蚯蚓粪肥输入促进水稻土有机磷矿化的机制研究
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摘要
采用盆栽试验,以小白菜(Brassica chinensis L.)为试验作物,设置4个蚯蚓粪肥处理,分别为对照(CK,0 g·kg~(-1))、低量(A1,40 g·kg~(-1))、中量(A2,80 g·kg~(-1))、高量(A3,120 g·kg~(-1)),每个处理4次重复,于小白菜移栽后0、7、14、21d和35d采集土壤样品并测定各指标,研究蚯蚓粪肥对水稻土有机磷矿化以及微生物活性的影响。结果表明,(1)蚯蚓粪肥对小白菜根际土和非根际土微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量磷均有显著影响(P<0.05),各处理组中非根际土微生物生物量碳磷比均低于根际土1.9-2.0倍。(2)培养期间,蚯蚓粪肥处理的水稻土酸性磷酸酶活性、有效磷及各磷形态含量相比对照组均有显著性提高。(3)处理组土壤各指标相关性分析结果表明:土壤微生物生物量磷、酸性磷酸酶活性均与中稳定性有机磷Na OH-P_o存在显著负相关关系;在A2和A3水平下,微生物生物量磷与活性有机磷Na HCO_3-P_o之间存在显著负相关关系,Na HCO_3-P_o与Na OH-P_o存在显著正相关关系,稳定态有机磷C.HCl-P_o与Na OH-P_o、Na HCO_3-P_o均呈显著负相关关系。研究表明,蚯蚓粪肥极显著提高土壤NaOH-P_o含量和酸性磷酸酶活性,有效促进Na OH-P_o活化的同时提高了微生物对磷的贮存,其中非根际土微生物对磷的固定强于根际土;蚯蚓粪肥在加速土壤Na HCO_3-P_o和Na OH-P_o矿化的同时也促进了C.HCl-P_o生成,其中微生物生物量磷对C.HCl-P_o的合成具有促进作用。
Organic phosphorus(P) is an important part of soil P pool, and the mineralization of soil organic P plays a significant role in P nutrition of plant growth. Being very different from common compost products in physical, chemical, and biological properties,vermicompost is a kind of ecological organic fertilizer and soil ameliorant produced by fermentation of organic waste and enzymatic action of earthworm's digestive system. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of vermicompost application on organic P transformation and microbial activity in a paddy soil cropped with Brassica chinensis L. Vermicompost was applied at 4 levels of CK: 0 g·kg~(-1), A1: 40 g·kg~(-1), A2: 80 g·kg~(-1), and A3: 120 g·kg~(-1). The treatments were carried out in 4 replicates.Soil samples were collected at day 0, 7, 14, 21, and 35 after Brassica chinensis L. transplanting. Soil sample analysis results showed that:(1) vermicompost application significantly affected the microbial biomass carbon(C) and microbial biomass P in both the bulk and rhizosphere soil(P<0.05), and the microbial biomass C/P ratio in rhizosphere soil was 1.9 to 2.0 times higher than that in bulk soil in all the treatments.(2) Compared with CK, vermicompost application significantly increased acid phosphatase activity and the contents of Olsen-P and various P species in soil. And(3) correlation analyses indicated the following: moderately stable organic P(Na OH-P_o) had a significantly negative correlation with both microbial biomass P and acid phosphatase activity in all the treatments.In A2 and A3, microbial biomass P had a significantly negative correlation with labile organic P(NaHCO_3-P_o). Na HCO_3-P_o had a significantly positive correlation with NaOH-P_o, and stable organic P(C.HCl-P_o) had a significantly negative correlation with both Na OH-P_o and NaHCO_3-P_o. These results indicated that: vermicompost application significantly increased acid phosphatase activity and Na OH-P_o content, and drove forward the P fixation by soil microorganisms while effectively promoted the activation of Na OH-P_o. Microbial biomass P or P fixation by microorganisms was higher in bulk soil than in rhizosphere soil. While promoting the mineralization of NaOH-P_o and NaHCO_3-P_o, vermicompost promoted the formation of C.HCl-P_o as well. Microbial biomass P promoted the formation of C.HCl-P_o. These results are expected to provide a scientific basis for improving the utilization rate of P fertilizers and promote the better use of vermicompost.
