青藏高原东缘高寒草甸土壤纤毛虫群落的季节变化特征
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摘要
土壤纤毛虫是土壤微型生物系统的重要组成部分,在生态系统的物质循环和能量流动中发挥着重要作用。研究青藏高原高寒草甸土壤纤毛虫群落的季节变化特征,有助于认识区域及全球变化对土壤动物群落结构及其多样性的影响,可为退化生态系统的恢复评价提供科学依据。于2015年4月、7月、9月和12月在甘南合作市附近的高寒草甸选取典型样地,采用"非淹没培养皿法"、"活体观察法"等测定土壤纤毛虫物种数和密度,同时测定了土壤含水量、土壤温度、光照度、pH值及土壤养分等相关环境因子。结果表明,春夏秋冬土壤环境因子变化有显著差异,4个季节分别检出纤毛虫97、141、105、78种,其中,旋毛纲(Spirotrichea)和裂口纲(Litostomatea)为优势类群。Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数以及Pieluo指数均为春季相对较高,Margalef指数、物种数和丰度均为夏季最高,纤毛虫的垂直分布具有表聚性。土壤纤毛虫群落结构和环境因子的冗余分析表明,土壤温度、全磷含量、光照度和含水量等均影响了甘南高寒草甸土壤纤毛虫群落的分布,其中土壤温度是关键限制因子。该研究结果有助于深入理解和准确预测高寒草甸牧区的土壤纤毛虫在生态系统养分循环中生态功能的变化特征。
Soil ciliates are an important component of soil micro-biological system, and play an important role in the material cycle and energy flow of ecosystem. The study on seasonal variation characteristics of soil ciliate community in alpine meadow of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,which will help to understand the effects of regional and global changes on soil animal community structure and diversity, and provide scientific basis for the restoration and evaluation of degraded ecosystems. Typical samples were selected in April, July, September and December 2015 in Gannan alpine meadow. The number and density of soil ciliates were measured by "submerged culture dish method" and "living observation method". Soil water content,soil temperature, light intensity, pH value and soil nutrients were also measured. The results showed that there were significant differences of soil environmental factors in spring,summer, autumn and winter, and 97, 141, 105 and 78 ciliates were detected in four seasons. Among them, Spirotrichea and Litostomatea were the dominant group, and the Shannon-Wiener, Simpson and Pieluo index were relatively high in spring, Margalef index, species number and abundance were the highest in summer, and the vertical distribution of soil ciliates had surface accumulation. The redundancy analysis of soil ciliate community structure and environmental factors showed that soil temperature,total phosphorus content, light intensity and soil water content affected the distribution of soil ciliate community in Gannan alpine meadow, and soil temperature was the key limiting factor. The results are helpful for us to understand and predict the changes of soil ciliates' ecological functions in the nutrient cycle of the ecosystem in alpine meadow pasture areas.
Soil ciliates are an important component of soil micro-biological system, and play an important role in the material cycle and energy flow of ecosystem. The study on seasonal variation characteristics of soil ciliate community in alpine meadow of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,which will help to understand the effects of regional and global changes on soil animal community structure and diversity, and provide scientific basis for the restoration and evaluation of degraded ecosystems. Typical samples were selected in April, July, September and December 2015 in Gannan alpine meadow. The number and density of soil ciliates were measured by "submerged culture dish method" and "living observation method". Soil water content,soil temperature, light intensity, pH value and soil nutrients were also measured. The results showed that there were significant differences of soil environmental factors in spring,summer, autumn and winter, and 97, 141, 105 and 78 ciliates were detected in four seasons. Among them, Spirotrichea and Litostomatea were the dominant group, and the Shannon-Wiener, Simpson and Pieluo index were relatively high in spring, Margalef index, species number and abundance were the highest in summer, and the vertical distribution of soil ciliates had surface accumulation. The redundancy analysis of soil ciliate community structure and environmental factors showed that soil temperature,total phosphorus content, light intensity and soil water content affected the distribution of soil ciliate community in Gannan alpine meadow, and soil temperature was the key limiting factor. The results are helpful for us to understand and predict the changes of soil ciliates' ecological functions in the nutrient cycle of the ecosystem in alpine meadow pasture areas.
