley J P.Irrigation water requirements for Senegal river basin[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,1985,111:265-275
[18]Makkink G.Testing the Penman formula by means of lysimeters[J].Journal of Institute of Water Engineering,1957,11:277-288
[19]Chen D,Gao G,Xu C Y,et al.Comparison of the Thornthwaite method and pan data with the standard PenmanMonteith estimates of reference evapotranspiration in China[J].Climate Research,2005,28:123-132
[20]Gong L,Xu C Y,Chen D,et al.Sensitivity of the PenmanMonteith reference evapotranspiration to key climatic variables in the Changjiang(Yangtze River)basin[J].Journal of Hydrology,2006,329:620-629
[21]Martinez-Lozano J,Tena F,Onrubia J,et al.The historical evolution of the Angstr9m formula and its modifications:review and bibliography[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1984,33:109-128
[22]Ramanathan R K,Ramdas L A.Derivation of angstrom's formula for atmospheric radiation and some general considerations regarding nocturnal cooling of air-layers near the ground[J].Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science,1935,11:822-829
[23]Itenfisu D,Elliott R L,Allen R G,et al.Comparison of reference evapotranspiration calculations as part of the ASCEstandardization effort[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,2003,129:440-448
[24]Sinclair T,Allen J L,Lemon E.An analysis of errors in the calculation of energy flux densities above vegetation by a Bowen-ratio profile method[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1975,8:129-139
[25]Zhang B,Kang S,Zhang L,et al.Estimation of seasonal crop water consumption in a vineyard using Bowen ratio-energy balance method[J].Hydrological Processes,2007,21:3635-3641
[26]Fuchs M,Tanner C.Error analysis of Bowen ratios measured by differential psychrometry[J].Journal of Agricultural Meteorology,1970,7:329-334
[27]Heilman J,Brittin C,Neale C.Fetch requirements for Bowen ratio measurements of latent and sensible heat fluxes[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1989,44:261-273
[28]刘安花，李英年，薛晓娟，等．高寒草甸蒸散量及作物系数的研究[J]．中国农业气象，2010,30(1):59-64
[29]Alexandris S,Kerkides P.New empirical formula for hourly estimations of reference evapotranspiration[J].Agricultural Water Management,2003,60:157-180
[30]Willmott C J.Some comments on the evaluation of model performance[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,1982,63:1309-1313
[31]Liu G S,Liu Y,Hafeez M,et al.Comparison of two methods to derive time series of actual evapotranspiration using eddy covariance measurements in the southeastern Australia[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,454:1-6
[32]李林，朱西德，周陆生，等．三江源地区气候变化及其对生态环境的影响[J]．气象，2004,30(8):18-22
[33]Li J,Jiang S,Wang B,et al.Evapotranspiration and its energy exchange in Alpine Meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2013,12(8):1396-1401
[34]Gu S,Tang Y H,Cui X Y,et al.Characterizing evapotranspiration over a meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113:1-10
[35]Liu S,Li S G,Yu G R,et al.Surface energy exchanges above two grassland ecosystems on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Biogeosciences Discussions,2009,6:9161-9193
[36]刘帅，李胜功，于贵瑞，等．不同降水梯度下草地生态系统地表能量交换[J]．生态学报，2010,30(3):557-567
[37]何奇瑾，周广胜，周莉，等．盘锦芦苇湿地水热通量计算方法的比较研究[J]．气象与环境学报，2006,22(4):35-41
[38]Burba G G,Verma S B,Kim J.Energy fluxes of an open water area in a mid-latitude prairie wetland[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1999,91:495-504
[39]Monji N,Hamotani K,Tosa R,et al.CO2and water vapor flux evaluations by modified gradient methods over a mangrove forest[J].Journal of Agricultural Meteorology,2002,58(2):63-69
[40]Bausch W C,Bernard T M.Spatial averaging Bowen Ratio system:desription and lysimeter comparison[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1992,35(1):121-127
[2]Kutzbach J,Prell W,Ruddiman W F.Sensitivity of Eurasian climate to surface uplift of the Tibetan Plateau[J].The Journal of Geology,1993,101(2):177-190
[3]王同美，吴国雄，万日金．青藏高原的热力和动力作用对亚洲季风区环流的影响[J]．高原气象，2008,27(1):1-9
[4]刘纪元，徐新良，邵全琴．近30年来青海三江源地区草地退化的时空特征[J]．地理学报，2008,63(4):364-376
[5]Wang C,Shi R,Cui Y,et al.Simulation analysis on characteristics of land surface over western Qinghai-Xizang Plateau during freez-ing-thawing period[J].Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions,2009,4(4):329-340
[6]Winter T,Rosenberry D,Sturrock A.Evaluation of 11equations for determining evaporation for a small lake in the north central United States[J].Water Resources Research,1995,31:983-993
[7]Rosenberry D O,Stannard D I,Winter T C,et al.Comparison of 13equations for determining evapotranspiration from a prairie wetland,Cottonwood Lake area,North Dakota,USA[J].Wetlands,2004,24:483-497
[8]Drexler J Z,Snyder R L,Spano D,et al.A review of models and micrometeorological methods used to estimate wetland evapotranspiration[J].Hydrological Processes,2004,18:2071-2101
[9]刘可，杜灵通，侯静，等．2000-2014年宁夏草地蒸散时空特征及演变规律[J]．草业学报，2018,27(3):1-12