Organic phosphorus(P) is an important part of soil P pool, and the mineralization of soil organic P plays a significant role in P nutrition of plant growth. Being very different from common compost products in physical, chemical, and biological properties,vermicompost is a kind of ecological organic fertilizer and soil ameliorant produced by fermentation of organic waste and enzymatic action of earthworm's digestive system. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of vermicompost application on organic P transformation and microbial activity in a paddy soil cropped with Brassica chinensis L. Vermicompost was applied at 4 levels of CK: 0 g·kg~(-1), A1: 40 g·kg~(-1), A2: 80 g·kg~(-1), and A3: 120 g·kg~(-1). The treatments were carried out in 4 replicates.Soil samples were collected at day 0, 7, 14, 21, and 35 after Brassica chinensis L. transplanting. Soil sample analysis results showed that:(1) vermicompost application significantly affected the microbial biomass carbon(C) and microbial biomass P in both the bulk and rhizosphere soil(P<0.05), and the microbial biomass C/P ratio in rhizosphere soil was 1.9 to 2.0 times higher than that in bulk soil in all the treatments.(2) Compared with CK, vermicompost application significantly increased acid phosphatase activity and the contents of Olsen-P and various P species in soil. And(3) correlation analyses indicated the following: moderately stable organic P(Na OH-P_o) had a significantly negative correlation with both microbial biomass P and acid phosphatase activity in all the treatments.In A2 and A3, microbial biomass P had a significantly negative correlation with labile organic P(NaHCO_3-P_o). Na HCO_3-P_o had a significantly positive correlation with NaOH-P_o, and stable organic P(C.HCl-P_o) had a significantly negative correlation with both Na OH-P_o and NaHCO_3-P_o. These results indicated that: vermicompost application significantly increased acid phosphatase activity and Na OH-P_o content, and drove forward the P fixation by soil microorganisms while effectively promoted the activation of Na OH-P_o. Microbial biomass P or P fixation by microorganisms was higher in bulk soil than in rhizosphere soil. While promoting the mineralization of NaOH-P_o and NaHCO_3-P_o, vermicompost promoted the formation of C.HCl-P_o as well. Microbial biomass P promoted the formation of C.HCl-P_o. These results are expected to provide a scientific basis for improving the utilization rate of P fertilizers and promote the better use of vermicompost.
引文
ABDISSA B,KIBEBEW K,BOBE B,et al.,2018.Effects of lime,vermicompost and chemical P fertilizer on yield of maize in Ebantu District,Western highlands of Ethiopia[J].African Journal of Agricultural Research,13(10):477-489.
BHAT S A,SINGH S,SINGH J,et al.,2018.Bioremediation and detoxification of industrial wastes by earthworms:Vermicompost as powerful crop nutrient in sustainable agriculture[J].Bioresource Technology,252:172-179.
CHEN G,LIN C,CHEN L,et al.,2010.Effect of size-fractionation dissolved organic matter on the mobility of prometryne in soil[J].Chemosphere,79(11):1046-1055.
DING X,ZHANG S,WANG R,et al.,2014.Exogenous labile C application enhances Fe-P utilization for mycorrhizal plants through iron-reducing bacteria in subtropical soil[J].Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,14(4):803-817.
DODD R J,SHARPLEY A N,2015.Recognizing the role of soil organic phosphorus in soil fertility and water quality[J].Resources,Conservation and Recycling,105(Part B):282-293.
GE Y Y,WANG Q L,WANG L,et al.,2018.Response of soil enzymes and microbial communities to root extracts of the alien Alternanthera philoxeroides[J].Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science,64(5):708-717.
HINSINGER P,2001.Bioavailability of soil inorganic P in the rhizosphere as affected by root-induced chemical changes:a review[J].Plant and Soil,237(2):173-195.
LUO A C,SUN X,1994.Effect of organic manure on the biological activities associated with insoluble phosphorus release in a blue purple paddy soil[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,25(13-14):4513-2522.
LYNCH J P,2007.Roots of the second green revolution[J].Australian Journal of Botany,55(5):493-512.
MARGALEF O,SARDANS J,FERNáNDEZ-MARTíNEZ M,et al.,2017.Global patterns of phosphatase activity in natural soils[J].Scientific Reports,7(1):1337.
MATSCHULLAT J,REIMANN C,BIRKE M,et al.,2018.GEMAS:CNSconcentrations and C/N ratios in European agricultural soil[J].Science of the Total Environment,627:975-984.
SU J Q,DING L J,XUE K,et al.,2015.Long-term balanced fertilization increases the soil microbial functional diversity in a phosphoruslimited paddy soil[J].Molecular Ecolog,24(1):136-150.
