北京东南郊灌区土壤和农作物有机农药污染风险评估
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摘要
为研究北京市东南灌区农作物和表层土壤有机氯农药含量水平,2015年利用气象色谱—质谱仪检测了该灌区土壤和作物样品中23种农药组分含量。结果显示灌区表层土壤农药含量为1.2～83.3μg/kg,均值为28.7μg/kg。土壤样品中六氯苯、莠去津、p,p′-DDE检出率均为100%, p,p′-DDT检出率为17%,其余组分检出率仅为0～11%。表层土壤农药各检测组分占总量比例最高的为莠去津和p,p′-DDE,分别占总量的49.9%和35.2%;其次为六氯苯和p,p′-DDT,分别占总量的5.0%和4.2%。土壤六氯苯、莠去津和DDTs含量分别为0.2～9.8μg/kg(均值为1.4μg/kg)、0.5～76.3μg/kg(均值14.3μg/kg)和0.5～54.4μg/kg(均值为11.4μg/kg),均未超过加拿大、越南和我国土壤标准的限值要求。灌区总体上近期没有DDTs输入。冬小麦籽粒、夏玉米籽粒、菜心和油菜农药含量分别为0.229～0.297,ND～1.29,0.5和0.4μg/kg;其余农作物23种农药含量均低于实验检出限。农作物仅六氯苯和莠去津能检测出,其含量分别为ND～1.39和ND～1.2μg/kg。夏玉米籽粒莠去津含量未超过GB 2763—2014《食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量》含量限值。
In order to find out the concentration and pollution characteristics of organchlorine pesticides(OCPs)in topsoil and agricultural products in irrigation district at the southeastern suburb of Beijing,23 kinds of OCPs in topsoil samples and crops samples in this district were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)in 2015. Results showed that the total concentrations of OCPs in topsoil ranged from 1.2 to 83.3 μg/kg, with average concentration of 28.7 μg/kg.Hexachlobenzene,atrazine and p,p'-DDE were found in all soil samples,whereas p,p'-DDT were detectable in 17% of all soil samples,and the rest were detectable in a range of 0～11%. The higher individuals were atrazine and p,p'-DDE,which contributed 49.9% and 35.2% to OCPs,respectively,followed by hexachlobenzene and p,p'-DDT accounting for 5.0% and 4.2% of OCPs,respectively. The concentrations of hexachlobenzene,atrazine,and DDTs in topsoil were 0.2 ～ 9.8 μg/kg(average concentration of 1.4 μg/kg),0.5 ～ 76.3 μg/kg(average concentrations of 14.3 μg/kg),and 0.5 ～ 54.4 μg/kg(average concentrations of 11.4 μg/kg),respectively;the three individuals were lower than the corresponding standards. There were no inputs for DDTs recently in the study area. The concentrations of OCPs in winter wheat grain,summer maize grain,Chinese flowering cabbage and oil seed raped were0.229～0.297,ND～1.29,0.5 and 0.4μg/kg,respectively; the concentrations of OCPs in the rest crops were lower than the detection limit. Only hexachlobenzene and atrazine in crops were higher than the detection limit,the concentrations were ND～1.39 and ND～1.2μg/kg,respectively. The concentrations of atrazine in summer maize grain were below the standard of National Food Safety Standard-maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides in Food(GB 2763—2014).
In order to find out the concentration and pollution characteristics of organchlorine pesticides(OCPs)in topsoil and agricultural products in irrigation district at the southeastern suburb of Beijing,23 kinds of OCPs in topsoil samples and crops samples in this district were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)in 2015. Results showed that the total concentrations of OCPs in topsoil ranged from 1.2 to 83.3 μg/kg, with average concentration of 28.7 μg/kg.Hexachlobenzene,atrazine and p,p'-DDE were found in all soil samples,whereas p,p'-DDT were detectable in 17% of all soil samples,and the rest were detectable in a range of 0～11%. The higher individuals were atrazine and p,p'-DDE,which contributed 49.9% and 35.2% to OCPs,respectively,followed by hexachlobenzene and p,p'-DDT accounting for 5.0% and 4.2% of OCPs,respectively. The concentrations of hexachlobenzene,atrazine,and DDTs in topsoil were 0.2 ～ 9.8 μg/kg(average concentration of 1.4 μg/kg),0.5 ～ 76.3 μg/kg(average concentrations of 14.3 μg/kg),and 0.5 ～ 54.4 μg/kg(average concentrations of 11.4 μg/kg),respectively;the three individuals were lower than the corresponding standards. There were no inputs for DDTs recently in the study area. The concentrations of OCPs in winter wheat grain,summer maize grain,Chinese flowering cabbage and oil seed raped were0.229～0.297,ND～1.29,0.5 and 0.4μg/kg,respectively; the concentrations of OCPs in the rest crops were lower than the detection limit. Only hexachlobenzene and atrazine in crops were higher than the detection limit,the concentrations were ND～1.39 and ND～1.2μg/kg,respectively. The concentrations of atrazine in summer maize grain were below the standard of National Food Safety Standard-maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides in Food(GB 2763—2014).
