基于危机响应的旅游地社区参与研究——以汶川地震后大九寨环线区域为例
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摘要
旅游业具有一定的脆弱性和敏感性,易遭受突发危机事件的影响,突发危机事件成为制约旅游业可持续发展的重要影响因素之一。如何防范和应对旅游地突发危机事件,保障旅游业健康发展和旅游地社区生计的可持续性显得尤为重要,其中旅游地社区参与是响应和处置突发危机事件的重要利益相关者之一。基于此,论文以汶川地震后大九寨环线区域的九寨沟、青城山和北川县为案例地,采集556份有效样本,运用社区参与理论和社区恢复理论,以结构方程模型为技术方法,构建了基于危机响应视角的以社区参与获益、社区恢复力和社区依恋为维度的社区参与概念模型。得出如下结论:①震后旅游地社区参与获益和社区恢复力对社区危机响应与支持旅游业发展具有显著正向作用,其中社区恢复力(0.59,P≤0.001)的作用强于社区获益感知(0.30,P≤0.001);②社区依恋对社区参与起显著正向作用(0.19,P≤0.001),对社区恢复力和社区参与意向起部分中介效应,而对社区参与获益和社区参与意向不起中介效应;③论文提出了基于危机响应的社区参与由参与度、支持度和响应度构成,构建了由地方依恋(Attachment)、社区获益(Benefit)和社区恢复力(Resilience)维度组成的社区参与"ABR"框架模型。研究结果一定程度上拓展了旅游地社区参与研究的边界,对旅游地社区参与和危机管理有一定的理论和实践意义。
Tourism is a sensitive and vulnerable service industry, and crisis events have become one of the important factors that influence and restrict its sustainable development. Tourism industry is also related to the livelihoods and socioeconomic development of local communities. Therefore it is particularly important to prevent and respond to crisis events and ensure the healthy development of tourism. This research took Jiuzhaigou, Qingchengshan and Beichuan Counties as study area and used 556 survey samples after the Richter8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake. Based on community participation and community resilience theories and adapting structural equation modeling as a technical method, this study constructed a conceptual framework of community participation based on a crisis response perspective with community participation benefit perception,community resilience, and community attachment as dimensions. The results show that: 1) Post-earthquake community participation benefit perception(0.30, P≤0.001) and community resilience(0.59, P≤0.001) have significant positive effects on local community crisis response and support for tourism development in tourism areas, and the effect of community resilience is stronger than community benefit perception. 2) Community attachment(0.19, P≤0.001) plays a significant positive role in community participation, and has a partial mediating effect on community resilience and community participation intention. However, community attachment has no mediating effect on community participation benefit and community participation intention. 3)This study found that community participation with regard to crisis response is composed of support,involvement, and responsivity. It constructed a community participation "ABR" framework, including community attachment, community benefit, and community resilience. It has expanded the boundaries of research on community participation in tourism areas, and has certain theoretical and practical significance for community participation and crisis management in tourism communities.
Tourism is a sensitive and vulnerable service industry, and crisis events have become one of the important factors that influence and restrict its sustainable development. Tourism industry is also related to the livelihoods and socioeconomic development of local communities. Therefore it is particularly important to prevent and respond to crisis events and ensure the healthy development of tourism. This research took Jiuzhaigou, Qingchengshan and Beichuan Counties as study area and used 556 survey samples after the Richter8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake. Based on community participation and community resilience theories and adapting structural equation modeling as a technical method, this study constructed a conceptual framework of community participation based on a crisis response perspective with community participation benefit perception,community resilience, and community attachment as dimensions. The results show that: 1) Post-earthquake community participation benefit perception(0.30, P≤0.001) and community resilience(0.59, P≤0.001) have significant positive effects on local community crisis response and support for tourism development in tourism areas, and the effect of community resilience is stronger than community benefit perception. 2) Community attachment(0.19, P≤0.001) plays a significant positive role in community participation, and has a partial mediating effect on community resilience and community participation intention. However, community attachment has no mediating effect on community participation benefit and community participation intention. 3)This study found that community participation with regard to crisis response is composed of support,involvement, and responsivity. It constructed a community participation "ABR" framework, including community attachment, community benefit, and community resilience. It has expanded the boundaries of research on community participation in tourism areas, and has certain theoretical and practical significance for community participation and crisis management in tourism communities.
引文
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李宜聪,张捷,刘泽华,等.2014.目的地居民对旅游影响感知的结构关系:以世界自然遗产三清山为例[J].地理科学进展,33(4):584-592.[Li Y,Zhang J,Liu Z,et al.2014.Structural relationship of residents'perception of tourism impacts:A case study in world natural heritage Mount Sanqingshan.Progress in Geography,33(4):584-592.]
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Gu H,Ryan C.2008.Place attachment,identity and community impacts of tourism:The case of a Beijing hutong[J].Tourism Management,29:637-647.
