农村生活垃圾分类处理模式与建议
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摘要
农村生活垃圾分类处理是落实乡村振兴战略的重要实践,是提升人居环境质量和实现人民对美好生活向往的重要内容。本文基于陕西农村生活垃圾分类处理及资源化利用试点地区的调查,从供给主体视角出发,运用案例分析方法,比较4个试点村的基本情况、分类处理实践模式及供给主体,进一步综合评价各试点村的生活垃圾末端分类程度、资源化利用率、年单位成本资源化利用量、减量化及无害化处理效果。分析发现:资金投入是解决农村生活垃圾问题的关键之一,对于大多数的普通农村来说,并不能简单复制,而是要借鉴试点村的实践模式,扬长避短,因地制宜地选择有效的垃圾分类处理模式。因此,要全面实现农村生活垃圾分类处理,不仅要鼓励政府、市场、第三部门、农村社区及农户多主体参与合作供给,多渠道、多方式筹集资金,而且要加强宣传与奖惩力度,健全法治、德治、自治相结合的农村生活垃圾治理体系。
Classified treatment of rural domestic wastes is an important practice of the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, and an important part of improving the quality of human settlement environment and realizing people's longing for a better life. Based on the survey of pilot areas of rural domestic wastes classified treatment and resource utilization in Shaanxi and from the perspective of supply main body, this paper compares the basic situation, the practice mode of classified treatment, and the main body of supply of the four pilot villages using the case analysis method and further comprehensively evaluates the degree of end classification of domestic wastes, resource utilization rate, annual unit cost resource utilization, reduction and harmless treatment effect of each pilot village. The analysis shows that capital investment is one of the keys to solving the problem of rural domestic wastes. For most ordinary rural areas, the treatment mode cannot be simply copied. Instead, an effective waste classified treatment mode will be selected according to local conditions with reference made to the practice mode of the pilot villages. Therefore, in order to fully realize the classified treatment of rural domestic wastes, it is necessary not only to encourage the government, the market, the third sector, rural communities and farmers to participate in cooperative supply so as to raise funds through multiple channels and in multiple ways, but also to strengthen publicity, reward and punishment, and improve the rural domestic waste treatment system combining the rule of law, the rule of virtue, and self-governance.
Classified treatment of rural domestic wastes is an important practice of the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, and an important part of improving the quality of human settlement environment and realizing people's longing for a better life. Based on the survey of pilot areas of rural domestic wastes classified treatment and resource utilization in Shaanxi and from the perspective of supply main body, this paper compares the basic situation, the practice mode of classified treatment, and the main body of supply of the four pilot villages using the case analysis method and further comprehensively evaluates the degree of end classification of domestic wastes, resource utilization rate, annual unit cost resource utilization, reduction and harmless treatment effect of each pilot village. The analysis shows that capital investment is one of the keys to solving the problem of rural domestic wastes. For most ordinary rural areas, the treatment mode cannot be simply copied. Instead, an effective waste classified treatment mode will be selected according to local conditions with reference made to the practice mode of the pilot villages. Therefore, in order to fully realize the classified treatment of rural domestic wastes, it is necessary not only to encourage the government, the market, the third sector, rural communities and farmers to participate in cooperative supply so as to raise funds through multiple channels and in multiple ways, but also to strengthen publicity, reward and punishment, and improve the rural domestic waste treatment system combining the rule of law, the rule of virtue, and self-governance.
引文
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[4]搜狐网.以生态文明引领乡村振兴,让美丽乡村更有“里子”[EB/OL].(2018-02-28)[2018-07-24].http://www.sohu.com/a/224585557_480096.[Sohu.com.Leading the Revitalization of Rural Areas with Ecological Civilization to Make Beautiful Villages More"Sarcenet"[EB/OL].(2018-02-28)[2018-07-24].http://www.sohu.com/a/224585557_480096.]
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[6]Samuelson P A.The pure theory of public expenditure[J].Review of Economics&Statistics,1954,36(4):387-389.
[7]董明涛,孙钰.我国农村公共产品供给主体合作模式研究[J].经济问题探索,2010,(11):33-38.[Dong M T,Sun Y.Research on cooperative mode of main suppliers of rural public goods in China[J].Inquiry into Economic Issues,2010,(11):33-38.]
