石笋生长直径的测定及其在古气候重建中的应用
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摘要
石笋是第四纪陆地气候重建的良好信息载体,对了解过去气候和环境的演变十分重要。中国石笋具有生长相对连续,年代准确,信息丰富等特点,为全球季风及其长期演化提供了不可多得的视窗。基于石笋而开发了一系列气候替代指标,如δ~(18)O、δ~(13)C、微量元素及其同位素组成、有机化合物及其同位素组成、生长速率等,在石笋古气候重建中得到广泛的应用。但是,作为石笋形貌学的基本特征,对石笋的生长直径及其对气候变化的指示意义却鲜有报道。本研究中,作者首先提出一种测定石笋生长直径的方法,然后利用该方法测定了湖北清江和尚洞HS4石笋顶部35 cm的石笋生长直径,并与研究区的气温和洪涝频率记录进行比较,探讨石笋生长直径对气候变化的响应。研究表明,通过纹层的识别和不同深度上纹层宽度的测定而建立的指数回归法较好地表征了石笋的生长直径,适合于一些具有明显纹层的石笋直径测定。HS4石笋的实际生长直径比理论计算值偏小,可能与洞穴结构有关;高的落差增加了岩溶滴水的冲力,水滴飞溅而导致有效水量的损失,即滴水的有效体积减少,石笋直径偏小。与温度相比,降水对石笋直径的影响更加显著,因而石笋直径是一个有效降水的替代指标,有望在石笋古气候的研究中得到应用。
Stalagmite is a good information carrier for Quaternary terrestrial climate reconstruction, which is very important for understanding the evolution of the past climate and environment. Chinese stalagmites are characterized by relatively continuous growth, accurate dating and abundant information, which provide a rare perspective for the Asian monsoon and its long-term evolution. Based on stalagmites, a series of alternative indicators have been developed, such as δ~(18)O, δ~(13)C, trace elements and their isotopes, organic compounds and associated isotope composition, growth rate and etc, which have been widely used in the reconstruction of palaeoclimate environment. However, as a basic feature of stalagmite morphology, the growth diameter of stalagmite has rarely been studied, and its implications for climate change need to be investigated. In this study, we first proposed a method to determine the growth diameter of stalagmites. Then, we used this method to measure the growth diameter of stalagmites at the top 35 cm section of HS4 Stalagmite in Heshang cave, Qingjiang, Hubei Province. The results were compared with the temperature and flood frequency records in the study area to explore the response of the stalagmite diameter growth to climate change. The results show that the growth of the stalagmite diameters can be well characterized by the exponential regression method based on the identification of the lamina and the measurement of the broad band of the lamina at different depths, which can be used to determine the diameter of some stalagmites with obvious lamina. The actual growth diameter of HS4 stalagmite is smaller than the theoretical calculation value, which may be related to the cave structure. The high drop of the cave increases the momentum of karst dripping water, and the splash of water drip results in the loss of effective water volume, thus the effective volume of dripping water decreases greatly and the actual diameter of HS4 stalagmite is smaller. Compared with temperature, the influence of precipitation on stalagmite diameter is more significant. Therefore, stalagmite diameter is an alternative proxy of effective precipitation, which is expected to be applied in the study of stalagmite palaeoclimate.