Guo Y,Zhang J,Zhang Y,et al.2018.Examining the relationship between social capital and community residents'perceived resilience in tourism destinations[J].Journal of Sustainable Tourism,26(6):973-986.
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(1)案例地相关信息和数据来自九寨沟管理局、青城山-都江堰管理局、北川羌族自治县人民政府以及四川省人民政府与中国地震局等官方网站。
郭永锐,张捷,张玉玲.2018.旅游目的地社区恢复力的影响因素及其作用机制[J].地理研究,37(1):133-144.[Guo Y R,Zhang J,Zhang Y L.2018.Influencing factors and mechanism of community resilience in tourism destinations.Geographical Research,37(1):133-144.]
李宜聪,张捷,刘泽华,等.2014.目的地居民对旅游影响感知的结构关系:以世界自然遗产三清山为例[J].地理科学进展,33(4):584-592.[Li Y,Zhang J,Liu Z,et al.2014.Structural relationship of residents'perception of tourism impacts:A case study in world natural heritage Mount Sanqingshan.Progress in Geography,33(4):584-592.]
王咏,陆林.2014.基于社会交换理论的社区旅游支持度模型及应用:以黄山风景区门户社区为例[J].地理学报,69(10):1557-1574.[Wang Y,Lu L.2014.Community tourism support model and its application based on social exchange theory:Case studies of gateway communities of Huangshan Scenic Area.Acta Geographica Sinica,69(10):1557-1574.]
许振晓,张捷,Geoffrey W,等.2009.居民地方感对区域旅游发展支持度影响:以九寨沟旅游核心社区为例[J].地理学报,64(6):736-744.[Xu Z,Zhang J,Geoffrey W,et al.2009.Research on influence of residents'place attachment on positive attitude to tourism with a mediator of development expectation:A case of core tourism community in Jiuzhaigou.Acta Geographica Sinica,64(6):736-744.]
赵延东.2007.社会资本与灾后恢复:一项自然灾害的社会学研究[J].社会学研究,(5):164-187.[Zhao Y.2007.Social capital and post-disaster recovery:A sociological study of natural disaster.Sociological Studies,(5):164-187.]
左冰.2012.社区参与:内涵、本质与研究路向[J].旅游论坛,5(5):1-6.[Zuo B.2012.community participation:Connotations,essence and research directions.Tourism Forum,5(5):1-6.]
Akamani K,Hall T E.2015.Determinants of the process and outcomes of household participation in collaborative forest management in Ghana:A quantitative test of a community resilience model[J].Journal of Environmental Management,147:1-11.
Alegre J,Mateo S,Pou L.2010.An analysis of households'appraisal of their budget constraints for potential participation in tourism[J].Tourism Management,31:45-56.
Amini Hosseini K,Hosseini M,Izadkhah Y O,et al.2014.Main challenges on community-based approaches in earthquake risk reduction:Case study of Tehran,Iran[J].International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction,8:114-124.
Asgary A,Anjum M I,Azimi N.2012.Disaster recovery and business continuity after the 2010 flood in Pakistan:Case of small businesses[J].International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction,2:46-56.doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2012.08.001.
Bec A,Mclennan C,Moyle B D.2016.Community resilience to long-term tourism decline and rejuvenation:A literature review and conceptual model[J].Current Issues in Tourism,19(5):431-457.
Biggs D,Hall C M,Stoeckl N.2012.The resilience of formal and informal tourism enterprises to disasters:Reef tourism in Phuket,Thailand[J].Journal of Sustainable Tourism,20(5):645-665.
Buta N,Holland S M,Kaplanidou K.2014.Local communities and protected areas:The mediating role of place attachment for pro-environmental civic engagement[J].Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism,5-6:1-10.
Butler R W.1980.The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution:Implications for management of resources[J].Canadian Geographer,24(1):5-12.
Cohen O,Leykin D,Lahad M,et al.2013.The conjoint community resiliency assessment measure as a baseline for profiling and predicting community resilience for emergencies[J].Technological Forecasting and Social Change,80(9):1732-1741.
Cope M R,Slack T,Blanchard T C,et al.2013.Does time heal all wounds?Community attachment,natural resource employment,and health impacts in the wake of the BPDeepwater Horizon disaster[J].Social Science Research,42(3):872-881.
Cutter S L,Barnes L,Berry M,et al.2008.A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters[J].Global Environmental Change,18(4):598-606.
Deery M,Jago L,Fredline L.2012.Rethinking social impacts of tourism research:A new research agenda[J].Tourism Management,33:64-73.
Diedrich A,García-Buades E.2009.Local perceptions of tourism as indicators of destination decline[J].Tourism Management,30:512-521.
Faulkner B.2001.Towards a framework for tourism disaster management[J].Tourism Management,22:135-147.