[10]张建君．农田日蒸散量估算方法研究[D]．北京：中国农业科学院，2009:1-4
[11]张晓艳，褚建民，孟平，等．环境因子对民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带梭梭人工林蒸散的影响[J]．应用生态学报，2016,27(8):2390-2400
[12]Sanderson J S,Cooper D J.Ground water discharge by evapotranspiration in wetlands of an arid intermountain basin[J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,351:344-359
[13]Allen R G,Pereira L S,Raes D,et al.FAO Irrigation and drainage paper No.56.Rome:Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations[M].Rome,Italy:Allen R G,Pereira L S,Raes D,Smith M,1998:26-40
[14]Cai J,Liu Y,Lei T,et al.Estimating reference evapotranspiration with the FAO Penman-Monteith equation using daily weather forecast messages[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2007,145:22-35
[15]胡庆芳，杨大文，王银堂，等．Hargreaves公式的全局校正及适用性评价[J]．水科学进展，2011,22(2):160-167
[16]Najafi P.Assessment of CropWat model accuracy for estimating potential evapotranspiration in arid and semi-arid region of Iran[J].Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences,2007,10:2665-2669
[17]Hargreaves G L,Hargreaves G H,Riley J P.Irrigation water requirements for Senegal river basin[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,1985,111:265-275
[18]Makkink G.Testing the Penman formula by means of lysimeters[J].Journal of Institute of Water Engineering,1957,11:277-288
[19]Chen D,Gao G,Xu C Y,et al.Comparison of the Thornthwaite method and pan data with the standard PenmanMonteith estimates of reference evapotranspiration in China[J].Climate Research,2005,28:123-132
[20]Gong L,Xu C Y,Chen D,et al.Sensitivity of the PenmanMonteith reference evapotranspiration to key climatic variables in the Changjiang(Yangtze River)basin[J].Journal of Hydrology,2006,329:620-629
[21]Martinez-Lozano J,Tena F,Onrubia J,et al.The historical evolution of the Angstr9m formula and its modifications:review and bibliography[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1984,33:109-128
[22]Ramanathan R K,Ramdas L A.Derivation of angstrom's formula for atmospheric radiation and some general considerations regarding nocturnal cooling of air-layers near the ground[J].Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science,1935,11:822-829
[23]Itenfisu D,Elliott R L,Allen R G,et al.Comparison of reference evapotranspiration calculations as part of the ASCEstandardization effort[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,2003,129:440-448
[24]Sinclair T,Allen J L,Lemon E.An analysis of errors in the calculation of energy flux densities above vegetation by a Bowen-ratio profile method[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1975,8:129-139
[25]Zhang B,Kang S,Zhang L,et al.Estimation of seasonal crop water consumption in a vineyard using Bowen ratio-energy balance method[J].Hydrological Processes,2007,21:3635-3641
[26]Fuchs M,Tanner C.Error analysis of Bowen ratios measured by differential psychrometry[J].Journal of Agricultural Meteorology,1970,7:329-334
[27]Heilman J,Brittin C,Neale C.Fetch requirements for Bowen ratio measurements of latent and sensible heat fluxes[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1989,44:261-273
[28]刘安花，李英年，薛晓娟，等．高寒草甸蒸散量及作物系数的研究[J]．中国农业气象，2010,30(1):59-64
[29]Alexandris S,Kerkides P.New empirical formula for hourly estimations of reference evapotranspiration[J].Agricultural Water Management,2003,60:157-180
[30]Willmott C J.Some comments on the evaluation of model performance[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,1982,63:1309-1313
[31]Liu G S,Liu Y,Hafeez M,et al.Comparison of two methods to derive time series of actual evapotranspiration using eddy covariance measurements in the southeastern Australia[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,454:1-6
[32]李林，朱西德，周陆生，等．三江源地区气候变化及其对生态环境的影响[J]．气象，2004,30(8):18-22
[33]Li J,Jiang S,Wang B,et al.Evapotranspiration and its energy exchange in Alpine Meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2013,12(8):1396-1401
[34]Gu S,Tang Y H,Cui X Y,et al.Characterizing evapotranspiration over a meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113:1-10
[35]Liu S,Li S G,Yu G R,et al.Surface energy exchanges above two grassland ecosystems on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Biogeosciences Discussions,2009,6:9161-9193
[36]刘帅，李胜功，于贵瑞，等．不同降水梯度下草地生态系统地表能量交换[J]．生态学报，2010,30(3):557-567
[37]何奇瑾，周广胜，周莉，等．盘锦芦苇湿地水热通量计算方法的比较研究[J]．气象与环境学报，2006,22(4):35-41
[38]Burba G G,Verma S B,Kim J.Energy fluxes of an open water area in a mid-latitude prairie wetland[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1999,91:495-504
[39]Monji N,Hamotani K,Tosa R,et al.CO2and water vapor flux evaluations by modified gradient methods over a mangrove forest[J].Journal of Agricultural Meteorology,2002,58(2):63-69
[40]Bausch W C,Bernard T M.Spatial averaging Bowen Ratio system:desription and lysimeter comparison[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1992,35(1):121-127
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