塔里木河流域下游绿洲演变对生态输水的响应
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摘要
参考前人对绿洲的定义和分类方法,对塔里木河下游人工绿洲、天然绿洲进行提取,分析生态输水前后人工绿洲和天然绿洲的面积变化特征、转化过程、重心迁移情况以及扩张与退缩的空间变化。结果表明:1990—2015年,塔里木河下游绿洲总面积先下降、后上升,人工绿洲不断扩张,10 a平均增长量为46.78 km~2,天然绿洲面积不断缩减,在2000年后有所上升。生态输水前(1990—2000年),塔里木河下游来水量减少,导致大面积草地退化,天然绿洲面积减少;生态输水后(2000—2015年),部分未利用土地得到了利用,变成河渠、水库、湖泊、灌木林和高覆盖度草地,塔里木河下游生态有所恢复。下游绿洲重心先往西北,再往南方,最后又往东南方向迁移。绿洲主要向西北和东南方向扩张,1990—2000年的扩张区域主要集中于英苏上游区域;2000—2010年期间,台特玛湖地区绿洲面积增加明显;绿洲缩减区域分布广而零星。
Referring to the definition and classification method of oasis proposed by previous researchers, the artificial and natural oases were extracted in the downstream of the Tarim River. After that, this paper analyzed the area change characteristics, transformation process, gravity center migration, and spatial variation of oasisization and desertification during the period of 1990-2015. The results show that, from 1990 to 2015, the total area of oasis in the downstream of Tarim River Basin decreased firstly and then increased. The area of artificial oasis continued to expand with a 10-year average growth rate of 46.78 km~2. The area of natural oasis continued to shrink, but increased after 2000. It is because that the amount of river discharge decreased, resulting in the degradation of grassland and the reduction of natural oasis before the ecological water transport(1990-2000). After the ecological water transport(2000-2015), some unused land was utilized again. The center of the oasis traveled to the northwest, then to the south, and finally to the southeast. In addition, the oasis mainly expanded to the northwest and southeast, while the oasis reduction area was sporadic.
Referring to the definition and classification method of oasis proposed by previous researchers, the artificial and natural oases were extracted in the downstream of the Tarim River. After that, this paper analyzed the area change characteristics, transformation process, gravity center migration, and spatial variation of oasisization and desertification during the period of 1990-2015. The results show that, from 1990 to 2015, the total area of oasis in the downstream of Tarim River Basin decreased firstly and then increased. The area of artificial oasis continued to expand with a 10-year average growth rate of 46.78 km~2. The area of natural oasis continued to shrink, but increased after 2000. It is because that the amount of river discharge decreased, resulting in the degradation of grassland and the reduction of natural oasis before the ecological water transport(1990-2000). After the ecological water transport(2000-2015), some unused land was utilized again. The center of the oasis traveled to the northwest, then to the south, and finally to the southeast. In addition, the oasis mainly expanded to the northwest and southeast, while the oasis reduction area was sporadic.
引文
[ 1 ] XUE Lianqing,WANG Jing,ZHANG Luochen,et al.Spatiotemporal analysis of ecological vulnerability and management in the Tarim River Basin,China[J].The Science of the Total Environment,2019,649:876-888.
[ 2 ] 薛联青,张卉,张洛晨,等.塔里木灌区引水前后环境流特性变化[J].水资源保护,2017,33(3):31-37.(XUE Lianqing,ZHANG Hui,ZHANG Luochen,et al.Changes in characteristics of environmental flow in Tarim irrigation area before and after water diversion[J].Water Resources Protection,2017,33(3):31-37.(in Chinese))
[ 3 ] XUE Lianqing,ZHU Boli,YANG Changbing,et al.Study on the characteristics of future precipitation in response to external changes over arid and humid basins[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):15148-15161.