TIESSEN H,STEWART J W B,MOIR J O,2010.Changes in organic and inorganic phosphorus composition of two grassland soils and their particle size fractions during 60-90 years of cultivation[J].European Journal of Soil Science,34(4):815-823.
VANCE C P,UHDE-STONE C,ALLAN D L,2003.Phosphorus acquisition and use:critical adaptations by plants for securing a nonrenewable resource[J].New Phytologist,157(3):423-447.
YU H Y,LIU C P,ZHU J S,et al.,2016.Cadmium availability in rice paddy fields from a mining area:the effects of soil properties highlighting iron fractions and pH value[J].Environmental Pollution,209:38-45.
白文娟,徐华勤,章家恩,2018.不同培肥措施对土壤团聚体中微生物特性的影响[J].生态环境学报,27(1):24-30.BAI W J,XU H Q,ZHANG J E,2018.Effects of different manure application on the soil microbial biomass properties within different soil aggregates[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(1):24-30.
蔡观,胡亚军,王婷婷,等,2017.基于生物有效性的农田土壤磷素组分特征及其影响因素分析[J].环境科学,38(4):1606-1612.CAI G,HU Y J,WANG T T,et al.,2017.Characteristics and influencing factors of biologically-based phosphorus fractions in the farmland soil[J].Environmental Science,38(4):1606-1612.
陈智裕,马静,赖华燕,等,2017.植物根系对根际微环境扰动机制研究进展[J].生态学杂志,36(2):524-529.CHEN Z Y,MA J,LAI H Y,et al.,2017.Research advances in the mechanisms of plant root systems disturbance in rhizosphere micro-environment[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,36(2):524-529.
单颖,赵凤亮,林艳,等,2017.蚯蚓粪对土壤环境质量和作物生长影响的研究现状与展望[J].热带农业科学,37(6):11-17.SHAN Y,ZHAO F L,LIN Y,et al.,2017.Research advances and prospective on effects of vermicompost on soil environment quality and crop production[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture,37(6):11-17.
樊晓刚,金轲,李兆君,等,2010.不同施肥和耕作制度下土壤微生物多样性研究进展[J].植物营养与肥料学报,16(3):744-751.FAN X G,JIN K,LI Z J,et al.,2010.Soil microbial diversity under different fertilization and tillage practices:A review[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,16(3):744-751.
房娜娜,2008.几种有机化合物对土壤磷酸酶的激活调控研究[D].沈阳:中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所.FANG N N,2008.The Activation Regulation of Soil Phosphatase by Several Organic Compounds[D].Shenyang:Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences.
令狐荣云,王荣萍,梁嘉伟,等,2016.铁还原菌对红壤菜地土壤磷形态转化的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,35(9):1742-1749.LINGHU R Y,WANG R P,LIANG J W,et al.,2016.Effects of iron reducing bacteria on the transformation of phosphorus in vegetable red soils[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,35(9):1742-1749.
刘涛,蔡秋燕,张锡洲,等,2016.磷高效型野生大麦根系形态和根系分泌物对低水平植酸态有机磷的响应特征[J].植物营养与肥料学报,22(6):1538-1547.LIU T,CAI Q Y,ZHANG X Z,et al.,2016.Response characteristics in root morphology and root exretion of P-efficient wild barley exposured to low level of phytatephosphorus[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,22(6):1538-1547.
鲁如坤,2000.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社.LU R K,2000.The analytic method of soil and agricultural chemistry[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press.
沈菊培,2005.激活剂对土壤磷酸酶活性及动力学特性的调节[D].沈阳:中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所.SHEN J P,2005.The activation regulation of soil phosphatase by several organic compounds[D].Shenyang:Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences.
王争妍,雷紫烟,叶志雄,等,2017.蚯蚓作用下不同C/N秸秆还田对土壤CO2及N2O排放的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,36(9):1908-1915.WANG Z Y,LEI Z Y,YE Z X,et al.,2017.Influence of earthworm activity on soil CO2 and N2O emissions by incorporating different C/Nresidues[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,36(9):1908-1915.
吴金水,2006.土壤微生物生物量测定方法及其应用[M].北京:气象出版社.WU J S,2006.The method of microbial biomass assay and its application[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press.