引文
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LYNN D H,2001.Soil ciliates(protozoa,ciliophora)from namibia(southwest africa),with emphasis on two contrasting environments,the etosha region and the namib deser[J].Polymers for Advanced Technologies,18(11):876-882.
GILLER P S,1996.The diversity of soil communities,the‘poor man's tropical rainforest’[J].Biodiversity&Conservation,5(2):135-168.
LIAO S,YANG W,TAN Y,et al.,2015.Soil fauna affects dissolved carbon and nitrogen in foliar litter in alpine forest and alpine meadow[J].Plos One,10(9):e0139099.
MORóNRíOS A,RODRíGUEZ Má,PéREZCAMACHO L,et al.,2010.Effects of seasonal grazing and precipitation regime on the soil macroinvertebrates of a mediterranean old-field[J].European Journal of Soil Biology,46(2):91-96.
OLSEN S R,COLE C V,WATANABE F S,et al.,1954.Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate[M].Washington:Gov.Printing Office:1-19.
PETZ W,FOISSNER W,1989.The effects of mancozeb and lindane on the soil microfauna of a spruce forest:a field study using a completely randomized block design[J].Biology&Fertility of Soils,7(3):225-231.
STEBAEVA S,2003.Collembolan communities of the ubsu-nur basin and adjacent mountains(russia,tuva)[J].Pedobiologia,47(4):341-356.
WHITTAKER R H,1972.Evolution and measurement of species diversity[J].Taxon,21(2-3):213-251.
戴允泽,王会荣,李爱琴,等,2018.亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤微生物量动态变化及其对氮磷添加的响应[J].生态环境学报,27(8):1395-1404.DAI Y Z,WANG H R,LI A Q,et al.,2018.Dynamical pattern of soil microbial biomass and its response to nitrogen and phosphorus additions in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(8):1395-1404.
樊云龙,熊康宁,苏孝良,等,2010.喀斯特高原不同植被演替阶段土壤动物群落特征[J].山地学报,28(2):226-233.FAN Y L,XIONG K N,SU X L,et al.,2010.Research on soil fauna community characteristics at different vegetation successions in the Karst Plateau of Guizhou Province[J].Journal of Mountain Science,28(2):226-233.
江远清,莫江明,方运霆,等,2007.鼎湖山主要森林类型土壤交换性阳离子含量及其季节动态特征[J].广西植物,27(1):106-113.JIANG Y Q,MO J M,FANG Y T,et al.,2007.Concentrations of exchangeable cations of soil and their seasonal dynamics in three representative forests of Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve[J].Guihaia,28(2):226-233.
李红月,2015.长白山地丘陵区不同土地利用方式土壤动物的群落特征[D].长春:东北师范大学.LI H Y,2015.Soil fauna community characters of different land-use types in the hill of the Changbai Mountains[D].Changchun:northeast normal University.
李玉杰,张晋东,白文科,等,2018.北京不同功能绿地昆虫群落组成和生物多样性特征[J].生态环境学报,27(6):1044-1051.LI Y J,ZHANG J D,BAI W K,et al.,2018.Insect community composition and diversity of different green spaces in Beijing,China[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(6):1044-1051.
林英华,张夫道,张俊清,等,2005.鼎湖山不同自然植被土壤动物群落结构时空变化[J].生态学报,25(10):2616-2622.LIN Y H,ZHANG F D,ZHANG J Q,et al.,2005.Preliminary investigation on temporal and spatial variation of structure of soil fauna community in different natural vegetations of Dinghushan[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,25(10):2616-2622.
刘洁,高梅香,吴东辉,2017.基于黑土农田生物多样性监测样地的地表大型节肢动物群落特征[J].应用生态学报,28(12):3965-3975.LIU J,GAO M X,WU D H,2017.Characteristics of ground-dwelling soil macro-arthropod communities in a biodiversity monitoring plot of black soil cropland,northeastern China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,28(12):3965-3975.
马正学,申海香,邹涛,等,2008.兰州八里镇蔬菜基地春季土壤纤毛虫群落特征[J].动物学杂志,43(3):87-93.MA Z X,SHEN H X,ZOU T,et al.,2008.Community Characteristics of Soil Ciliates in Vegetables Base of Bali Town in Lanzhou in Spring[J].Chinese Journal of Zoology,43(3):87-93.
