猪舍内粪污废弃物和有害气体减量化工程技术研究
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摘要
源头减量和过程控制是猪场废弃物综合治理的关键环节,而猪舍是废弃物产生的源头场所,该文针对猪舍内部污水和有害气体等养殖废弃物,从饮水系统、圈栏设计和清粪方式等3个方面,介绍分析了当前国内外在舍内废弃物减量化工程技术领域的研究进展。其中减少猪只饮水浪费水量是舍内污水减量的首要环节,通过优化饮水器选型、调整饮水器安装方式、选择适当水流速度等可以降低饮水浪费水量;合理的圈栏布置和地面类型可以促进猪只定点排泄,从而降低圈栏污染程度以及舍内有害气体浓度,配合适当的圈舍冲洗方式可以减少大量圈舍冲洗用水;不同的清粪方式会影响舍内空气环境、污水产生量及污染物浓度,与干清粪相比,水冲粪和水泡粪都存在耗水量大、污水产生量大及其污染物浓度高、舍内有害气体含量高等问题,从清洁生产的角度考虑,干清粪工艺是规模化猪场的必然选择。该文旨在为减少猪场废弃物总量、降低处理利用成本和实现清洁健康养殖提供工程技术支撑,促进中国生猪养殖业绿色转型升级。
Source reduction and process control are the key links of comprehensive treatment of pig farm wastes, and pig house is the source of waste generation. In this paper, the effects of wasted water quantity of water dispenser, flushing water quantity of enclosure and dung method on harmful gases, sewage discharge and pollutant concentration in large-scale pig farms were expounded from three aspects, and three measures for emission reduction from the source of pollutants generated in the enclosure were put forward. Under the scientific feeding and management, according to the different stages of pig drinking water standard, the suitable drinking water and water flow speed can be allocated. According to the density of drinker, the suitable drinking water can be provided, and the drinkers were installed at the right place and height. In general, their behavior of lying down, eating, drinking and excreting was continuous. According to their excretion behavior, water dispensers were usually installed in the leaky floor area, the excretion area was located in the short side wall of the pen, and the separation mode of the pen was designed to be closed. It was suggested that the breeding and fattening stages should be separated from each other in the feeding process, and the appropriate feeding density should be designed so that pigs could only excrete at the fixed points. In the case of guaranteeing the minimum discharge of wasted water from drinking water appliances and flushing water from enclosures, the mode of manure scavenging was a relatively important factor affecting harmful gases, sewage discharge and pollutant concentration in enclosures in emission reduction measures of pollutant sources. Compared with the blister manure and water flushing manure, mechanical dry-dung cleaning process could reduce the harmful gas concentration, sewage discharge and pollutant concentration to the greatest extent. Under the conditions of pig farm, it was suggested that the floor of pig house should be designed as a semi-leaky seam floor and equipped with mechanical dry-dung cleaning technology, which could reduce the pollutant emission of pig house to a large extent. At present, the great breakthroughs had been made in the research of engineering technology for reducing pollutant sources in pig farms in China, but the popularization and application of this technology in pig production was still in its infancy. The related technical equipment in this field still faced many problems, such as insufficient matching, complex operation and management, high cost and poor stability. Therefore, it was suggested to vigorously develop the research and application of pig farm waste source reduction technology model, comprehensively consider the drinking water system, fence layout, fecal clearance mode and other engineering technologies, design and develop the mechanical dry-dung cleaning system and its supporting facilities and equipment. At the same time, the intelligent drinking water, excrement and deodorization could be developed by using electronic information technology such as Internet of Things, big data, artificial intelligence and so on. Such as waste reduction breeding equipment improved the stability of equipment and intelligent management level. The purpose of this paper was to provide technical support for reducing the total amount of pig wastes, reducing the cost of treatment and utilization, and realizing clean and healthy breeding, so as to promote the green transformation and upgrading of pig breeding industry in China.
Source reduction and process control are the key links of comprehensive treatment of pig farm wastes, and pig house is the source of waste generation. In this paper, the effects of wasted water quantity of water dispenser, flushing water quantity of enclosure and dung method on harmful gases, sewage discharge and pollutant concentration in large-scale pig farms were expounded from three aspects, and three measures for emission reduction from the source of pollutants generated in the enclosure were put forward. Under the scientific feeding and management, according to the different stages of pig drinking water standard, the suitable drinking water and water flow speed can be allocated. According to the density of drinker, the suitable drinking water can be provided, and the drinkers were installed at the right place and height. In general, their behavior of lying down, eating, drinking and excreting was continuous. According to their excretion behavior, water dispensers were usually installed in the leaky floor area, the excretion area was located in the short side wall of the pen, and the separation mode of the pen was designed to be closed. It was suggested that the breeding and fattening stages should be separated from each other in the feeding process, and the appropriate feeding density should be designed so that pigs could only excrete at the fixed points. In the case of guaranteeing the minimum discharge of wasted water from drinking water appliances and flushing water from enclosures, the mode of manure scavenging was a relatively important factor affecting harmful gases, sewage discharge and pollutant concentration in enclosures in emission reduction measures of pollutant sources. Compared with the blister manure and water flushing manure, mechanical dry-dung cleaning process could reduce the harmful gas concentration, sewage discharge and pollutant concentration to the greatest extent. Under the conditions of pig farm, it was suggested that the floor of pig house should be designed as a semi-leaky seam floor and equipped with mechanical dry-dung cleaning technology, which could reduce the pollutant emission of pig house to a large extent. At present, the great breakthroughs had been made in the research of engineering technology for reducing pollutant sources in pig farms in China, but the popularization and application of this technology in pig production was still in its infancy. The related technical equipment in this field still faced many problems, such as insufficient matching, complex operation and management, high cost and poor stability. Therefore, it was suggested to vigorously develop the research and application of pig farm waste source reduction technology model, comprehensively consider the drinking water system, fence layout, fecal clearance mode and other engineering technologies, design and develop the mechanical dry-dung cleaning system and its supporting facilities and equipment. At the same time, the intelligent drinking water, excrement and deodorization could be developed by using electronic information technology such as Internet of Things, big data, artificial intelligence and so on. Such as waste reduction breeding equipment improved the stability of equipment and intelligent management level. The purpose of this paper was to provide technical support for reducing the total amount of pig wastes, reducing the cost of treatment and utilization, and realizing clean and healthy breeding, so as to promote the green transformation and upgrading of pig breeding industry in China.
引文
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