[ 4 ] 郭宏伟,徐海量,凌红波,等.塔里木河流域人工与天然绿洲转化过程与适宜比例初探[J].土壤通报,2017,48(3):532-539.(GUO Hongwei,XU Hailiang,LING Hongbo,et al.Transformation process and appropriate area proportion of artificial and natural oases in the Tarim River Basin[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2017,48(3):532-539.(in Chinese))
[ 5 ] 王希义,徐海量,潘存德,等.2000—2014年塔里木河下游地下水补给量及合理需求量[J].水资源保护,2017,33(4):32-39.(WANG Xiyi,XU Hailiang,PAN Cunde,et al.Study on groundwater recharge amount and suitable demand amount in lower reaches of Tarim River from 2000 to 2014[J].Water Resources Protection,2017,33(4):32-39.(in Chinese))
[ 6 ] 邓铭江,杨鹏年,周海鹰,等.塔里木河下游水量转化特征及其生态输水策略[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(4):717-726.(DENG Mingjiang,YANG Pengnian,ZHOU Haiying,et al.Water conversion and strategy of ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of the Tarim River[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(4):717-726.(in Chinese))
[ 7 ] 李丽君,张小清,陈长清,等.近20 a塔里木河下游输水对生态环境的影响[J].干旱区地理,2018,41(2):238-247.(LI Lijun,ZHANG Xiaoqing,CHEN Changqing,et al.Ecological effects of water conveyance on the lower reaches of Tarim River in recent twenty years[J].Arid Land Geography,2018,41(2):238-247.(in Chinese))
[ 8 ] 邓宝山,瓦哈甫·哈力克,张玉萍,等.吐鲁番绿洲适宜规模及其稳定性分析[J].干旱区研究,2015,32(4):797-803.(DENG Baoshan,WAHAP·Halik,ZHANG Yuping,et al.Appropriate scale and stability of oasis in Turpan[J].Arid Zone Research,2015,32(4):797-803.(in Chinese))
[ 9 ] 钱大文,巩杰,贾珍珍.绿洲化-荒漠化土地时空格局变化对比研究:以黑河中游临泽县为例[J].干旱区研究,2016,33(1):80-88.(QIAN Dawen,GONG Jie,JIA Zhenzhen.Analysis on the spatio-temporal evolution of oasis formation and desertification:a case study of linze county in the middle reaches of Heihe River,Gansu[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2016,33(1):80-88.(in Chinese))
[10] 魏伟,石培基,雷莉,等.基于景观结构和空间统计方法的绿洲区生态风险分析:以石羊河武威、民勤绿洲为例[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(12):2023-2035.(WEI Wei,SHI Peiji,LEI Li,et al.Eco-risk analysis of oasis region based on landscape structure and spatial statistics method:a case study of Wuwei and Minqin Oases[J].Arid Zone Research,2014,29(12):2023-2035.(in Chinese))
[11] 薛联青,张卉,张洛晨,等.基于改进RVA法的水利工程对塔里木河生态水文情势影响评估[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2017,45(3):189-196.(XUE Lianqing,ZHANG Hui,ZHANG Luochen,et al.Impact of water conservancy projects on eco-hydrological regime of Tarim River based on improved RVA method[J].Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),2017,45(3):189-196.(in Chinese))
[12] 薛联青,杨帆,杨昌兵,等.外界胁迫作用下塔里木河流域径流变化响应的敏感性[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2018,46(1):1-6.(XUE Lianqing,YANG Fan,YANG Changbing,et al.Sensitivity analysis of the streamflow alteration subjected to climate changes and anthropogenic activities in the Tarim River Basin[J].Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),2018,46(1):1-6.(in Chinese))
[13] 张秀霞,颉耀文,卫娇娇,等.1986—2015年干旱区敦煌绿洲景观的时空演变过程[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(3):669-676.(ZHANG Xiuxia,XIE Yaowen,WEI Jiaojiao,et al.Spatiotemporal evolution of landscapes in the arid dunhuang oasis during the period of 1986-2015[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(3):669-676.(in Chinese))
