有机肥施用年限对土壤有机碳组分及其来源与玉米产量的影响
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摘要
松嫩平原西部土壤盐渍化现象普遍,严重制约着农业的发展。施用有机肥能够提高土壤有机碳的含量,这是改良盐碱土的核心。该研究依托盐碱土改良长期定位试验,依据施用有机肥的年限,共设置4个处理,分别为:施用有机肥5a、9a和16a的处理,以未施肥的盐碱土壤作为对照处理。试验通过对土壤δ13C值、土壤有机碳组分、玉米产量、土壤pH和电导率等多项指标的测定,量化玉米源及有机肥源有机碳对土壤总有机碳的贡献,明确各有机碳组分的分配比例,探讨长期施用有机肥对盐碱土壤有机碳来源、组分、玉米产量及盐碱程度的影响。结果表明:长期施用有机肥与种植玉米的方式显著增加盐碱土壤的δ13CSOC值(P<0.01),且δ13CSOC值随培肥年限的增加而增加;同时以植物及土壤的δ13CSOC值为基础,借助二元方程计算得出盐碱土壤有机培肥9a后土壤有机碳中来源于玉米残茬的比例为14.36%,来源于有机肥的比例为25.92%,盐碱土壤原有有机碳所占的比例为59.72%;长期施用有机肥显著增加玉米产量,降低土壤pH和电导率,并且随有机肥施用年限的增加玉米产量提高,土壤pH和电导率呈下降趋势;长期施用有机肥显著增加有机碳各组分的碳密度,0～40 cm土层的活性I、活性II和惰性有机碳的密度,随有机肥施用年限的增加均呈现出递增的变化趋势;土壤有机碳总量的增加来自于各组分含量的增加,0～40 cm土层有机碳含量的增加主要源于惰性和活性II有机碳,其次是活性I有机碳。综上所述,有机培肥是土壤有机碳及玉米产量提升的双赢措施,且有机肥源有机碳对有机碳的贡献大于玉米源碳的输入。长期有机培肥可以丰富植物的直接碳源,亦可促进碳素的长期固存,增强盐碱土的碳汇功能。
Soil salinization is common phenomenon in Songnen Plain of northeast China, which seriously restricts the development of agriculture. Long-term manure application can significantly increase the content of soil organic carbon, which is the major method for saline-sodic soils amelioration. According to the cattle manure application history, manure applied to saline-sodic soils for 5, 9 and 16 years were used as the experimental treatments, and soil without manure application was used as a control. Based on long-term experimentation, soil δ13 CSOC value, soil organic carbon fraction, corn yield, soil pH and soil EC were determined. The relative contribution of plant residue and organic manure to soil carbon sequestration was quantified. Furthermore, the distribution ratio of soil organic carbon fraction was explicit. Simultaneously, the characteristic of soil organic carbon fraction distribution were discussed in saline-sodic soils. Our results indicated that corn(Zea mays L.) with long-term manure application significantly(P<0.05) increased the δ13 CSOC value in saline-sodic soils(P<0.05), and δ13 CSOC was increased with the duration of manure application. On the other hand, the contribution of corn-derived carbon(below-ground roots and residues) and the manure-derived carbon to soil organic carbon can be calculated from δ13 CSOC value of plant and soil by using a two-end member mixed model. Our results showed that after nine years manure application, corn-derived soil organic carbon comprised about 14.36% of total soil organic carbon and manure-derived soil organic carbon accounted for 25.92%, and the other part was from original soil organic carbon of saline-sodic soils. Long term manure application significantly resulted in an increase in corn yield and decreases in soil pH and EC, and corn yield increased with the number of year of manure application. Conversely, soil pH and EC decreased with the number of year of manure application. Generally, soil organic carbon can be chemically divided into labile I, labile II and recalcitrant carbon that have different sensitivities to changes of environmental conditions. Changes in SOC fractions may provide an early indicator of changes in total SOC. Long-term manure application also significantly increased the density of each soil organic carbon fraction, and the density of soil organic carbon fractions, such as labile I carbon, labile II carbon and recalcitrant carbon, was increased with the number of year of manure application at the 0-20 and 20-40 cm, respectively. The density of soil organic carbon fractions was the highest in the treatment with manure application for 16 years. Increased contents of soil organic carbon was most contributed by soil recalcitrant carbon and soil labile II carbon, followed by soil labile I carbon at the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm, respectively. Summarily, long-term manure application can directly enrich the carbon source of plant, promote the long-term sequestration of soil carbon, and enhance the carbon sink function of saline-sodic soils. Long term manure application was necessary to a win-win strategy for both SOC sequestration and corn production. The contribution of manure derived carbon to SOC increase was larger than corn derived carbon.
