德国汉堡生物医药集群研发和商务知识的网络结构与空间流动
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摘要
以德国汉堡生物医药集群为例,基于研发、商务两类人才的社会网络和空间流动,探讨不同认识视角、不同类型知识溢出的空间特征及形成机制。研究发现:①不同认识视角下知识溢出对地理距离的敏感性存在差异,知识流动相较于知识网络更加依赖地理邻近性。②不同类型知识的溢出具有差异化的空间需求,研发和商务知识溢出在多尺度空间上表现出强度和结构的异质性。③以大学、研究机构、产业协会和跨国企业为中心的地方产学研合作体系,创新能力均衡的国家城市体系以及发达国家之间的技术和商业合作推动知识网络的形成。分流教育和空间均衡的人才培养体系,国内充分的人才空间流动以及西欧北美地区的人才环流促进知识的空间流动。
Knowledge spillover driven by industrial clusters has been considered as a key underpinning for boosting regional innovation. This article takes a case study of the biomedical cluster in Hamburg, Germany,examining social networks and spatial flow of both R&D talents and business talents in order to discuss the geographical features and formation mechanisms of knowledge spillover based on different angles and knowledge bases respectively. Empirical results indicate that: 1) Sensitivity to spatial distance of knowledge spillover based on different perspectives are differentiated. In contrast to knowledge network, knowledge flow to a greater extent relies on geographical proximity. 2) Geographical requirements of knowledge spillover of different knowledge bases differ from each other. Scientific knowledge spillovers and business knowledge spillovers are remarkably different at multi-scales with respect to linking intensity and spatial structure. 3) Local ProductionStudy-Research cooperation system centered on universities, research institutes, industry associations, and leading enterprises, national balanced R&D-intensive urban system of bio-industry, and selective international research collaborations with global leading regions make a joint effort to the formation of scientific knowledge network. Local diversified industrial structure, national polycentric urban system, and widespread international business collaborations with countries based on geographical, social, and institutional proximity collectively shape business knowledge network. Educational streaming, geographically balanced national talent training system, widespread spatial flow of talents across the country, and circular flow of talents in Western Europe and North America jointly form knowledge flows.
Knowledge spillover driven by industrial clusters has been considered as a key underpinning for boosting regional innovation. This article takes a case study of the biomedical cluster in Hamburg, Germany,examining social networks and spatial flow of both R&D talents and business talents in order to discuss the geographical features and formation mechanisms of knowledge spillover based on different angles and knowledge bases respectively. Empirical results indicate that: 1) Sensitivity to spatial distance of knowledge spillover based on different perspectives are differentiated. In contrast to knowledge network, knowledge flow to a greater extent relies on geographical proximity. 2) Geographical requirements of knowledge spillover of different knowledge bases differ from each other. Scientific knowledge spillovers and business knowledge spillovers are remarkably different at multi-scales with respect to linking intensity and spatial structure. 3) Local ProductionStudy-Research cooperation system centered on universities, research institutes, industry associations, and leading enterprises, national balanced R&D-intensive urban system of bio-industry, and selective international research collaborations with global leading regions make a joint effort to the formation of scientific knowledge network. Local diversified industrial structure, national polycentric urban system, and widespread international business collaborations with countries based on geographical, social, and institutional proximity collectively shape business knowledge network. Educational streaming, geographically balanced national talent training system, widespread spatial flow of talents across the country, and circular flow of talents in Western Europe and North America jointly form knowledge flows.
引文
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[15]胡曙红,黄丽,范蓓蕾,等.中国高校创新产出的空间溢出效应与区域经济增长--基于省域数据的空间计量经济分析[J].地理科学,2016,36(12):1767-1776.[Hu Shuhong,Huang Li,Fan Beilei et al.Spatial spillover effects of innovative outputs of university and its impacts on regional economic growth of China:Based on spatial econometrics analysis of provincial data.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(12):1767-1776.]
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[17]Amin A,Roberts J.Knowing in action:Beyond communities of practice[J].Research Policy,2008,37(2):353-369.
[18]Grabher G,Ibert O.Distance as asset?Knowledge collaboration in hybrid virtual communities[J].Journal of Economic Geography,2014,14(1):97-123.