Gawith E.2013.The on-going psychological toll from the Canterbury earthquakes:Stories from one community[J].Disaster Prevention and Management,22(5):395-404.
Gu H,Ryan C.2008.Place attachment,identity and community impacts of tourism:The case of a Beijing hutong[J].Tourism Management,29:637-647.
Guo Y,Zhang J,Zhang Y,et al.2018.Examining the relationship between social capital and community residents'perceived resilience in tourism destinations[J].Journal of Sustainable Tourism,26(6):973-986.
Hair J F,Anderson R E,Tanham R L,et al.1998.Multivariate data analysis[M].5th edition.New Jersey,USA:Prentice Hall:125.
Hallegatte S,Dumas P.2009.Can natural disasters have positive consequences?Investigating the role of embodied technical change[J].Ecological Economics,68(3):777-786.
Holling C S.1986.The resilience of terrestrial ecosystems:Local surprise and global change[J].Sustainable Development of the Biosphere,14:292-317.
Huang J,Min J C H.2002.Earthquake devastation and recovery in tourism:The Taiwan case[J].Tourism Management,23:145-154.
Hung K,Sirakaya-Turk E,Ingram L J.2010.Testing the efficacy of an integrative model for community participation[J].Journal of Travel Research,50(3):276-288.
Hystad P W,Keller P C.2008.Towards a destination tourism disaster management framework:Long-term lessons from a forest fire disaster[J].Tourism Management,29:151-162.
Kim K,Uysal M,Sirgy M J.2013.How does tourism in a community impact the quality of life of community residents?[J].Tourism Management,36:527-540.
Lawson R W,Williams J,Young T,et al.1998.A comparison of residents'attitudes towards tourism in 10 New Zealand destinations[J].Tourism Management,19:247-256.
Lee C,Back K.2006.Examining structural relationships among perceived impact,benefit,and support for casino development based on 4 year longitudinal data[J].Tourism Management,27:466-480.
Lee T H.2013.Influence analysis of community resident support for sustainable tourism development[J].Tourism Management,34:37-46.
Lew A A,Ng P T,Ni C N,et al.2016.Community sustainability and resilience:Similarities,differences and indicators[J].Tourism Geographies,18(1):18-27.
Lewicka M.2008.Place attachment,place identity,and place memory:Restoring the forgotten city past[J].Journal of Environmental Psychology,28(3):209-231.
Li W.2006.Community decisionmaking participation in development[J].Annals of Tourism Research,33(1):132-143.
Lo Alex Y,Jim C Y.2015.Community attachment and resident attitude toward old masonry walls and associated trees in urban Hong Kong[J].Cities,42:130-141.
Mackinnon D P,Fritz M S,Williams J,et al.2007.Distribution of the product confidence limits for the indirect effect:Program PRODCLIN[J].Behavior Research Methods,39(3):384-389.
Mair J,Ritchie B W,Walters G.2016.Towards a research agenda for post-disaster and post-crisis recovery strategies for tourist destinations:A narrative review[J].Current Issues in Tourism,19(1):1-26.
Marshall N A,Marshall P A.2007.Conceptualizing and operationalizing social resilience within commercial fisheries in Northern Australia[J].Ecology and Society,12(1):181-194.
Mazzocchi M,Montini A.2001.Earthquake effects on tourism in Central Italy[J].Annals of Tourism Research,28(4):1031-1046.
Mccool S F,Martin S R.2016.Community attachment and attitudes toward tourism development[J].Journal of Travel Research,32(3):29-34.
Minglong W.2010.Structural equation modeling:Operation and usage of AMOS[M].2nd edition.Chongqing,China:Chongqing University Press:42.
Murphy P E.1985.Tourism:A community approach[J].Annals of Tourism Research,13(4):667-669.
Nicholas L N,Thapa B,Ko Y J.2009.Residents'perspectives of a world heritage dite[J].Annals of Tourism Research,36(3):390-412.
Nunkoo R,Ramkissoon H.2011.Developing a community support model for tourism[J].Annals of Tourism Research,38(3):964-988.
Nunkoo R,Ramkissoon H.2012.Power,trust,social exchange and community support[J].Annals of Tourism Research,39(2):997-1023.
Nunkoo R,Ramkissoon H,Gursoy D.2013.Use of structural equation modeling in tourism research[J].Journal of Travel Research,52(6):759-771.
O'Brien D J,Hassinger E W,Dershem L.1994.Community attachment and depression among residents in two rural Midwestern communities[J].Rural Sociology,59(2):255-265.
Podsakoff P M,Mackenzie S B,Lee J,et al.2003.Common method biases in behavioral research:A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,88(5):879-903.
Prabhakaran S,Nair V,Ramachandran S.2014.Community participation in rural tourism:Towards a conceptual framework[J].Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,144:290-295.
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