19世纪以来伦敦和曼彻斯特雾霾的治理
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摘要
19世纪以来,英国伦敦和曼彻斯特成为雾霾重灾区。煤烟污染是英国典型的城市污染物,制碱业、钢铁业、制陶业及电力行业成为英格兰地区城市主要空气污染源。城市雾霾对人类健康、动物生存、植物生长以及建筑物的外形都造成严重危害。英国政府成功的治理经验表明,政府监管力度、民众认知态度、科学技术水平是英国城市雾霾治理的三要素。
The typical urban smog problems had appeared in the industrial development of Britain since the 19~(th) century. London and Manchester became heavy disaster areas in England. Coal smoke pollution was the typical urban pollutant in Britain, Alkali, steel, ceramics and electricity industries were major sources of air pollution in the cities of England. Urban smog caused serious harm to human health, animal survival, plant growth and the building appearance. The successful governance experience of the British government shows that the intensity of government supervision, the cognition and attitude of the people, and the level of science and technology are the three elements of urban smog governance in Britain.
The typical urban smog problems had appeared in the industrial development of Britain since the 19~(th) century. London and Manchester became heavy disaster areas in England. Coal smoke pollution was the typical urban pollutant in Britain, Alkali, steel, ceramics and electricity industries were major sources of air pollution in the cities of England. Urban smog caused serious harm to human health, animal survival, plant growth and the building appearance. The successful governance experience of the British government shows that the intensity of government supervision, the cognition and attitude of the people, and the level of science and technology are the three elements of urban smog governance in Britain.
引文
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(2)彼得·索尔谢姆:《发明污染:工业革命以来的煤、烟与文化》,第34页。
(3)彼得·布林布尔科姆:《大雾霾:中世纪以来的伦敦空气污染史》,第10页。
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(2)Robert Angus Smith,“What Amendments are Required in the Legislation Necessary to Prevent the Evils Arising from Noxious and Vapours and Smoke?”, National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, Vol. 24, No. 4,1876, p. 518.
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(3)Ranald C. Miehie, The City of London Basingstoke, Hamsphire:Macmillan Academie and Professional Press, 1992, p. 31.
(4)颜永光:《20世纪中后期伦敦环境污染及其治理的历史考察》,硕士学位论文,湖南师范大学历史系,2008年,第10页。
(5)Beaver. Committee on Air Pollution of Interim Report, Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1957, p. 25.
(1)刘金源:《工业化时期英国城市环境问题及其成因》,《史学月刊》2006年第10期。
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(4)James G.Wakley, The Fog in London, London:John James Croft Press, 1874, p. 28.
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(6)B. W. Clapp, An Environmental History of Britain Since the Industrial Revolution, New York:Longman Press, 1994, p. 43.
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(1)Machester and Salford Sanitary Association, Machester and Salford Sanitary Association Annual Report, Manchester:Manchester University Press, 1876, p. 6.
(2)Owen C. D. Ross,“A Cure for London Fogs”, Gentleman’s Magazine, Vol. 18, No. 3, 1893, p. 232.
(3)J. R.麦克尼尔:《阳光下的新事物:20世纪世界环境史》,韩莉译,北京:商务出版社,2013年,第57页。
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(5)D. Vogel, National Styles of Regulation, Environmental Policy in Britain and the United States:Ithaca and London,Cornell:Cornell University Press, 1986, p. 38.
(6)W. P. D. Logan,“Mortality in the London Fog Incident:1952”, The Lancet, Vol. 12, No. 2, 1953, p. 36.
(1)Augustus Voelcker,“The Injurious Effects of Smoke on Centain Building Stones and On Vegetation”, Society of Arts,Vol. 16, No. 6, 1864, p. 146.
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(1)左学金、王红霞:《世界城市空间转型与产业转型比较研究》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2017年,第88页。
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(3)E.梅勒尼·迪普伊:《烟尘与镜子:空气污染的政治与文化视角》,第4页。
(1)E.梅勒尼·迪普伊:《烟尘与镜子:空气污染的政治与文化视角》,第15页。
(1)B. W. Clapp, An Environmental History of Britain Since the Industrial Revolution, New York:Longman Press, 1994, p. 14.