[19]苗长虹.全球-地方联结与产业集群的技术学习--以河南许昌发制品产业为例[J].地理学报,2006,61(4):425-434.[Miao Changhong.Global-local nexus and technological learning in industrial clutser:A case study of Hair-goods industry in Xuchang,Henan Province.Acta Geographica Sinica,2006,61(4):425-434.]
[20]曾刚,文嫮.上海浦东信息产业集群的建设[J].地理学报,2004,59(S1):59-66.[Zeng Gang,Wen Hu.A study on the IT cluster in Pudong of Shanghai.Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(S1):59-66.]
[21]Sunley P,Pinch S,Reimer S.Design capital:Practice and situated learning in London design agencies[J].Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,2011,36(3):377-392.
[22]汪涛,Hennemann S,Liefner I,等.知识网络空间结构演化及对NIS建设的启示--以我国生物技术知识为例[J].地理研究,2011,30(10):1861-1872.[Wang Tao,Hennemann S,Liefner I et al.Spatial structure evolution of knowledge network and its impact on the NIS:Case study of biotechnology in China.Geographical Research,2011,30(10):1861-1872.]
[23]Vallance P.Relational and dialectical spaces of knowing:knowledge,practice,and work in economic geography[J].Environment and Planning A,2011,43(5):1098-1117.
[24]Faulconbridge J R.Global architects:Learning and innovation through communities and constellations of practice[J].Environment and Planning A,2010,42(12):2842-2858.
[25]Maskell P.Accessing remote knowledge-the roles of trade fairs,pipelines,crowdsourcing and listening posts[J].Journal of Economic Geography,2014,14(5SI):883-902.
[26]Asheim T,Gertler M.Regional innovation systems and the geographical foundations of innovation[M]//J Fagerberg,D Mowery,R Nelson.The Oxford Handbook of Innovation.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2005.
[27]Asheim T,Coenen L,Vang J.Face-to-face,buzz,and knowledge bases:Sociospatial implications for learning,innovation,and innovation policy[J].Environment and Planning C:Government and Policy,2007,25(5):655-670.
[28]李丹丹,汪涛,魏也华,等.中国城市尺度科学知识网络与技术知识网络结构的时空复杂性[J].地理研究,2015,34(3):525-540.[Li Dandan,Wang Tao,Wei Yehua et al.Spatial and temporal complexity of scientific knowledge network and technological knowledge network on China’s urban scale.Geographical Research,2015,34(3):525-540.]
[29]周灿,曾刚,王丰龙,等.中国电子信息产业创新网络与创新绩效研究[J].地理科学,2017,35(5):661-671.[Zhou Can,Zeng Gang,Wang Fenglong et al.Innovation network structure and innovation performance:A study of China’s electronic information industry.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(5):661-671.]
[30]林兰,曾刚,吕国庆.基于创新“二分法”的中国装备制造业创新网络研究[J].地理科学,2017,37(10):1469-1477.[Lin Lan,Zeng Gang,Lyu Guoqing.Innovation network of the Chinese equipment manufacturing industry:Based on the dichotomy of innovation.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(10):1469-1477.]
[31]Shearmur R,Doloreux D.Knowledge-intensive business services(KIBS)use and user innovation:High-order services,geographic hierarchies and internet use in Quebec’s manufacturing sector[J].Regional Studies,2015,49(10):1654-1671.
[32]Tether B S,Li Q C,Mian A.Knowledge-bases,places,spatial configurations and the performance of knowledge-intensive professional service firms[J].Journal of Economic Geography,2012(12):969-1001.
[33]Bathelt H,Malmberg A,Maskell P.Clusters and knowledge:Local buzz,global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation[J].Progress in Human Geography,2004,28(1):31-56.
[34]吕拉昌,梁政骥,黄茹.中国主要城市间的创新联系研究[J].地理科学,2015,35(1):30-37.[Lyu Lachang,Liang Zhengji,Huang Ru.The innovation linkage among Chinese major cities.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2015,35(1):30-37.]