引文
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[19]史双昕,周丽,邵丁丁,等.北京地区土壤中有机氯农药类POPs残留状况研究[J].环境科学研究,2007,20(1):24-29.
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[28]张泉,楚蕾,曹军.天津郊区土壤与作物中有机氯农药残留现状与来源初析[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(12):2346-2350.
[2] WANG F,JIANG X,BIAN Y R,et al.Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region,China[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2007,19(5):584-590.
[3]王兴琴.安徽农田土壤和粮谷中有机氯农药残留分布及风险分析[D].合肥:安徽农业大学,2011.
[4]潘声旺,吴云霄,罗竞红,等.成都城区蔬菜地土壤中农药残留及其分布特征[J].生态环境学报,2011,20(3):538-543.
[5]吕金刚,毕春娟,陈振楼,等.上海崇明岛农田土壤中有机氯农药残留特征[J].环境科学,2011,32(8):2455-2461.
[6]郭强,田慧,吴有方,等.甘肃省及其周边地区土壤六氯苯污染特征[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(3):455-460.
[7]程彤.沈阳城郊设施农业区土壤有机氯农药污染空间分布特征及风险评价[D].沈阳:沈阳大学,2014.
[8]张勇,赵君,李存雄,等.贵州省某市土壤中有机氯残留及风险评价[J].土壤通报,2015,46(1):217-220.
[9]胡春华,陈禄禄,李艳红,等.环鄱阳湖区水稻-土壤有机氯农药污染及健康风险评价[J].环境化学,2016,35(2):355-363.
[10]南淑清,多克辛,李红亮,等.两种有机氯农药在污水灌溉区蔬菜中的残留及生物富集[J].中国环境监测,2007,23(5):59-62.
[11]吕晓磊,王立,马放,等.污灌湿地六六六和滴滴涕残留现状及源分析[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2012,44(6):28-32.
[12]刘敏,张彩香,廖小平,等.太原市污灌区土壤和浅层地下水中有机氯农药残留特征[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(9):1821-1826.
[13]徐亮,张彩香,刘敏,等.污灌渠中有机氯农药对沿渠土壤的影响[J].环境科学,2013,34(8):3211-3215.
[14]王迎,宋文筠,王友诚,等.天津地区土壤环境中有机氯农药残留特征[J].农业资源与环境学报,2016,33(5):449-458.
[15]马文洁,何江涛,金爱芳,等.北京市郊再生水灌区土壤有机氯农药垂向分布特征[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(7):1675-1681.
[16]时磊,孙艳艳,吕爱娟,等.苏南典型土壤中22种有机氯农药的垂直分布特征[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(9):1547-1553.
[17]杨世琦,刘国强,张爱平,等.北方典型区域果园表层土壤农药类POPs残留特征分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(8):1515-1519.
[18]杨国义,万开,张天彬,等.广东省典型区域农业土壤中有机氯农药含量及其分布特征[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(5):1619-1623.
[19]史双昕,周丽,邵丁丁,等.北京地区土壤中有机氯农药类POPs残留状况研究[J].环境科学研究,2007,20(1):24-29.
[20]陈一清,李倦生,吴小平,等.湘江流域土壤中有机氯农药的残留规律[J].环境科学研究,2008,21(2):63-67.
[21] Canadian soil quality guidelines summary table[EB/OL].http://st-ts.ccme.ca/?chems=40&chapters=4,1991.
[22] FERNáNDEZ M D,VEGA M M,TARAZONA J V.Risk-based ecological soil quality for the characterization of contaminated soils[J].Sci Total Environ,2006,366:466-484.
[23]于晓斌.吉林省玉米种植区耕层土壤中莠去津和乙草胺残留分布特征及风险评价[D].长春:东北师范大学,2015.
[24] Asia-pacific centre for environmental law(Apcel).Tcvn5941-1995 soil quality maximum allowable limit of pesticide residues in the soil[S].Vietnam:APCEL,1995.
[25]王英姿,纪明山,黄国宏,等.土壤中莠去津对几种农作物安全临界浓度的确定[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2002,33(1):33-34.
[26] HARNER T,WIDEMAN J T,JANTUNEN L M M,et al.Residues of organochlorine pesticides in Alabama soils[J].Environmental Pollution,1999,106(3):323-332.
[27]张福金.典型科研农田土壤中有机氯农药残留及其生物有效性研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学,2009.
[28]张泉,楚蕾,曹军.天津郊区土壤与作物中有机氯农药残留现状与来源初析[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(12):2346-2350.