宁应之,沈韫芬,1998.土壤动物研究方法手册[M].北京:中国林业出版社:56-571.NING Y Z,SHEN Y F,1998.Handbook on methods of soil Animal Research[M].Beijing:China Forestry Press:56-571.
宁应之,张惠茹,王芳国,等,2018.模拟氮沉降对高寒草甸土壤纤毛虫群落的影响[J].生态环境学报,27(1):1-9.NING Y Z,ZHANG H R,WANG F G,et al.,2018.Effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on soil ciliates community in alpine meadow of Northwest China[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(1):1-9.
宁应之,杨元罡,苏苌,等,2017.放牧对沼泽化草甸土壤纤毛虫群落的影响[J].生态学杂志,36(6):1614-1621.NING Y Z,YANG Y G,SU C,et al.,2017.Effects of grazing on soil ciliate community in swamp meadow[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology36(6):1614-1621.
齐莎,赵小蓉,郑海霞,等,2010.内蒙古典型草原连续5年施用氮磷肥土壤生物多样性的变化[J].生态学报,30(20):5518-5526.QI S,ZHAO X R,ZHENG H X,et al.,2010.Changes of soil biodiversity in Inner Mongolia steppe after 5 years of N and PFertilizer applications[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,30(20):5518-5526.
宋理洪,王可洪,闫修民,2018.基于Meta分析的中国西南喀斯特地区土壤动物群落特征研究[J].生态学报,38(3):984-990.SONG L H,WANG K H,YAN X M,2018.Characteristics of soil fauna communities in the Karst region,Southwest China,based on meta-analysis[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,38(3):984-990.
王超,徐润林,2017.鼎湖山不同森林类型土壤纤毛虫群落比较研究[J].土壤,49(4):725-732.WANG C,XU R L,2017.Comparative study on soil ciliates community structures under different vegetation types in Dinghu Mountain[J].Soils,49(4):725-732.
王薪琪,韩轶,王传宽,2017.帽儿山不同林龄落叶阔叶林土壤微生物生物量及其季节动态[J].植物生态学报,41(6):597-609.WANG X Q,HAN Y,WANG C K,2017.Soil microbial biomass and its seasonality in deciduous broadleaved forests with different stand ages in the Mao’ershan region,Northeast China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,41(6):597-609.
肖能文,刘向辉,戈峰,等,2009.高黎贡山自然保护区大型土壤动物群落特征[J].生态学报,29(7):3576-3584.XIAO N W,LIU X H,GE F,et al.,2009.Research on soil faunal community composition and structure in the Gaoligong Mountains National Nature Reserve[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,29(7):3576-3584.
徐国良,周国逸,莫江明,等,2005.鹤山丘陵退化生态系统植被恢复的土壤动物群落结构[J].生态学报,25(7):1670-1677.XU G L,ZHOU G Y,MO J M,et al.,2005.The responses of soil fauna composition to forest restoration in Heshan[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,25(7):1670-1677.
薛敬意,唐建维,沙丽清,等,2003.西双版纳望天树林土壤养分含量及其季节变化[J].植物生态学报,27(3):373-379.XUE J Y,TANG J W,SHA L Q,et al.,2003.Soil nutrient contents and their characteristics of seasonal changes under shorea Chinensis forest in Xishuangbanna[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,27(3):373-379.
杨效东,刘宏茂,郑征,等,2003.砂仁种植对季节雨林土壤节肢动物群落结构影响的初步研究[J].生态学杂志,22(4):10-15.YANG X D,LIU H M,ZHENG Z,et al.,2003.Effect of planting Amomum on soil arthropod communities in tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,22(4):10-15.
殷秀琴,宋博,董炜华,等,2010.我国土壤动物生态地理研究进展[J].地理学报,65(1):91-102.YIN X Q,SONG B,DONG W H,et al.,2010.A Review on the Eco-geography of Soil Fauna in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,65(1):91-102.
尹文英,1992.中国亚热带土壤动物[M].北京:科学出版社.YIN W Y,1992.Subtropical soil fauna in China[M].Beijing:science Press.
