钪矿床主要类型与成矿机制
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摘要
全球范围内钪(Sc)金属资源丰富,主要集中于俄罗斯、中国、乌克兰、美国、菲律宾、澳大利亚等国家,但易选取、高品位的钪矿床非常稀缺。钪金属资源属于中国优势关键矿产资源,其储量占全球的33%,且中国供给全球90%的钪金属。钪元素因其独特的地球化学性质导致其形成的独立矿床较为稀少,主要以伴生矿产的形式产出。依据钪矿床成因类型,可以分为2大类:第一大类为与内生成矿作用相关的钪矿床,包括:Ⅰ.花岗伟晶岩型钪矿床;Ⅱ.碱性-超基性岩型磷、稀土(Sc)矿床;Ⅲ.基性-超基性岩型钒、钛、铁(Sc)矿床;Ⅳ.第二大类为与外生成矿作用相关的钪矿床,包括:Ⅳ.沉积型钪矿床;Ⅴ.风化淋滤型钪矿床。其中,在与内生成矿作用相关的碱性-超基性岩型磷、稀土(Sc)矿床和基性-超基性岩型钒、钛、铁(Sc)矿床中,钪金属主要作为副产品被回收利用,是全球钪金属的主要来源;而与外生成矿作用相关的沉积型钪矿床和风化淋滤型钪矿床开采成本较低,其中钪以离子态形式赋存、易选取、回收率高,因此,欧洲、澳大利亚、美国等钪资源研究团队认为该类型钪矿床有望改变全球钪资源的分布格局。对于钪载体矿物的研究表明,独立钪矿物主要发育于花岗伟晶岩和碳酸岩中,部分发育于热液石英脉或表生风化环境中。除独立钪矿物以外,钪主要赋存于铁镁质矿物:如辉石;富高场强元素(HFSE)矿物:如斜锆石;表生风化矿物:如针铁矿、黏土类矿物;稀土矿物:如磷钇矿等。其中,热液或岩浆成因的辉石是最重要的载体矿物之一。关于钪赋存状态的研究表明,与内生成矿作用相关的钪矿床中,除独立矿物相以外,钪主要以类质同象的形式赋存于矿物晶格中;而在与外生成矿作用相关的钪矿床中,钪主要以类质同象和离子吸附2种形式赋存。对于钪矿床成矿机制的研究表明,硅酸盐岩浆体系中钪的富集与铁镁质造岩矿物密切相关,推测岩浆的结晶分异过程可能不利于钪的富集;相比而言,热液过程对于钪的再次迁移和富集更为关键。
Scandium(Sc) metal resources are relatively abundant in the world, and are mainly produced in Russia,China, Ukraine, the United States, the Philippines and Australia. However, economically valuable large-scale Sc resources have been rarely found. Sc is one of preponderant mineral resources in China, accounts for 33% global Sc resources and provides about 90% of global Sc production. Sc is always recovered as by-product due to its unique geochemical characteristics. According to its formation environment, Sc deposits can be divided into endogenous mineralization deposits and supergene mineralization deposits. Endogenous Sc deposits can be subdivided into the following types:Ⅰ. Granitic pegmatite-hosted scandium deposits; Ⅱ. Alkaline-ultramafic rock-related phosphorus, rare earth(Sc) deposits; Ⅲ. Mafic-ultramafic rock-related vanadium, titanium, iron(Sc) deposits. Supergene Sc deposits can be subdivided into the following types: Ⅳ. Sedimentary Scandium deposits andⅤ. Weathered leaching scandium deposits. Currently, the alkaline-ultramafic rock-related phosphorus, rare earth(Sc) deposits and mafic-ultramafic rock-related vanadium, titanium, iron(Sc) deposits provide the main Sc resources in the world, whereas scandium metal is mainly recovered as by-products. Supergene Sc deposits are characterized by low mining cost, easy to be separated and high recovery rate, because Sc is present as ions. Due to these advantages, supergene Sc deposits are considered as economically important Sc resources in future by European, Australian, and American countries and may change the distribution pattern of global scandium resources.Studies of Sc-baring minerals show that scandium independent minerals mainly occur in granitic pegmatite or carbonatite, with little occurring in hydrothermal quartz veins or in weathering environment. In addition to independent minerals, scandium are mainly hosted in ferro-magnesium minerals(e. g. pyroxene), minerals enriched in high field strength elements(HFSE)(e.g. baddeleyite), weathering minerals(e.g., goethite and clay minerals), and rare earth elements minerals(e.g., xenotime). Among these minerals, pyroxene of hydrothermal or magmatic genesis is one of the most important Sc-bearing minerals. In endogenous Sc deposits, Sc mainly occurs in the form of isomorphism with less occurring as independent mineral, while in supergene deposits, Sc occurs in the forms of isomorphism and ion adsorption. Studies of the mineralization process of scandium deposit show that the enrichment of scandium in silicate magma is closely related to the formation of ferromagnesian minerals. It is inferred that the crystallization differentiation process of magma may be unfavorable to the enrichment of scandium. In contrast, hydrothermal processes are critical for the re-migration and enrichment of scandium.
Scandium(Sc) metal resources are relatively abundant in the world, and are mainly produced in Russia,China, Ukraine, the United States, the Philippines and Australia. However, economically valuable large-scale Sc resources have been rarely found. Sc is one of preponderant mineral resources in China, accounts for 33% global Sc resources and provides about 90% of global Sc production. Sc is always recovered as by-product due to its unique geochemical characteristics. According to its formation environment, Sc deposits can be divided into endogenous mineralization deposits and supergene mineralization deposits. Endogenous Sc deposits can be subdivided into the following types:Ⅰ. Granitic pegmatite-hosted scandium deposits; Ⅱ. Alkaline-ultramafic rock-related phosphorus, rare earth(Sc) deposits; Ⅲ. Mafic-ultramafic rock-related vanadium, titanium, iron(Sc) deposits. Supergene Sc deposits can be subdivided into the following types: Ⅳ. Sedimentary Scandium deposits andⅤ. Weathered leaching scandium deposits. Currently, the alkaline-ultramafic rock-related phosphorus, rare earth(Sc) deposits and mafic-ultramafic rock-related vanadium, titanium, iron(Sc) deposits provide the main Sc resources in the world, whereas scandium metal is mainly recovered as by-products. Supergene Sc deposits are characterized by low mining cost, easy to be separated and high recovery rate, because Sc is present as ions. Due to these advantages, supergene Sc deposits are considered as economically important Sc resources in future by European, Australian, and American countries and may change the distribution pattern of global scandium resources.Studies of Sc-baring minerals show that scandium independent minerals mainly occur in granitic pegmatite or carbonatite, with little occurring in hydrothermal quartz veins or in weathering environment. In addition to independent minerals, scandium are mainly hosted in ferro-magnesium minerals(e. g. pyroxene), minerals enriched in high field strength elements(HFSE)(e.g. baddeleyite), weathering minerals(e.g., goethite and clay minerals), and rare earth elements minerals(e.g., xenotime). Among these minerals, pyroxene of hydrothermal or magmatic genesis is one of the most important Sc-bearing minerals. In endogenous Sc deposits, Sc mainly occurs in the form of isomorphism with less occurring as independent mineral, while in supergene deposits, Sc occurs in the forms of isomorphism and ion adsorption. Studies of the mineralization process of scandium deposit show that the enrichment of scandium in silicate magma is closely related to the formation of ferromagnesian minerals. It is inferred that the crystallization differentiation process of magma may be unfavorable to the enrichment of scandium. In contrast, hydrothermal processes are critical for the re-migration and enrichment of scandium.
引文
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