[35]何舜辉,杜德斌,焦美琪,等.中国地级以上城市创新能力的时空格局演变及影响因素分析[J].地理科学,2017,37(7):1014-1022.[He Shunhui,Du Debin,Jiao Meiqi et al.Spatial-temporal characteristics of urban innovation capability and impact factors analysis in China.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(7):1014-1022.]
[36]Kraetke S.Global Pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms’linkages in the world city network[J].Urban Studies,2014,51(6):1196-1213.
[37]Cooke P.Regional knowledge capabilities,embeddedness of firms and industry organisation:Bioscience megacentres and economic geography[J].EuropeanPlanningStudies,2004,12(5):625-641.
[2]吕拉昌,黄茹,廖倩.创新地理学研究的几个理论问题[J].地理科学,2016,36(5):653-661.[Lyu Lachang,Huang Ru,Liao Qian.Several theoretical issues on innovation geography.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(5):653-661.]
[3]Asheim B.The changing role of learning regions in the globalizing knowledge economy:A theoretical re-examination[J].Regional Studies,2012,46(8):993-1004.
[4]Martin R,Sunley P.Conceptualizing cluster evolution:Beyond the life cycle model[J].Regional Studies,2011,45(10):1239-1318.
[5]王缉慈.关于中国产业集群研究的若干概念辨析[J].地理学报,2004,59(S1):47-52.[Wang Jici.Some related concepts in China’s research of industrial cluster.Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(S1):47-52.]
[6]Iammarino S,McCann P.The structure and evolution of industrial clusters:Transactions,technology and knowledgths[J].Research Policy,2006,35(7):1018-1036.
[7]Ibert O.Relational distance:Sociocultural and time-spatial tensions in innovation practices[J].Environment and Planning A,2010,42(1):187-204.
[8]Manniche J,Moodysson J,Testa S.Combinatorial knowledge bases:An integrative and dynamic approach to innovation studies[J].Economic Geography,2017,93(5):480-499.
[9]Polanyi M.The tacit dimension[M].New York:Doubleday,1966.
[10]Gertler M,Levitte Y.Local nodes in global networks:The geography of knowledge flows in biotechnology innovation[J].Industry and Innovation,2005,12(4):487-507.
[11]Breschi S,Lissoni F.Knowledge spillovers and local innovation systems:A critical survey[J].Industrial and Corporate Change,2001,10(4):975-1005.
[12]Breschi S,Lissoni F.Mobility of skilled workers and co-invention networks:An anatomy of localized knowledge flows[J].Journal of Economic Geography,2009,9(4):439-468.
[13]Capello R,Faggian A.Collective learning and relational capital in local innovation processes[J].Regional Studies,2005,39(1):75-87.
[14]Jacobs W,Koster A,Van Oort F.Co-agglomeration of knowledge-intensive business services and multinational enterprises[J].Journal of Economic Geography,2014,14(2):443-475.
[15]胡曙红,黄丽,范蓓蕾,等.中国高校创新产出的空间溢出效应与区域经济增长--基于省域数据的空间计量经济分析[J].地理科学,2016,36(12):1767-1776.[Hu Shuhong,Huang Li,Fan Beilei et al.Spatial spillover effects of innovative outputs of university and its impacts on regional economic growth of China:Based on spatial econometrics analysis of provincial data.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(12):1767-1776.]
[16]Ibert O.Towards a geography of knowledge creation:The ambivalences between‘knowledge as an object’and‘knowing in practice’[J].Regional Studies,2007,41(1):103-114.
[17]Amin A,Roberts J.Knowing in action:Beyond communities of practice[J].Research Policy,2008,37(2):353-369.
[18]Grabher G,Ibert O.Distance as asset?Knowledge collaboration in hybrid virtual communities[J].Journal of Economic Geography,2014,14(1):97-123.
[19]苗长虹.全球-地方联结与产业集群的技术学习--以河南许昌发制品产业为例[J].地理学报,2006,61(4):425-434.[Miao Changhong.Global-local nexus and technological learning in industrial clutser:A case study of Hair-goods industry in Xuchang,Henan Province.Acta Geographica Sinica,2006,61(4):425-434.]
[20]曾刚,文嫮.上海浦东信息产业集群的建设[J].地理学报,2004,59(S1):59-66.[Zeng Gang,Wen Hu.A study on the IT cluster in Pudong of Shanghai.Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(S1):59-66.]