Stalagmite is a good information carrier for Quaternary terrestrial climate reconstruction, which is very important for understanding the evolution of the past climate and environment. Chinese stalagmites are characterized by relatively continuous growth, accurate dating and abundant information, which provide a rare perspective for the Asian monsoon and its long-term evolution. Based on stalagmites, a series of alternative indicators have been developed, such as δ~(18)O, δ~(13)C, trace elements and their isotopes, organic compounds and associated isotope composition, growth rate and etc, which have been widely used in the reconstruction of palaeoclimate environment. However, as a basic feature of stalagmite morphology, the growth diameter of stalagmite has rarely been studied, and its implications for climate change need to be investigated. In this study, we first proposed a method to determine the growth diameter of stalagmites. Then, we used this method to measure the growth diameter of stalagmites at the top 35 cm section of HS4 Stalagmite in Heshang cave, Qingjiang, Hubei Province. The results were compared with the temperature and flood frequency records in the study area to explore the response of the stalagmite diameter growth to climate change. The results show that the growth of the stalagmite diameters can be well characterized by the exponential regression method based on the identification of the lamina and the measurement of the broad band of the lamina at different depths, which can be used to determine the diameter of some stalagmites with obvious lamina. The actual growth diameter of HS4 stalagmite is smaller than the theoretical calculation value, which may be related to the cave structure. The high drop of the cave increases the momentum of karst dripping water, and the splash of water drip results in the loss of effective water volume, thus the effective volume of dripping water decreases greatly and the actual diameter of HS4 stalagmite is smaller. Compared with temperature, the influence of precipitation on stalagmite diameter is more significant. Therefore, stalagmite diameter is an alternative proxy of effective precipitation, which is expected to be applied in the study of stalagmite palaeoclimate.
引文
[1] Y J Wang,H Cheng,R L Edwards,et al.A High-Resolution Absolute-Dated Late Pleistocene Monsoon Record from Hulu Cave[J].China,Science,2001,294:2345-2348.
[2] Y Wang,H Cheng,R L Edwards,et al.Millennial- and orbital-scale changes in the East Asian monsoon over the past 224,000 years[J].Nature,2008,451:1090-1093.
[3] Y Cai,I Y Fung,R L Edwards,et al.Variability of stalagmite-inferred Indian monsoon precipitation over the past 252,000 y[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2015,112:2954-2959.
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[7] I J Fairchild,P C Treble.Trace elements in speleothems as recorders of environmental change[J].Quaternary Science Review,2009,28:449-468.
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[9] R A Owen,C C Day,C Y Hu,et al.Calcium isotopes in caves as a proxy for aridity:Modern calibration and application to the 8.2 kyr event[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2016,443:129-138.
[10] A Baker,C J Caseldine,M A Gilmour,et al.Stalagmite luminescence and peat humification records of palaeomoisture for the last 2500 years[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1999,165:157-162.
[11] S Xie,Y Yi,J Huang,et al.Lipid distribution in a subtropical southern China stalagmite as a record of soil ecosystem response to paleoclimate change[J].Quaternary research,2003,60:340-347.
[12] X Li,C Hu,J Huang,et al.A 9000-year carbon isotopic record of acid-soluble organic matter in a stalagmite from Heshang Cave,central China:Paleoclimate implications[J].Chemical Geology,2014,388:71-77.
[13] 张德忠,张平中,桑文翠,等.石笋密度蕴含的过去气候变化信息:以末次冰消期黄土高原西部武都万象洞石笋为例[J].科学通报,2010,55(31):3040-3047.
[14] 秦小光,刘东生,谭明,等.北京石花洞石笋微层灰度变化特征及其气候意义:Ⅰ.微层显微特征[J].中国科学(D辑:地球科学),1998,28(1):91-96.
[15] 张会领,殷建军,林玉石.中晚全新世湘西莲花洞石笋灰度变化特征及其古气候意义[J].热带地理,2018,38(6):810-818.
[16] Z Zhu,J M Feinberg,S Xie,et al.Holocene ENSO-related cyclic storms recorded by magnetic minerals in speleothems of central China[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2017,114:852-857.
[17] M Tan,T Liu,J Hou,et al.Cyclic rapid warming on centennial-scale revealed by a 2650-year stalagmite record of warm season temperature[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2003,30:1617.(DOI:10.1029/2003GL017352)
[18] G Kaufmann.Stalagmite growth and palaeo-climate:the numerical perspective[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2003,214:251-266.
[19] G Kaufmann,W Dreybrodt.Stalagmite growth and palaeo-climate:an inverse approach[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2004,224:529-545.
[20] L B Raisback,G A Brook,J Chen,et al.Environmental control on the petrology of a late Holocene speleothem from Botswana with annual layer of aragonite and calcite[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,1994,64:147-155.