BARDGETT R D,WARDLE D A C,2013.Aboveground-belowground linkagesbiotic interactions,ecosystem processes,and global change[J].Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union,92(26),222-222
LYNN D H,2001.Soil ciliates(protozoa,ciliophora)from namibia(southwest africa),with emphasis on two contrasting environments,the etosha region and the namib deser[J].Polymers for Advanced Technologies,18(11):876-882.
GILLER P S,1996.The diversity of soil communities,the‘poor man's tropical rainforest’[J].Biodiversity&Conservation,5(2):135-168.
LIAO S,YANG W,TAN Y,et al.,2015.Soil fauna affects dissolved carbon and nitrogen in foliar litter in alpine forest and alpine meadow[J].Plos One,10(9):e0139099.
MORóNRíOS A,RODRíGUEZ Má,PéREZCAMACHO L,et al.,2010.Effects of seasonal grazing and precipitation regime on the soil macroinvertebrates of a mediterranean old-field[J].European Journal of Soil Biology,46(2):91-96.
OLSEN S R,COLE C V,WATANABE F S,et al.,1954.Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate[M].Washington:Gov.Printing Office:1-19.
PETZ W,FOISSNER W,1989.The effects of mancozeb and lindane on the soil microfauna of a spruce forest:a field study using a completely randomized block design[J].Biology&Fertility of Soils,7(3):225-231.
STEBAEVA S,2003.Collembolan communities of the ubsu-nur basin and adjacent mountains(russia,tuva)[J].Pedobiologia,47(4):341-356.
WHITTAKER R H,1972.Evolution and measurement of species diversity[J].Taxon,21(2-3):213-251.
戴允泽,王会荣,李爱琴,等,2018.亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤微生物量动态变化及其对氮磷添加的响应[J].生态环境学报,27(8):1395-1404.DAI Y Z,WANG H R,LI A Q,et al.,2018.Dynamical pattern of soil microbial biomass and its response to nitrogen and phosphorus additions in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(8):1395-1404.
樊云龙,熊康宁,苏孝良,等,2010.喀斯特高原不同植被演替阶段土壤动物群落特征[J].山地学报,28(2):226-233.FAN Y L,XIONG K N,SU X L,et al.,2010.Research on soil fauna community characteristics at different vegetation successions in the Karst Plateau of Guizhou Province[J].Journal of Mountain Science,28(2):226-233.
江远清,莫江明,方运霆,等,2007.鼎湖山主要森林类型土壤交换性阳离子含量及其季节动态特征[J].广西植物,27(1):106-113.JIANG Y Q,MO J M,FANG Y T,et al.,2007.Concentrations of exchangeable cations of soil and their seasonal dynamics in three representative forests of Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve[J].Guihaia,28(2):226-233.
李红月,2015.长白山地丘陵区不同土地利用方式土壤动物的群落特征[D].长春:东北师范大学.LI H Y,2015.Soil fauna community characters of different land-use types in the hill of the Changbai Mountains[D].Changchun:northeast normal University.
李玉杰,张晋东,白文科,等,2018.北京不同功能绿地昆虫群落组成和生物多样性特征[J].生态环境学报,27(6):1044-1051.LI Y J,ZHANG J D,BAI W K,et al.,2018.Insect community composition and diversity of different green spaces in Beijing,China[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(6):1044-1051.
林英华,张夫道,张俊清,等,2005.鼎湖山不同自然植被土壤动物群落结构时空变化[J].生态学报,25(10):2616-2622.LIN Y H,ZHANG F D,ZHANG J Q,et al.,2005.Preliminary investigation on temporal and spatial variation of structure of soil fauna community in different natural vegetations of Dinghushan[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,25(10):2616-2622.
刘洁,高梅香,吴东辉,2017.基于黑土农田生物多样性监测样地的地表大型节肢动物群落特征[J].应用生态学报,28(12):3965-3975.LIU J,GAO M X,WU D H,2017.Characteristics of ground-dwelling soil macro-arthropod communities in a biodiversity monitoring plot of black soil cropland,northeastern China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,28(12):3965-3975.
马正学,申海香,邹涛,等,2008.兰州八里镇蔬菜基地春季土壤纤毛虫群落特征[J].动物学杂志,43(3):87-93.MA Z X,SHEN H X,ZOU T,et al.,2008.Community Characteristics of Soil Ciliates in Vegetables Base of Bali Town in Lanzhou in Spring[J].Chinese Journal of Zoology,43(3):87-93.