闫湘,金继运,何萍,等,2008.提高肥料利用率技术研究进展[J].中国农业科学,41(2):450-459.YAN X,JI J Y,HE P,et al.,2008.Recent advances in technology of increasing fertilizer use efficiency[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,41(2):450-459.
赵辉,赵铭钦,程玉渊,等,2010.河南南阳烟区不同类型土壤的根际和非根际微生物及酶活性变化[J].土壤通报,41(5):1057-1063.ZHAO H,ZHAO M Q,CHENG Y Y,et al.,2010.Change of different soil types on microorganisms and enzyme activity of the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere of Nanyang tobacco growing area in Henan Province[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,41(5):1057-1063.
赵少华,宇万太,张璐,等,2004.土壤有机磷研究进展[J].应用生态学报,15(11):2189-2194.ZHAO S H,YU W T,ZHANG L,et al.,2004.Research advance in soil organic phosphorus[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,15(11):2189-2194.
赵伟,宋春,周攀,等,2018.施磷量与施磷深度对玉米-大豆套作系统磷素利用率及磷流失风险的影响[J].应用生态学报,29(4):1205-1214.ZHAO W,SONG C,ZHOU P,et al.,2018.Effects of phosphorus application rates and depths on P utilization and loss risk in a maize-soybean intercropping system[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,29(4):1205-1214.
BHAT S A,SINGH S,SINGH J,et al.,2018.Bioremediation and detoxification of industrial wastes by earthworms:Vermicompost as powerful crop nutrient in sustainable agriculture[J].Bioresource Technology,252:172-179.
CHEN G,LIN C,CHEN L,et al.,2010.Effect of size-fractionation dissolved organic matter on the mobility of prometryne in soil[J].Chemosphere,79(11):1046-1055.
DING X,ZHANG S,WANG R,et al.,2014.Exogenous labile C application enhances Fe-P utilization for mycorrhizal plants through iron-reducing bacteria in subtropical soil[J].Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,14(4):803-817.
DODD R J,SHARPLEY A N,2015.Recognizing the role of soil organic phosphorus in soil fertility and water quality[J].Resources,Conservation and Recycling,105(Part B):282-293.
GE Y Y,WANG Q L,WANG L,et al.,2018.Response of soil enzymes and microbial communities to root extracts of the alien Alternanthera philoxeroides[J].Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science,64(5):708-717.
HINSINGER P,2001.Bioavailability of soil inorganic P in the rhizosphere as affected by root-induced chemical changes:a review[J].Plant and Soil,237(2):173-195.
LUO A C,SUN X,1994.Effect of organic manure on the biological activities associated with insoluble phosphorus release in a blue purple paddy soil[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,25(13-14):4513-2522.
LYNCH J P,2007.Roots of the second green revolution[J].Australian Journal of Botany,55(5):493-512.
MARGALEF O,SARDANS J,FERNáNDEZ-MARTíNEZ M,et al.,2017.Global patterns of phosphatase activity in natural soils[J].Scientific Reports,7(1):1337.
MATSCHULLAT J,REIMANN C,BIRKE M,et al.,2018.GEMAS:CNSconcentrations and C/N ratios in European agricultural soil[J].Science of the Total Environment,627:975-984.
SU J Q,DING L J,XUE K,et al.,2015.Long-term balanced fertilization increases the soil microbial functional diversity in a phosphoruslimited paddy soil[J].Molecular Ecolog,24(1):136-150.
TIESSEN H,STEWART J W B,MOIR J O,2010.Changes in organic and inorganic phosphorus composition of two grassland soils and their particle size fractions during 60-90 years of cultivation[J].European Journal of Soil Science,34(4):815-823.
VANCE C P,UHDE-STONE C,ALLAN D L,2003.Phosphorus acquisition and use:critical adaptations by plants for securing a nonrenewable resource[J].New Phytologist,157(3):423-447.
YU H Y,LIU C P,ZHU J S,et al.,2016.Cadmium availability in rice paddy fields from a mining area:the effects of soil properties highlighting iron fractions and pH value[J].Environmental Pollution,209:38-45.
白文娟,徐华勤,章家恩,2018.不同培肥措施对土壤团聚体中微生物特性的影响[J].生态环境学报,27(1):24-30.BAI W J,XU H Q,ZHANG J E,2018.Effects of different manure application on the soil microbial biomass properties within different soil aggregates[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(1):24-30.