[21] V J Polyak,Y Asmerom.Late Holocene climate and cultural changes in the southwestern United States[J].Science,2001,294:148-151.
[22] S Frisia,A Borsato,N Preto,et al.Late Holocene annual growth in three Alpine stalagmites records the influence of solar activity and the North Atlantic Oscillation on winter climate[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2003,216:411-424.
[23] C J Proctor,A Baker,W L Barnes,et al.A thousand years speleothem proxy record of North Atlantic climate from Scotland[J].Climate Dynamic,2000,16:815-820.
[24] G A Brook,M A Rafter,L B Railsback,et al.A high-resolution proxy record of rainfall and ENSO since AD 1550 from layering in stalagmites from Anjohibe Cave,Madagascar[J].The Holocene,1999,9:695-705.
[25] H W Franke.The theory behind stalagmite shapes[J].Stud.Speleol,1965,1:89-95.
[26] R L Curl.Minimum diameter stalagmites[J].Nat.Speleol.Soc.,1973,35:1-9.
[27] M B Muňoz-García,J Cruz,et al.Comparison of speleothem fabrics and microstratigraphic stacking patterns in calcite stalagmites as indicators of paleoenvironmental change[J].Quaternary international,2016,407:74-85.
[28] C Hu,G Henderson,J Huang,et al.Report of a three-year monitoring programme at Heshang Cave,Central China[J].International Journal of Speleology,2008,37:143-151.
[29] 万军伟,沈继方,晁念英.清江半峡地区岩溶洞穴发育特征及其旅游资源[J].中国岩溶,1997,16(3):268-274.
[30] 何璐瑶,胡超涌,曹振华,等.湖北清江和尚洞洞穴温度对气候变化的响应[J].中国岩溶,2008,27(3):273-277.
[31] C Hu,G M Henderson,J Huang,et al.Quantification of Holocene Asian monsoon rainfall from spatially separated cave records[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2008,266:221-232.
[32] A Baker,D Genty,W Dreybrodt,et al.Testing theoretically predicted stalagmite growth rate with recent annually laminated samples:Implications for past stalagmite deposition[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1998,3:393-404.
[33] 赵文兰,叶愈源.近500年长江中游气候变化的初步研究[J].水文,1996(5):19-23.
[2] Y Wang,H Cheng,R L Edwards,et al.Millennial- and orbital-scale changes in the East Asian monsoon over the past 224,000 years[J].Nature,2008,451:1090-1093.
[3] Y Cai,I Y Fung,R L Edwards,et al.Variability of stalagmite-inferred Indian monsoon precipitation over the past 252,000 y[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2015,112:2954-2959.
[4] H Cheng,P Z Zhang,C Spotl,et al.The climatic cyclicity in semiarid-arid central Asia over the past 500,000 years[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2012,39:L01705.(DOI:10.1029/2011GL050202)
[5] H Cheng,R L Edwards,A Sinha,et al.The Asian monsoon over the past 640,000 years and ice age terminations[J].Nature,2016,534:640-646.
[6] A A Finch,P A Shaw,K Holmgren,et al.Corroborated rainfall records from aragonitic stalagmites[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2003,215:265-273.
[7] I J Fairchild,P C Treble.Trace elements in speleothems as recorders of environmental change[J].Quaternary Science Review,2009,28:449-468.
[8] K Johnson,C Hu,N Belshaw,et al.Seasonal trace-element and stable-isotope variations in a Chinese speleothem:The potential for high-resolution paleomonsoon reconstruction[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2006,244:394-407.
[9] R A Owen,C C Day,C Y Hu,et al.Calcium isotopes in caves as a proxy for aridity:Modern calibration and application to the 8.2 kyr event[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2016,443:129-138.
[10] A Baker,C J Caseldine,M A Gilmour,et al.Stalagmite luminescence and peat humification records of palaeomoisture for the last 2500 years[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1999,165:157-162.
[11] S Xie,Y Yi,J Huang,et al.Lipid distribution in a subtropical southern China stalagmite as a record of soil ecosystem response to paleoclimate change[J].Quaternary research,2003,60:340-347.