[8]王晔.财政分权视角下农村公共产品有效供给研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2015.[Wang Y.Research on Effective Supply of Rural Public Goods under the Perspective of Fiscal Decentralization[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2015.]
[9]奥斯特罗姆(著).宋全喜,任睿(译).公共服务的制度建构[M].上海:上海三联书店,2000.[Ostrom E(Write).Song Q X,Ren R(Translate).Institutional Construction of Public Service[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Sanlian Bookstore,2000.]
[10]曾小溪,曾福生.农村居民参与环境保护的困境与出路[J].湖南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2012,13(2):27-31.[Zeng X X,Zeng F S.Rural community disaster reduction public goods supply peasant household cognition research-based on Hubei province household survey data[J].Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Social Science Edition),2012,13(2):27-31.]
[11]李丽丽,李文秀,栾胜基.中国农村环境自主治理模式探索及实践研究[J].生态经济,2013,(11):166-169.[Li L L,Li W R,Luan S J.Exploration and empirical study on Chinese self-governance pattern of rural environment[J].Ecological Economy,2013,(11):166-169.]
[12]董明涛,闵锐,曹海琴.农村公共物品多元合作供给的治理模式研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(社会科学版),2013,(6):33-38.[Dong M T,Min R,Cao H Q.Study on the governance model for multiple cooperative supply of rural public goods[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Social Science Edition),2013,(6):33-38.]
[13]严奉宪,柳颖.农村社区减灾公共物品供给中农户认知研究[J].农业技术经济,2015,(1):75-83.[Yan F X,Liu Y.Research on peasant household’s cognition of disaster reduction public goods supply in rural communities[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2015,(1):75-83.]
[14]李世贵,郭海,徐小峰,等.南方城市近郊农村生活垃圾现状调查与处理模式研究[J].农业环境与发展,2012,29(2):61-64.[Li S G,Guo H,Xiu X F,et al.A study on the current situation of rural household garbage in suburban areas of southern cities[J].Agro-Environment and Development,2012,29(2):61-64.]
[15]何晓晓,李耕宇,何丽,等.浅谈我国农村生活垃圾的资源化利用[J].西安文理学院学报(自然科学版),2012,15(2):102-105.[He X X,Li G Y,He L,et al.On the resource utilization of domestic refuse in China’s countryside[J].Journal of Xian University of Arts&Science(Nat Sci Ed),2012,15(2):102-105.]
[16]陈冠华,王维平.生活垃圾管理绩效评价指标体系构建-基于循环经济的视角[J].中国行政管理,2008,(S1):41-43.[Chen GH,Wang W P.Construction of performance evaluation index system of household waste management-from the perspective of circular economy[J].Chinese Public Administration,2008,(S1):41-43.]
[17]谭翔浔.政府公共投资决策与成本效益分析[J].云南社会科学,2004,(5):58-60.[Tan X X.An Analysis on policy-making and cost efficiency of governmental public investment[J].Social Sciences in Yunnan,2004,(5):58-60.]
[18]王曙光,刘萍.成本效益分析在农村基础设施建设中的应用[J].中国行政管理,2009,(6):85-87.[Wang S G,Liu P.The application of cost-benefit analysis on rural infrastructure construction[J].Chinese Public Administration,2009,(6):85-87.]
[19]陈刚,蓝艳,彭宁,等.成本效益分析的美国经验与环保实践[J].环境保护,2016,44(12):62-64.[Chen G,Lan Y,Peng N,et al.American experience and environmental practice of cost-benefit analysis[J].Environmental Protection,2016,44(12):62-64.]
[20]江源,康慕谊,张先根,等.生活垃圾资源化减量化措施在中国城市居民中的认识分析[J].资源科学,2002,24(1):15-19.[Jiang Y,Kang M Y,Zhang X G,et al.Cognition of resources recovery and quantitative reduction towards urban domestic garbage among residents in China[J].Resources Science,2002,24(1):15-19.]
[21]陈海滨,章程,潘绮.减量化在城镇生活垃圾管理中的综合效益及优先地位[J].中国环境管理丛书,2006,(3):15-17.[Chen HB,Zhang C,Pan Q.Comprehensive benefits and priority of reduction in urban household waste management[J].China Environment Management,2006,(3):15-17.]
