认知增强的风险及其治理
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摘要
认知增强在帮助人类获得更强认知能力、实现更强认知效果的同时,也触发了对人自身的安全、公平与自由、情绪情感与人格"同一性"、"天赋属性"的消解、潜能降低与进化单一等诸多风险。创新主体的"责任意识"不强,个体在选择使用认知增强时对有效性与合理性的审慎程度不够,社会舆论引导的不够合理,技术监管体系的欠完善,是认知增强风险的主要成因。对于认知增强采取"无限制发展"与"完全禁止发展"的态度都是不现实的。针对其风险,应从认知增强的创新主体、使用主体、技术的社会环境、技术监督监管等方面积极寻求治理之策。
Cognitive enhancement,while helping human to acquire stronger cognitive ability and achieve stronger cognitive effects,it also triggers many risks such as human security,fairness and freedom,affective experience and identity of personality,the elimination of"natural attributes",potential reduction and mono-evolution. The " responsibility consciousness" of the innovator is not strong,the individual is not cautious enough about the effectiveness and rationality when choosing to use cognitive enhancement,the public opinion guidance is not reasonable enough,and the technology supervision system is not perfect,all of them are main causes of risk in cognitive enhancement. The attitudes of"unlimited development"and"completely banned development"for cognitive enhancement are both unrealistic. In view of its risks,we should actively seek management strategies from the innovator,the user,social environment of technology,and the supervision of technology of cognitive enhancement.
Cognitive enhancement,while helping human to acquire stronger cognitive ability and achieve stronger cognitive effects,it also triggers many risks such as human security,fairness and freedom,affective experience and identity of personality,the elimination of"natural attributes",potential reduction and mono-evolution. The " responsibility consciousness" of the innovator is not strong,the individual is not cautious enough about the effectiveness and rationality when choosing to use cognitive enhancement,the public opinion guidance is not reasonable enough,and the technology supervision system is not perfect,all of them are main causes of risk in cognitive enhancement. The attitudes of"unlimited development"and"completely banned development"for cognitive enhancement are both unrealistic. In view of its risks,we should actively seek management strategies from the innovator,the user,social environment of technology,and the supervision of technology of cognitive enhancement.
引文
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[19]冯烨,王国豫.人类利用药物增强的伦理考量[J].自然辩证法研究,2011(3):82-88.
[20]甘绍平.对人类增强的伦理反思[J].哲学研究,2018(1):116-125.
[21]刘玉山,陈晓阳,宋希林.认知增强技术的伦理问题探讨[J].科学技术哲学研究,2014(3):53-58.
[22]Fritz Allhoff,Patrick Lin.Ethics of human enhancement:an executive summary[J].Science&Engineering Ethics,2011,17(2):201-212.
[23]冯烨.纳米认知增强的伦理思考[J].自然辩证法通讯,2016(1):98-103.
[24]冯烨.认知增强及其伦理社会问题探析[J].自然辩证法研究,2013(3):63-68.
[25]肖峰.信息文明与共享发展的内在关联[J].长沙理工大学学报(社会科学版),2017(6):1-9.
[26]潘建红,韩鹏煜.应然与实然:现代技术伦理风险的文化治理能力提升[J].自然辩证法研究,2015(11):61-66.
[2]Andy Clark,David Chalmers.The Extended Mind[J].Analysis,2015,58(1):7-19.
[3]Sandberg A.Enhancing Human Capacities[M].Berlin:Blackwell Publishing Ltd,2009:779.
[4]Roland Kipke.What Is Cognitive Enhancement and Is It Justified to Point Out This Kind of Enhancement Within the Ethical Discussion?[C]//Elisabeth Hildt,Andreas G.Franke.Cognitive Enhancement.Dordrecht:Springer,2013:145-157.
[5]刘玉山,陈晓阳.高等教育中认知增强药物使用的伦理审视[J].自然辩证法通讯,2015(2):114-121.
[6]Stefan Lorenz Sorgner.Is there a“Moral Obligation to Create Children with the Best Chance of the Best Life”?[J].Humana.Mente Journal of Philosophical Studies,2014(26):199-212.
[7]江璇.人类增强技术的发展与伦理挑战[J].自然辩证法研究,2014(5):43-48.
[8]刘玉山.大学生利用药物认知增强技术的伦理研究[D].济南:山东大学,2018:86.
[9]费多益.情感增强的个人同一性[J].世界哲学,2015(6):41-48.
[10]Fodor J.Where is my mind[J].London Review of Book,2009(3):13-15.
[11]冉聃.赛博空间、离身性与具身性[J].哲学动态,2013(6):85-89.
[12]Julian Savulescu,Guy Kahane.The moral obligation to create children with the best chance of the best life[J].Bioethics,2010,23(5):274-290.
[13]Michal Czerniawski.Human Enhancement and Values[J].Ssrn Electronic Journal,2010:1-27.
[14]麦克卢汉.理解媒介---论人的延伸[M].何道宽,译.北京:商务印书馆,2000:99.
[15]梅亮,陈劲,李福嘉.负责任创新:内涵辨析与启示[J].自然辩证法研究,2017(2):49-53.
[16]彼得·保罗·维贝克.将技术道德化:理解与设计物的道德[M].闫宏秀,杨庆峰,译.上海:上海交通大学出版社,2016:124-125.
[17]Andreas Heinz,Roland Kipke,et al.Cognitive neuroenhancement:false assumptions in the ethical debate[J].Journal of Medical Ethics,2012,38(6):372-375.
[18]Hauskeller M.Cognitive Enhancement-To What End?[C]//E-lisabeth Hildt,Andreas G.Franke.Cognitive Enhancement.Dordrecht:Springer,2013:113-123.
[19]冯烨,王国豫.人类利用药物增强的伦理考量[J].自然辩证法研究,2011(3):82-88.
[20]甘绍平.对人类增强的伦理反思[J].哲学研究,2018(1):116-125.
[21]刘玉山,陈晓阳,宋希林.认知增强技术的伦理问题探讨[J].科学技术哲学研究,2014(3):53-58.
[22]Fritz Allhoff,Patrick Lin.Ethics of human enhancement:an executive summary[J].Science&Engineering Ethics,2011,17(2):201-212.
[23]冯烨.纳米认知增强的伦理思考[J].自然辩证法通讯,2016(1):98-103.
[24]冯烨.认知增强及其伦理社会问题探析[J].自然辩证法研究,2013(3):63-68.
[25]肖峰.信息文明与共享发展的内在关联[J].长沙理工大学学报(社会科学版),2017(6):1-9.
[26]潘建红,韩鹏煜.应然与实然:现代技术伦理风险的文化治理能力提升[J].自然辩证法研究,2015(11):61-66.