[21]Sunley P,Pinch S,Reimer S.Design capital:Practice and situated learning in London design agencies[J].Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,2011,36(3):377-392.
[22]汪涛,Hennemann S,Liefner I,等.知识网络空间结构演化及对NIS建设的启示--以我国生物技术知识为例[J].地理研究,2011,30(10):1861-1872.[Wang Tao,Hennemann S,Liefner I et al.Spatial structure evolution of knowledge network and its impact on the NIS:Case study of biotechnology in China.Geographical Research,2011,30(10):1861-1872.]
[23]Vallance P.Relational and dialectical spaces of knowing:knowledge,practice,and work in economic geography[J].Environment and Planning A,2011,43(5):1098-1117.
[24]Faulconbridge J R.Global architects:Learning and innovation through communities and constellations of practice[J].Environment and Planning A,2010,42(12):2842-2858.
[25]Maskell P.Accessing remote knowledge-the roles of trade fairs,pipelines,crowdsourcing and listening posts[J].Journal of Economic Geography,2014,14(5SI):883-902.
[26]Asheim T,Gertler M.Regional innovation systems and the geographical foundations of innovation[M]//J Fagerberg,D Mowery,R Nelson.The Oxford Handbook of Innovation.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2005.
[27]Asheim T,Coenen L,Vang J.Face-to-face,buzz,and knowledge bases:Sociospatial implications for learning,innovation,and innovation policy[J].Environment and Planning C:Government and Policy,2007,25(5):655-670.
[28]李丹丹,汪涛,魏也华,等.中国城市尺度科学知识网络与技术知识网络结构的时空复杂性[J].地理研究,2015,34(3):525-540.[Li Dandan,Wang Tao,Wei Yehua et al.Spatial and temporal complexity of scientific knowledge network and technological knowledge network on China’s urban scale.Geographical Research,2015,34(3):525-540.]
[29]周灿,曾刚,王丰龙,等.中国电子信息产业创新网络与创新绩效研究[J].地理科学,2017,35(5):661-671.[Zhou Can,Zeng Gang,Wang Fenglong et al.Innovation network structure and innovation performance:A study of China’s electronic information industry.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(5):661-671.]
[30]林兰,曾刚,吕国庆.基于创新“二分法”的中国装备制造业创新网络研究[J].地理科学,2017,37(10):1469-1477.[Lin Lan,Zeng Gang,Lyu Guoqing.Innovation network of the Chinese equipment manufacturing industry:Based on the dichotomy of innovation.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(10):1469-1477.]
[31]Shearmur R,Doloreux D.Knowledge-intensive business services(KIBS)use and user innovation:High-order services,geographic hierarchies and internet use in Quebec’s manufacturing sector[J].Regional Studies,2015,49(10):1654-1671.
[32]Tether B S,Li Q C,Mian A.Knowledge-bases,places,spatial configurations and the performance of knowledge-intensive professional service firms[J].Journal of Economic Geography,2012(12):969-1001.
[33]Bathelt H,Malmberg A,Maskell P.Clusters and knowledge:Local buzz,global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation[J].Progress in Human Geography,2004,28(1):31-56.
[34]吕拉昌,梁政骥,黄茹.中国主要城市间的创新联系研究[J].地理科学,2015,35(1):30-37.[Lyu Lachang,Liang Zhengji,Huang Ru.The innovation linkage among Chinese major cities.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2015,35(1):30-37.]
[35]何舜辉,杜德斌,焦美琪,等.中国地级以上城市创新能力的时空格局演变及影响因素分析[J].地理科学,2017,37(7):1014-1022.[He Shunhui,Du Debin,Jiao Meiqi et al.Spatial-temporal characteristics of urban innovation capability and impact factors analysis in China.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(7):1014-1022.]
[36]Kraetke S.Global Pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms’linkages in the world city network[J].Urban Studies,2014,51(6):1196-1213.
[37]Cooke P.Regional knowledge capabilities,embeddedness of firms and industry organisation:Bioscience megacentres and economic geography[J].EuropeanPlanningStudies,2004,12(5):625-641.
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