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(2)梅雪芹:《工业革命以来英国城市大气污染及防治措施研究》,《北京师范大学学报》(社会科学版)2001年第2期;陆伟芳:《19世纪英国人对伦敦烟雾的认知与态度探析》,《世界历史》2016年第5期。
(3)彼得·索尔谢姆:《发明污染:工业革命以来的煤、烟与文化》,启蒙编译所译,上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2016年;布雷恩·威廉·克拉普:《工业革命以来的英国环境史》,王黎译,北京:中国环境科学出版社,2011年;彼得·布林布尔科姆:《大雾霾:中世纪以来的伦敦空气污染史》,启蒙编译所译,上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2016年。
(1)保尔·芒图:《十八世纪产业革命》,杨人梗译,北京:商务印书馆,1983年,第270页。
(2)彼得·索尔谢姆:《发明污染:工业革命以来的煤、烟与文化》,第34页。
(3)彼得·布林布尔科姆:《大雾霾:中世纪以来的伦敦空气污染史》,第10页。
(4)详见恩格斯:《英国工人阶级状况》,《马克思恩格斯全集》(第二卷),北京:人民出版社,2005年。
(5)巩羿:《英国空气污染治理经验对我国空气治理政策的启示》,硕士学位论文,中央民族大学管理系,2013年,第12页。
(6)Eric Gustaf, Impressions of England, 1809-181, London:Jonathan Cape Press, 1932, p. 82.
(7)Roy Poter, London:A Social History, London:Hamish Hamilton Press, 1994, p. 97.
(1)Howard, L. The Climate of London, London:Oxford Press, 1833, p. 207.
(2)George Byron, Don Juan,New Haven:Yale University Press, 1982, p. 395.
(3)Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Centenary Edition of the Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne, Columbus:Ohio State University Press, 1997, p. 446.
(4)迈克尔·阿拉贝:《空气中的烟、雾、酸——明天的空气会怎样》,邓海涛译,上海:上海科学技术文献出版社,2014年,第61页。
(5)马克·吐温:《马克·吐温信件集》,北京:世界图书出版社,2011年,第26页。
(6)J. H. Brazell, London Weather,London:Majesty’s Stationery Office Press, 1968, p. 103.
(1)Robert Barr,“The Doom of London”, Idler, Vol. 15, No. 2, 1892, p. 397.
(2)Ashby and Anderson,“Studies in the Politics of Environmental Protection”, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Vol. 19,No. 1, 1892, p. 279.
(3)P. Parl, Report from the Select Committee on Smoke Prevention, London:Oxford Press, 1843, p. 79.
(4)Francis Albert and Rollo Russell,“Haze, Fog and Visibility”, Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 12, No. 2, 1897, p. 19.
(5)William Ashworth,“The History of the British Coal Industry”, The Nationalized Industry, Vol. 14, No. 5, 1958, p. 672.
(6)Donald V. H. Smith,“Coal Smoke”, The British Medical Journal, Vol. 13, No. 3, 1900, p. 25.
(7)Eric Ashby, The Politics of Clean Air, Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1981, p. 89.
(8)Eric Hobsbawm,“Smog of London”, Tagebuch, Vol. 20, No. 4, 1934, p. 8.
(9)迈克尔·阿拉贝:《空气中的烟、雾、酸——明天的空气会怎样》,邓海涛译,第121页。
(10)马飞:《维多利亚时代英国城市空气污染与治理研究》,硕士学位论文,西北师范大学历史系,2016年,第33页。
(1)E.梅勒尼·迪普伊:《烟尘与镜子:空气污染的政治与文化视角》,沈国华译,上海:上海财经大学出版社,2016年,第17页。
(2)John Leigh, Coal-Smoke:Its Nature, and Suggestions for Its Abatement, London:John Heywood Press, 1883, p. 4.
(3)Robert Angus Smith,“On the Air and Rain of Manchester,” Memoirs, Vol. 12, No. 4, 1852, p. 207.
(4)Fred Scott,“The Need for Better Organization of Benevolent Effort in Manchesterand Salford”, Manchester Statistical Society, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1885, p. 143.
(5)Stephen Mosley,“The Smoke Nuisance”, Machester Region History Review, Vol. 22, No. 5, 1996, p. 43.
(6)R. L. Hills, Power in the Industrial Revolution, New York:Kelly Press, 1970, p. 34.