Soil salinization is common phenomenon in Songnen Plain of northeast China, which seriously restricts the development of agriculture. Long-term manure application can significantly increase the content of soil organic carbon, which is the major method for saline-sodic soils amelioration. According to the cattle manure application history, manure applied to saline-sodic soils for 5, 9 and 16 years were used as the experimental treatments, and soil without manure application was used as a control. Based on long-term experimentation, soil δ13 CSOC value, soil organic carbon fraction, corn yield, soil pH and soil EC were determined. The relative contribution of plant residue and organic manure to soil carbon sequestration was quantified. Furthermore, the distribution ratio of soil organic carbon fraction was explicit. Simultaneously, the characteristic of soil organic carbon fraction distribution were discussed in saline-sodic soils. Our results indicated that corn(Zea mays L.) with long-term manure application significantly(P<0.05) increased the δ13 CSOC value in saline-sodic soils(P<0.05), and δ13 CSOC was increased with the duration of manure application. On the other hand, the contribution of corn-derived carbon(below-ground roots and residues) and the manure-derived carbon to soil organic carbon can be calculated from δ13 CSOC value of plant and soil by using a two-end member mixed model. Our results showed that after nine years manure application, corn-derived soil organic carbon comprised about 14.36% of total soil organic carbon and manure-derived soil organic carbon accounted for 25.92%, and the other part was from original soil organic carbon of saline-sodic soils. Long term manure application significantly resulted in an increase in corn yield and decreases in soil pH and EC, and corn yield increased with the number of year of manure application. Conversely, soil pH and EC decreased with the number of year of manure application. Generally, soil organic carbon can be chemically divided into labile I, labile II and recalcitrant carbon that have different sensitivities to changes of environmental conditions. Changes in SOC fractions may provide an early indicator of changes in total SOC. Long-term manure application also significantly increased the density of each soil organic carbon fraction, and the density of soil organic carbon fractions, such as labile I carbon, labile II carbon and recalcitrant carbon, was increased with the number of year of manure application at the 0-20 and 20-40 cm, respectively. The density of soil organic carbon fractions was the highest in the treatment with manure application for 16 years. Increased contents of soil organic carbon was most contributed by soil recalcitrant carbon and soil labile II carbon, followed by soil labile I carbon at the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm, respectively. Summarily, long-term manure application can directly enrich the carbon source of plant, promote the long-term sequestration of soil carbon, and enhance the carbon sink function of saline-sodic soils. Long term manure application was necessary to a win-win strategy for both SOC sequestration and corn production. The contribution of manure derived carbon to SOC increase was larger than corn derived carbon.
引文
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[2]姚荣江,杨劲松,刘广明.东北地区盐碱土特征及其农业生物治理[J].土壤,2006,38(3):256-262.Yao Rongjiang,Yang Jinsong,Liu Guangming.Charaeteristics and agro-biological management of saline-alkalized land in northeast China[J].Soils,2006,38(3):256-262.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]Xu Y M,Liu H,Wang X H,et al.Changes in organic carbon index of grey desert soil in northwest China after long-term fertilization[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2014,13(3):554-561.
[4]Yang X Y,Sun B H,Zhang S L.Trends of yield and soil fertility in a long-term wheat-maize system[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2014,13:402-414.
[5]李辉,张军科,江长胜,等.耕作方式对紫色水稻土有机碳和微生物生物量碳的影响[J].生态学报,2012,32(1):247-255.Li Hui,Zhang Junke,Jiang Changsheng,et al.Long-term tillage effects on soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon in a purple paddy soil[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(1):247-255.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]陈吉,赵炳梓,张佳宝,等.长期施肥处理对玉米生长期潮土微生物生物量和活度的影响[J].土壤学报,2010,47(1):122-130.Chen Ji,Zhao Bingxin,Zhang Jiabao,et al.Effect of long-term fertilization on microbial biomass and activity in fluvo-aquic soil during maize growth period[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2010,47(1):122-130.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]杨明,孙毅,高玉山,等.有机肥对苏打盐碱土的改良效果研究[J].吉林农业科学,2013,38(3):43-46,62.Yang Ming,Sun Yi,Gao Yushan,et al.Effects of organic manure on improving soda saline-slkali soil[J].Journal of Jilin Agricultural Sciences,2013,38(3):43-46,62.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]燕新红.不同改良方法对碱化草甸土理化性状的影响[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2012.Yan Xinhong.Effect of Different Improvement Measures on Physicochemical Characteristics[D].Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]Bhatti A U,Khan Q,Gurmani A H,et al.Effect of organic manure and chemical amendments on soil properties and crop yield on a salt affected entisol[J].Pedosphere,2005,15(1):46-51.