宁应之,沈韫芬,1998.土壤动物研究方法手册[M].北京:中国林业出版社:56-571.NING Y Z,SHEN Y F,1998.Handbook on methods of soil Animal Research[M].Beijing:China Forestry Press:56-571.
宁应之,张惠茹,王芳国,等,2018.模拟氮沉降对高寒草甸土壤纤毛虫群落的影响[J].生态环境学报,27(1):1-9.NING Y Z,ZHANG H R,WANG F G,et al.,2018.Effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on soil ciliates community in alpine meadow of Northwest China[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(1):1-9.
宁应之,杨元罡,苏苌,等,2017.放牧对沼泽化草甸土壤纤毛虫群落的影响[J].生态学杂志,36(6):1614-1621.NING Y Z,YANG Y G,SU C,et al.,2017.Effects of grazing on soil ciliate community in swamp meadow[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology36(6):1614-1621.
齐莎,赵小蓉,郑海霞,等,2010.内蒙古典型草原连续5年施用氮磷肥土壤生物多样性的变化[J].生态学报,30(20):5518-5526.QI S,ZHAO X R,ZHENG H X,et al.,2010.Changes of soil biodiversity in Inner Mongolia steppe after 5 years of N and PFertilizer applications[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,30(20):5518-5526.
宋理洪,王可洪,闫修民,2018.基于Meta分析的中国西南喀斯特地区土壤动物群落特征研究[J].生态学报,38(3):984-990.SONG L H,WANG K H,YAN X M,2018.Characteristics of soil fauna communities in the Karst region,Southwest China,based on meta-analysis[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,38(3):984-990.
王超,徐润林,2017.鼎湖山不同森林类型土壤纤毛虫群落比较研究[J].土壤,49(4):725-732.WANG C,XU R L,2017.Comparative study on soil ciliates community structures under different vegetation types in Dinghu Mountain[J].Soils,49(4):725-732.
王薪琪,韩轶,王传宽,2017.帽儿山不同林龄落叶阔叶林土壤微生物生物量及其季节动态[J].植物生态学报,41(6):597-609.WANG X Q,HAN Y,WANG C K,2017.Soil microbial biomass and its seasonality in deciduous broadleaved forests with different stand ages in the Mao’ershan region,Northeast China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,41(6):597-609.
肖能文,刘向辉,戈峰,等,2009.高黎贡山自然保护区大型土壤动物群落特征[J].生态学报,29(7):3576-3584.XIAO N W,LIU X H,GE F,et al.,2009.Research on soil faunal community composition and structure in the Gaoligong Mountains National Nature Reserve[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,29(7):3576-3584.
徐国良,周国逸,莫江明,等,2005.鹤山丘陵退化生态系统植被恢复的土壤动物群落结构[J].生态学报,25(7):1670-1677.XU G L,ZHOU G Y,MO J M,et al.,2005.The responses of soil fauna composition to forest restoration in Heshan[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,25(7):1670-1677.
薛敬意,唐建维,沙丽清,等,2003.西双版纳望天树林土壤养分含量及其季节变化[J].植物生态学报,27(3):373-379.XUE J Y,TANG J W,SHA L Q,et al.,2003.Soil nutrient contents and their characteristics of seasonal changes under shorea Chinensis forest in Xishuangbanna[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,27(3):373-379.
杨效东,刘宏茂,郑征,等,2003.砂仁种植对季节雨林土壤节肢动物群落结构影响的初步研究[J].生态学杂志,22(4):10-15.YANG X D,LIU H M,ZHENG Z,et al.,2003.Effect of planting Amomum on soil arthropod communities in tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,22(4):10-15.
殷秀琴,宋博,董炜华,等,2010.我国土壤动物生态地理研究进展[J].地理学报,65(1):91-102.YIN X Q,SONG B,DONG W H,et al.,2010.A Review on the Eco-geography of Soil Fauna in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,65(1):91-102.
尹文英,1992.中国亚热带土壤动物[M].北京:科学出版社.YIN W Y,1992.Subtropical soil fauna in China[M].Beijing:science Press.
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