蔡观,胡亚军,王婷婷,等,2017.基于生物有效性的农田土壤磷素组分特征及其影响因素分析[J].环境科学,38(4):1606-1612.CAI G,HU Y J,WANG T T,et al.,2017.Characteristics and influencing factors of biologically-based phosphorus fractions in the farmland soil[J].Environmental Science,38(4):1606-1612.
陈智裕,马静,赖华燕,等,2017.植物根系对根际微环境扰动机制研究进展[J].生态学杂志,36(2):524-529.CHEN Z Y,MA J,LAI H Y,et al.,2017.Research advances in the mechanisms of plant root systems disturbance in rhizosphere micro-environment[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,36(2):524-529.
单颖,赵凤亮,林艳,等,2017.蚯蚓粪对土壤环境质量和作物生长影响的研究现状与展望[J].热带农业科学,37(6):11-17.SHAN Y,ZHAO F L,LIN Y,et al.,2017.Research advances and prospective on effects of vermicompost on soil environment quality and crop production[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture,37(6):11-17.
樊晓刚,金轲,李兆君,等,2010.不同施肥和耕作制度下土壤微生物多样性研究进展[J].植物营养与肥料学报,16(3):744-751.FAN X G,JIN K,LI Z J,et al.,2010.Soil microbial diversity under different fertilization and tillage practices:A review[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,16(3):744-751.
房娜娜,2008.几种有机化合物对土壤磷酸酶的激活调控研究[D].沈阳:中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所.FANG N N,2008.The Activation Regulation of Soil Phosphatase by Several Organic Compounds[D].Shenyang:Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences.
令狐荣云,王荣萍,梁嘉伟,等,2016.铁还原菌对红壤菜地土壤磷形态转化的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,35(9):1742-1749.LINGHU R Y,WANG R P,LIANG J W,et al.,2016.Effects of iron reducing bacteria on the transformation of phosphorus in vegetable red soils[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,35(9):1742-1749.
刘涛,蔡秋燕,张锡洲,等,2016.磷高效型野生大麦根系形态和根系分泌物对低水平植酸态有机磷的响应特征[J].植物营养与肥料学报,22(6):1538-1547.LIU T,CAI Q Y,ZHANG X Z,et al.,2016.Response characteristics in root morphology and root exretion of P-efficient wild barley exposured to low level of phytatephosphorus[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,22(6):1538-1547.
鲁如坤,2000.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社.LU R K,2000.The analytic method of soil and agricultural chemistry[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press.
沈菊培,2005.激活剂对土壤磷酸酶活性及动力学特性的调节[D].沈阳:中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所.SHEN J P,2005.The activation regulation of soil phosphatase by several organic compounds[D].Shenyang:Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences.
王争妍,雷紫烟,叶志雄,等,2017.蚯蚓作用下不同C/N秸秆还田对土壤CO2及N2O排放的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,36(9):1908-1915.WANG Z Y,LEI Z Y,YE Z X,et al.,2017.Influence of earthworm activity on soil CO2 and N2O emissions by incorporating different C/Nresidues[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,36(9):1908-1915.
吴金水,2006.土壤微生物生物量测定方法及其应用[M].北京:气象出版社.WU J S,2006.The method of microbial biomass assay and its application[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press.
闫湘,金继运,何萍,等,2008.提高肥料利用率技术研究进展[J].中国农业科学,41(2):450-459.YAN X,JI J Y,HE P,et al.,2008.Recent advances in technology of increasing fertilizer use efficiency[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,41(2):450-459.
赵辉,赵铭钦,程玉渊,等,2010.河南南阳烟区不同类型土壤的根际和非根际微生物及酶活性变化[J].土壤通报,41(5):1057-1063.ZHAO H,ZHAO M Q,CHENG Y Y,et al.,2010.Change of different soil types on microorganisms and enzyme activity of the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere of Nanyang tobacco growing area in Henan Province[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,41(5):1057-1063.
赵少华,宇万太,张璐,等,2004.土壤有机磷研究进展[J].应用生态学报,15(11):2189-2194.ZHAO S H,YU W T,ZHANG L,et al.,2004.Research advance in soil organic phosphorus[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,15(11):2189-2194.
赵伟,宋春,周攀,等,2018.施磷量与施磷深度对玉米-大豆套作系统磷素利用率及磷流失风险的影响[J].应用生态学报,29(4):1205-1214.ZHAO W,SONG C,ZHOU P,et al.,2018.Effects of phosphorus application rates and depths on P utilization and loss risk in a maize-soybean intercropping system[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,29(4):1205-1214.
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