[10]Rovira P,Vallejo V R.Labile and recalcitrant pools of carbon and nitrogen in organic matter decomposing at different depths in soil:An acid hydrolysis approach[J].Geoderma,2002,107(1/2):109-141.
[11]Zhang Juan,Wang Xiujun,Wang Jiaping.Impact of land use change on profile distributions of soil organic carbon fractions in the Yanqi Basin[J].Catena,2014,115:79-84.
[12]Banger K,Kukal S S,Toor G,et al.Impact of long-term additions of chemical fertilizers and farm yard manure on carbon and nitrogen sequestration under rice-cowpea cropping system in semi-arid tropics[J].Plant and Soil,2009,318(1/2):27-35.
[13]Krull E S,Baldock J A,Skjemstad J O.Importance of mechanisms and processes of the stabilisation of soil organic matter for modelling carbon turnover[J].Functional Plant Biology,2003,30(2):207-222.
[14]吴庆标,王效科,欧阳志云.活性有机碳含量在凋落物分解过程中的作用[J].生态环境,2006,15(6):1295-1299.Wu Qingbiao,Wang Xiaoke,Ouyang Zhiyun.Effects of labile organic carbon on the litters decomposition process[J].Ecology and Environment,2006,15(6):1295-1299.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]Zhang Wenju,Liu Kailou,Wang Jinzhou,et al.Relative contribution of maize and external manure amendment to soil carbon sequestration in a longterm intensive maize cropping system[J].Scientific Reports,2015,5:1-12.
[16]牛晓音,王延华,杨浩.滇池双龙流域不同土地利用方式下土壤侵蚀与土壤养分分异[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(9):1043-1050.Niu Xiaoyin,Wang Yanhua,Yang Hao,et al.Effects of different land uses on soil erosion and soil nutrient variability in the Shuanglong catchment of Dianchi Watershed[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2014,27(9):1043-1050.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]Wang Jinzhou,Wang Xiujun,Xu Minggang,et al.Contributions of wheat and maize residues to soil organic carbon under long-term rotation in north China[J].Scientific Reports,2015,5:11409.
[18]赵亚南.长期不同施肥下紫色水稻土有机碳变化特征及影响机制[D].重庆:西南大学,2016.Zhao Ya’nan.Characteristic and Mechanism of Organic Carbon Sequestration of Purple Paddy Soil under Long-term Fertilization[D].Chongqing:Southwest University,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Powers J S,Schlesinger W H.Geographic and vertical patterns of stable carbon isotopes in tropical rain forest soils of Costa Rica[J].Geoderma,2002,109(1):141-160.
[20]Wynn J G,Bird M I.C4-derived soil organic carbon decomposes faster than its C3 counterpart in mixed C3/C4soils[J].Global Change Biology,2007,13(10):2206-2217.
[21]李志鹏,潘根兴,张旭辉.改种玉米连续3年后稻田土壤有机碳分布和13C自然丰度变化[J].土壤学报,2007,44(2):244-251.Li Zhipeng,Pan Genxing,Zhang Xuhui.Topsoil organic carbon pool and 13C natural abundance changes from a paddy after 3 years corn cultivation[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2007,44(2):244-251.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]冷延慧.长期施肥对棕壤、黑土团聚体组成极其稳定性的影响[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2008.Leng Yanhui.Effect of Long-term Fertilization on Composition and Stability of Aggregates in Brown Earth and Black Soil[D].Shengyang:Shengyang Agricultural University,2008.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]Dou Xiaolin,He Ping,Cheng Xiaoli,et al.Long-term fertilization alters chemically-separated soil organic carbon pools:Based on stable C isotope analyses[J].Scientific Reports,2016,1:1-9.
[24]Ma Li,Yang Linzhang,Xia Lizhong,et al.Long-term effects of inorganic and organic amendments on organic carbon in a paddy soil of the Taihu Lake region,China[J].Pedosphere,2011,21(2):186-196.
[25]武宁.耕作措施与秸秆还田对麦-玉两熟农田土壤有机碳来源的影响[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2016.Wu Ning.Effect of Tillage and Straw Returning on Sources of Soil Organic Carbon in Wheat-maize Crop System[D].Taian:Shandong Agricultural University,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]Li Juan,Wen Yanchen,Li Xuhua,et al.Soil labile organic carbon fractions and soil organic carbon stocks as affected by long-term organic and mineral fertilization regimes in the North China Plain[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2018,175:281-290.
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