[12] X Li,C Hu,J Huang,et al.A 9000-year carbon isotopic record of acid-soluble organic matter in a stalagmite from Heshang Cave,central China:Paleoclimate implications[J].Chemical Geology,2014,388:71-77.
[13] 张德忠,张平中,桑文翠,等.石笋密度蕴含的过去气候变化信息:以末次冰消期黄土高原西部武都万象洞石笋为例[J].科学通报,2010,55(31):3040-3047.
[14] 秦小光,刘东生,谭明,等.北京石花洞石笋微层灰度变化特征及其气候意义:Ⅰ.微层显微特征[J].中国科学(D辑:地球科学),1998,28(1):91-96.
[15] 张会领,殷建军,林玉石.中晚全新世湘西莲花洞石笋灰度变化特征及其古气候意义[J].热带地理,2018,38(6):810-818.
[16] Z Zhu,J M Feinberg,S Xie,et al.Holocene ENSO-related cyclic storms recorded by magnetic minerals in speleothems of central China[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2017,114:852-857.
[17] M Tan,T Liu,J Hou,et al.Cyclic rapid warming on centennial-scale revealed by a 2650-year stalagmite record of warm season temperature[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2003,30:1617.(DOI:10.1029/2003GL017352)
[18] G Kaufmann.Stalagmite growth and palaeo-climate:the numerical perspective[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2003,214:251-266.
[19] G Kaufmann,W Dreybrodt.Stalagmite growth and palaeo-climate:an inverse approach[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2004,224:529-545.
[20] L B Raisback,G A Brook,J Chen,et al.Environmental control on the petrology of a late Holocene speleothem from Botswana with annual layer of aragonite and calcite[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,1994,64:147-155.
[21] V J Polyak,Y Asmerom.Late Holocene climate and cultural changes in the southwestern United States[J].Science,2001,294:148-151.
[22] S Frisia,A Borsato,N Preto,et al.Late Holocene annual growth in three Alpine stalagmites records the influence of solar activity and the North Atlantic Oscillation on winter climate[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2003,216:411-424.
[23] C J Proctor,A Baker,W L Barnes,et al.A thousand years speleothem proxy record of North Atlantic climate from Scotland[J].Climate Dynamic,2000,16:815-820.
[24] G A Brook,M A Rafter,L B Railsback,et al.A high-resolution proxy record of rainfall and ENSO since AD 1550 from layering in stalagmites from Anjohibe Cave,Madagascar[J].The Holocene,1999,9:695-705.
[25] H W Franke.The theory behind stalagmite shapes[J].Stud.Speleol,1965,1:89-95.
[26] R L Curl.Minimum diameter stalagmites[J].Nat.Speleol.Soc.,1973,35:1-9.
[27] M B Muňoz-García,J Cruz,et al.Comparison of speleothem fabrics and microstratigraphic stacking patterns in calcite stalagmites as indicators of paleoenvironmental change[J].Quaternary international,2016,407:74-85.
[28] C Hu,G Henderson,J Huang,et al.Report of a three-year monitoring programme at Heshang Cave,Central China[J].International Journal of Speleology,2008,37:143-151.
[29] 万军伟,沈继方,晁念英.清江半峡地区岩溶洞穴发育特征及其旅游资源[J].中国岩溶,1997,16(3):268-274.
[30] 何璐瑶,胡超涌,曹振华,等.湖北清江和尚洞洞穴温度对气候变化的响应[J].中国岩溶,2008,27(3):273-277.
[31] C Hu,G M Henderson,J Huang,et al.Quantification of Holocene Asian monsoon rainfall from spatially separated cave records[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2008,266:221-232.
[32] A Baker,D Genty,W Dreybrodt,et al.Testing theoretically predicted stalagmite growth rate with recent annually laminated samples:Implications for past stalagmite deposition[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1998,3:393-404.
[33] 赵文兰,叶愈源.近500年长江中游气候变化的初步研究[J].水文,1996(5):19-23.