[22]全国人民代表大会常务委员会.中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法[EB/OL].(2012-11-13)[2018-07-24].http://www.gov.cn/fwxx/content_2265100.htm.[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Solid Waste Pollution[EB/OL].(2012-11-13)[2018-07-24].http://www.gov.cn/fwxx/content_2265100.htm.]
[23]金小青,陈琳.浅谈我国农村生活垃圾的资源化利用方法[J].河南科技,2012,(22):92-93.[Jin X Q,Chen L.A brief discussion on the resource-based utilization of rural household waste in China[J].Henan Science&Technology,2012,(22):92-93.]
[24]陈蓉,单胜道,吴亚琪.浙江省农村生活垃圾区域特征及循环利用对策[J].浙江农林大学学报,2008,25(5):644-649.[Chen R,Shan S D,Wu Y Q.Regional characteristics and recycling strategies of rural household garbage in Zhejiang Province[J].Journal of Zhejiang A&F University,2008,25(5):644-649.]
[2]魏佳容,李长健.我国农村生活垃圾污染防治的法律对策-基于湖南省常德市石门县的问卷调查[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2014,33(2):16-22.[Wei J R,Li C J.Legal countermeasures on the prevention and control of rural living garbage pollution in China-based on questionnaire survey in Shimen county,Changde city,Hunan province[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University(Social Science Edition),2014,33(2):16-22.]
[3]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部办公厅.关于开展第一批农村生活垃圾分类和资源化利用示范工作的通知[EB/OL].(2017-06-06)[2018-07-24].http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/wjfb/201706/t20170609_232148.html.[Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China.Notice on the First Batch of Demonstration Work on the Classification and Utilization of Rural Household Garbage[EB/OL].(2017-06-06)[2018-07-24].http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/wjfb/201706/t20170609_232148.html.]
[4]搜狐网.以生态文明引领乡村振兴,让美丽乡村更有“里子”[EB/OL].(2018-02-28)[2018-07-24].http://www.sohu.com/a/224585557_480096.[Sohu.com.Leading the Revitalization of Rural Areas with Ecological Civilization to Make Beautiful Villages More"Sarcenet"[EB/OL].(2018-02-28)[2018-07-24].http://www.sohu.com/a/224585557_480096.]
[5]中共中央办公厅,国务院办公厅.农村人居环境整治三年行动方案[EB/OL].(2018-02-05)[2018-07-24].http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2018-02/05/content_5264056.htm.[General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,General Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China.ThreeYear Action Plan for Improving the Living Environment in Rural Areas[EB/OL].(2018-02-05)[2018-07-24].http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2018-02/05/content_5264056.htm.]
[6]Samuelson P A.The pure theory of public expenditure[J].Review of Economics&Statistics,1954,36(4):387-389.
[7]董明涛,孙钰.我国农村公共产品供给主体合作模式研究[J].经济问题探索,2010,(11):33-38.[Dong M T,Sun Y.Research on cooperative mode of main suppliers of rural public goods in China[J].Inquiry into Economic Issues,2010,(11):33-38.]
[8]王晔.财政分权视角下农村公共产品有效供给研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2015.[Wang Y.Research on Effective Supply of Rural Public Goods under the Perspective of Fiscal Decentralization[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2015.]
[9]奥斯特罗姆(著).宋全喜,任睿(译).公共服务的制度建构[M].上海:上海三联书店,2000.[Ostrom E(Write).Song Q X,Ren R(Translate).Institutional Construction of Public Service[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Sanlian Bookstore,2000.]
[10]曾小溪,曾福生.农村居民参与环境保护的困境与出路[J].湖南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2012,13(2):27-31.[Zeng X X,Zeng F S.Rural community disaster reduction public goods supply peasant household cognition research-based on Hubei province household survey data[J].Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Social Science Edition),2012,13(2):27-31.]
[11]李丽丽,李文秀,栾胜基.中国农村环境自主治理模式探索及实践研究[J].生态经济,2013,(11):166-169.[Li L L,Li W R,Luan S J.Exploration and empirical study on Chinese self-governance pattern of rural environment[J].Ecological Economy,2013,(11):166-169.]