[14] 郭碧云,张正峰.农牧交错区土地利用重心迁移研究:以河北省沽源县为例[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32(4):217-221.(GUO Biyun,ZHANG Zhengfeng.Migration of land-use barycenters in farming-pastoral areas:a case study of Guyuan County,Hebei Province[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2014,32(4):217-221.(in Chinese))
[15] 贾启建,何玲.滨海土地重心迁移及景观梯度变化[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(2):201-206.(JIA Qijian,HE Ling.Move of land barycenter and changes of landscdpe gradient in coastal region[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,23(2):201-206.(in Chinese))
[16] 陈超群,吴煜,王健,等.塔里木河上游人工与天然绿洲相互转化过程与适宜比例[J].水土保持研究,2018,25(2):176-182.(CHEN Chaoqun,WU Yu,WANG Jian,et al.Interconversion process and the proper ratio of artificial and natural oasis in the upper reaches of Tarim River Basin[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,25(2):176-182.(in Chinese))
[17] 赵新风,赵乐,徐海量,等.塔里木河干流人工与天然绿洲转化及适宜比例研究[J].人民长江,2017,48(24):41-47.(ZHAO Xinfeng,ZHAO Le,XU Hailiang,et al.Study on artificial and natural oasis mutual conversion process and their proper ratio in main stream of Tarim River[J].Yangtze River,2017,25(2):176-182.(in Chinese))
[18] 薛联青.生态塔河维系标准体系与调度管理[R].南京:河海大学水文水资源学院,2019.
[ 2 ] 薛联青,张卉,张洛晨,等.塔里木灌区引水前后环境流特性变化[J].水资源保护,2017,33(3):31-37.(XUE Lianqing,ZHANG Hui,ZHANG Luochen,et al.Changes in characteristics of environmental flow in Tarim irrigation area before and after water diversion[J].Water Resources Protection,2017,33(3):31-37.(in Chinese))
[ 3 ] XUE Lianqing,ZHU Boli,YANG Changbing,et al.Study on the characteristics of future precipitation in response to external changes over arid and humid basins[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):15148-15161.
[ 4 ] 郭宏伟,徐海量,凌红波,等.塔里木河流域人工与天然绿洲转化过程与适宜比例初探[J].土壤通报,2017,48(3):532-539.(GUO Hongwei,XU Hailiang,LING Hongbo,et al.Transformation process and appropriate area proportion of artificial and natural oases in the Tarim River Basin[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2017,48(3):532-539.(in Chinese))
[ 5 ] 王希义,徐海量,潘存德,等.2000—2014年塔里木河下游地下水补给量及合理需求量[J].水资源保护,2017,33(4):32-39.(WANG Xiyi,XU Hailiang,PAN Cunde,et al.Study on groundwater recharge amount and suitable demand amount in lower reaches of Tarim River from 2000 to 2014[J].Water Resources Protection,2017,33(4):32-39.(in Chinese))
[ 6 ] 邓铭江,杨鹏年,周海鹰,等.塔里木河下游水量转化特征及其生态输水策略[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(4):717-726.(DENG Mingjiang,YANG Pengnian,ZHOU Haiying,et al.Water conversion and strategy of ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of the Tarim River[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(4):717-726.(in Chinese))
[ 7 ] 李丽君,张小清,陈长清,等.近20 a塔里木河下游输水对生态环境的影响[J].干旱区地理,2018,41(2):238-247.(LI Lijun,ZHANG Xiaoqing,CHEN Changqing,et al.Ecological effects of water conveyance on the lower reaches of Tarim River in recent twenty years[J].Arid Land Geography,2018,41(2):238-247.(in Chinese))
[ 8 ] 邓宝山,瓦哈甫·哈力克,张玉萍,等.吐鲁番绿洲适宜规模及其稳定性分析[J].干旱区研究,2015,32(4):797-803.(DENG Baoshan,WAHAP·Halik,ZHANG Yuping,et al.Appropriate scale and stability of oasis in Turpan[J].Arid Zone Research,2015,32(4):797-803.(in Chinese))