(7)E.梅勒尼·迪普伊:《烟尘与镜子:空气污染的政治与文化视角》,沈国华译,第43页。
(8)John Holland, The History and Description of Fossil Fuel:The Collieries and Coal Trade of Great Britain, London:Whittaker Press, 1835, p. 388.
(9)W. Fordyce, A History of Coal, London:Sampson Low Press, 1860, p. 108.
(1)B. R. Mitchel, British Historical Statistics, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1988, p. 24.
(2)Robert Angus Smith,“What Amendments are Required in the Legislation Necessary to Prevent the Evils Arising from Noxious and Vapours and Smoke?”, National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, Vol. 24, No. 4,1876, p. 518.
(1)Robert Angus Smith,“On the Air and Rain of Manchester”, Memoirs, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1852, p. 207.
(2)D. W. F. Hardie, A History of Chemical Industrial in Widnes, Liverpool:Liverpool University Press, 1950, p. 34.
(3)布雷恩·威廉·克拉普:《工业革命以来的英国环境史》,王黎译,第56页。
(4)C. K. Hyde, Technological Change and the British Iron Industry:1700-1870, New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1977, p. 120.
(5)S. Jubb, History of the Shoddy Trade, Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1860, p. 98.
(6)B. R. Mitchell, British Historical Statistics, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1962, p. 120.
(7)布雷恩·威廉·克拉普:《工业革命以来的英国环境史》,第21页。
(8)布雷恩·威廉·克拉普:《工业革命以来的英国环境史》,第24页。
(9)马飞:《维多利亚时代英国城市空气污染与治理研究》,硕士学位论文,西北师范大学历史系,2016年,第32页。
(1)马飞:《维多利亚时代英国城市空气污染与治理研究》,硕士学位论文,西北师范大学历史系,2016年,第13页。
(2)William A shworth, The History of the British Coal Industry:Victorian Preeminence, Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1986, p. 25.
(3)Ranald C. Miehie, The City of London Basingstoke, Hamsphire:Macmillan Academie and Professional Press, 1992, p. 31.
(4)颜永光:《20世纪中后期伦敦环境污染及其治理的历史考察》,硕士学位论文,湖南师范大学历史系,2008年,第10页。
(5)Beaver. Committee on Air Pollution of Interim Report, Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1957, p. 25.
(1)刘金源:《工业化时期英国城市环境问题及其成因》,《史学月刊》2006年第10期。
(2)David Brown,“Lord Palmerston and Parliamentary Representation 1830-1865”, University of Strathclyde Library Archives Palmerston Papers, Vol. 12, No. 8, 1853, p. 42.
(3)约翰·哈罗德·克拉潘:《现代英国经济史》,姚曾廙译,北京:商务印书馆,1975年,第536页。
(4)James G.Wakley, The Fog in London, London:John James Croft Press, 1874, p. 28.
(5)陆伟芳:《19世纪英国人对伦敦烟雾的认知与态度探析》,《世界历史》2016年第5期。
(6)B. W. Clapp, An Environmental History of Britain Since the Industrial Revolution, New York:Longman Press, 1994, p. 43.
(7)John V. Pickstone, Medicine and Industrial Society—A History of Hospital Development in Manchester and Its Region, 1752-1946, Manchester:Manchester University Press, 1985, p. 102.
(1)Machester and Salford Sanitary Association, Machester and Salford Sanitary Association Annual Report, Manchester:Manchester University Press, 1876, p. 6.
(2)Owen C. D. Ross,“A Cure for London Fogs”, Gentleman’s Magazine, Vol. 18, No. 3, 1893, p. 232.
(3)J. R.麦克尼尔:《阳光下的新事物:20世纪世界环境史》,韩莉译,北京:商务出版社,2013年,第57页。
(4)George Gissing, New Grub Street, Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 422.
(5)D. Vogel, National Styles of Regulation, Environmental Policy in Britain and the United States:Ithaca and London,Cornell:Cornell University Press, 1986, p. 38.
(6)W. P. D. Logan,“Mortality in the London Fog Incident:1952”, The Lancet, Vol. 12, No. 2, 1953, p. 36.
(1)Augustus Voelcker,“The Injurious Effects of Smoke on Centain Building Stones and On Vegetation”, Society of Arts,Vol. 16, No. 6, 1864, p. 146.
(2)E.梅勒尼·迪普伊:《烟尘与镜子:空气污染的政治与文化视角》,沈国华译,第48页。
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