[12]董明涛,闵锐,曹海琴.农村公共物品多元合作供给的治理模式研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(社会科学版),2013,(6):33-38.[Dong M T,Min R,Cao H Q.Study on the governance model for multiple cooperative supply of rural public goods[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Social Science Edition),2013,(6):33-38.]
[13]严奉宪,柳颖.农村社区减灾公共物品供给中农户认知研究[J].农业技术经济,2015,(1):75-83.[Yan F X,Liu Y.Research on peasant household’s cognition of disaster reduction public goods supply in rural communities[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2015,(1):75-83.]
[14]李世贵,郭海,徐小峰,等.南方城市近郊农村生活垃圾现状调查与处理模式研究[J].农业环境与发展,2012,29(2):61-64.[Li S G,Guo H,Xiu X F,et al.A study on the current situation of rural household garbage in suburban areas of southern cities[J].Agro-Environment and Development,2012,29(2):61-64.]
[15]何晓晓,李耕宇,何丽,等.浅谈我国农村生活垃圾的资源化利用[J].西安文理学院学报(自然科学版),2012,15(2):102-105.[He X X,Li G Y,He L,et al.On the resource utilization of domestic refuse in China’s countryside[J].Journal of Xian University of Arts&Science(Nat Sci Ed),2012,15(2):102-105.]
[16]陈冠华,王维平.生活垃圾管理绩效评价指标体系构建-基于循环经济的视角[J].中国行政管理,2008,(S1):41-43.[Chen GH,Wang W P.Construction of performance evaluation index system of household waste management-from the perspective of circular economy[J].Chinese Public Administration,2008,(S1):41-43.]
[17]谭翔浔.政府公共投资决策与成本效益分析[J].云南社会科学,2004,(5):58-60.[Tan X X.An Analysis on policy-making and cost efficiency of governmental public investment[J].Social Sciences in Yunnan,2004,(5):58-60.]
[18]王曙光,刘萍.成本效益分析在农村基础设施建设中的应用[J].中国行政管理,2009,(6):85-87.[Wang S G,Liu P.The application of cost-benefit analysis on rural infrastructure construction[J].Chinese Public Administration,2009,(6):85-87.]
[19]陈刚,蓝艳,彭宁,等.成本效益分析的美国经验与环保实践[J].环境保护,2016,44(12):62-64.[Chen G,Lan Y,Peng N,et al.American experience and environmental practice of cost-benefit analysis[J].Environmental Protection,2016,44(12):62-64.]
[20]江源,康慕谊,张先根,等.生活垃圾资源化减量化措施在中国城市居民中的认识分析[J].资源科学,2002,24(1):15-19.[Jiang Y,Kang M Y,Zhang X G,et al.Cognition of resources recovery and quantitative reduction towards urban domestic garbage among residents in China[J].Resources Science,2002,24(1):15-19.]
[21]陈海滨,章程,潘绮.减量化在城镇生活垃圾管理中的综合效益及优先地位[J].中国环境管理丛书,2006,(3):15-17.[Chen HB,Zhang C,Pan Q.Comprehensive benefits and priority of reduction in urban household waste management[J].China Environment Management,2006,(3):15-17.]
[22]全国人民代表大会常务委员会.中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法[EB/OL].(2012-11-13)[2018-07-24].http://www.gov.cn/fwxx/content_2265100.htm.[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Solid Waste Pollution[EB/OL].(2012-11-13)[2018-07-24].http://www.gov.cn/fwxx/content_2265100.htm.]
[23]金小青,陈琳.浅谈我国农村生活垃圾的资源化利用方法[J].河南科技,2012,(22):92-93.[Jin X Q,Chen L.A brief discussion on the resource-based utilization of rural household waste in China[J].Henan Science&Technology,2012,(22):92-93.]
[24]陈蓉,单胜道,吴亚琪.浙江省农村生活垃圾区域特征及循环利用对策[J].浙江农林大学学报,2008,25(5):644-649.[Chen R,Shan S D,Wu Y Q.Regional characteristics and recycling strategies of rural household garbage in Zhejiang Province[J].Journal of Zhejiang A&F University,2008,25(5):644-649.]
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