[ 9 ] 钱大文,巩杰,贾珍珍.绿洲化-荒漠化土地时空格局变化对比研究:以黑河中游临泽县为例[J].干旱区研究,2016,33(1):80-88.(QIAN Dawen,GONG Jie,JIA Zhenzhen.Analysis on the spatio-temporal evolution of oasis formation and desertification:a case study of linze county in the middle reaches of Heihe River,Gansu[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2016,33(1):80-88.(in Chinese))
[10] 魏伟,石培基,雷莉,等.基于景观结构和空间统计方法的绿洲区生态风险分析:以石羊河武威、民勤绿洲为例[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(12):2023-2035.(WEI Wei,SHI Peiji,LEI Li,et al.Eco-risk analysis of oasis region based on landscape structure and spatial statistics method:a case study of Wuwei and Minqin Oases[J].Arid Zone Research,2014,29(12):2023-2035.(in Chinese))
[11] 薛联青,张卉,张洛晨,等.基于改进RVA法的水利工程对塔里木河生态水文情势影响评估[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2017,45(3):189-196.(XUE Lianqing,ZHANG Hui,ZHANG Luochen,et al.Impact of water conservancy projects on eco-hydrological regime of Tarim River based on improved RVA method[J].Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),2017,45(3):189-196.(in Chinese))
[12] 薛联青,杨帆,杨昌兵,等.外界胁迫作用下塔里木河流域径流变化响应的敏感性[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2018,46(1):1-6.(XUE Lianqing,YANG Fan,YANG Changbing,et al.Sensitivity analysis of the streamflow alteration subjected to climate changes and anthropogenic activities in the Tarim River Basin[J].Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),2018,46(1):1-6.(in Chinese))
[13] 张秀霞,颉耀文,卫娇娇,等.1986—2015年干旱区敦煌绿洲景观的时空演变过程[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(3):669-676.(ZHANG Xiuxia,XIE Yaowen,WEI Jiaojiao,et al.Spatiotemporal evolution of landscapes in the arid dunhuang oasis during the period of 1986-2015[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(3):669-676.(in Chinese))
[14] 郭碧云,张正峰.农牧交错区土地利用重心迁移研究:以河北省沽源县为例[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32(4):217-221.(GUO Biyun,ZHANG Zhengfeng.Migration of land-use barycenters in farming-pastoral areas:a case study of Guyuan County,Hebei Province[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2014,32(4):217-221.(in Chinese))
[15] 贾启建,何玲.滨海土地重心迁移及景观梯度变化[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(2):201-206.(JIA Qijian,HE Ling.Move of land barycenter and changes of landscdpe gradient in coastal region[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,23(2):201-206.(in Chinese))
[16] 陈超群,吴煜,王健,等.塔里木河上游人工与天然绿洲相互转化过程与适宜比例[J].水土保持研究,2018,25(2):176-182.(CHEN Chaoqun,WU Yu,WANG Jian,et al.Interconversion process and the proper ratio of artificial and natural oasis in the upper reaches of Tarim River Basin[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,25(2):176-182.(in Chinese))
[17] 赵新风,赵乐,徐海量,等.塔里木河干流人工与天然绿洲转化及适宜比例研究[J].人民长江,2017,48(24):41-47.(ZHAO Xinfeng,ZHAO Le,XU Hailiang,et al.Study on artificial and natural oasis mutual conversion process and their proper ratio in main stream of Tarim River[J].Yangtze River,2017,25(2):176-182.(in Chinese))
[18] 薛联青.生态塔河维系标准体系与调度管理[R].南京:河海大学水文水资源学院,2019.
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