桥山栎林群落结构特征与物种多样性相关关系分析
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摘要
为了解森林群落结构特征与物种多样性之间的相关关系,以黄土高原桥山林区典型麻栎纯林、麻栎阔叶混交林和麻栎油松混交林为研究对象,调查分析了群落结构特征,计算物种重要值及物种多样性,并进行了冗余分析,结果表明:(1)麻栎油松混交林主要以乔木层胸径、树高、枝下高等最高;麻栎阔叶混交林以灌木层盖度、地径、冠幅、高度等最高;麻栎纯林以草本地径、草本盖度及草本冠幅最高。(2) 3种类型林分乔木层重要值最高的均为麻栎(Quercus acutissima),灌木层为狼牙刺(Sophora viciifolia)、南蛇藤(Celastrus orbiculatus)、胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor),草本层为苔草(Carex tristachya)。(3)麻栎油松混交林乔、灌层物种多样性较高,麻栎阔叶混交林以草本层物种多样性最高。(4)不同类型麻栎林群落结构特征与物种多样性关系有差异。松栎混交林中,对物种多样性影响最大的为乔木胸径、新稍长及灌木高度;麻栎阔叶混交林对物种多样性影响最大的为灌木层高度及冠幅;麻栎纯林中,对物种多样性影响最大的为乔木胸径。(5)麻栎油松混交林、麻栎阔叶混交林的胸径、树高、物种多样较麻栎纯林高,具有较高木材生产能力和生态防护功能,是未来森林经营培育的方向。
To understand the coupling relationship between forest community characteristics and species diversity, three typical communities(pure forest of Quercus acutissima, mixed forest of Q. acutissima with various broad-leaved trees, and mixed forest of Q. acutissima with Pinus tabuliformis), were selected at Qiaoshan, southern Loess Plateau, to measure the community characteristics(height, diameter at breast height, and coverage). According to these indices, important values and species diversity were calculated, and redundancy analysis(RDA) was performed. The results showed that(1) the height and diameter at breast height and clear tree bole height of the arbor layer of Q. acutissima with P. tabuliformis were the highest in the mixed forest; the shrub height, shrub crown width, shrub ground diameter, shrub coverage were the highest in the mixed forest of Q. acutissima with various broad-leaved trees; and the herb ground diameter, herb coverage, and herb crown width were the highest in pure forest of Q. acutissima.(2) In three different forests, the important value of Q. acutissima in the tree layer was maximal, and the dominative species in the shrub layer were Sophora viciifolia, Celastrus orbiculatus, and Lespedeza bicolor, and that in the herb layer was Carex tristachya.(3) The biodiversity index of trees and shrubs in the mixed forest of Q. acutissima with P. tabuliformis were the highest, while the diversity index of herbs in the mixed forest of Q. acutissima and various broad-leaved trees were the highest.(4) There were differences in the relationships between the community structure characteristics and species diversity of different types of Q. acutissima forests. In the mixed forests of Q. acutissima with P. tabuliformis, the DBH, new twig length, and height of the shrub had the highest impact on species diversity. In the mixed forests of Q. acutissima with various broad-leaved trees, the height and crown width of the shrub had the highest impact on species diversity. In the pure forests of Q. acutissima, the DBH had the highest impact on species diversity.(5) Tree diameter breast height, tree height, and species diversity in the Q. acutissima with P. tabuliformis forest and in the mixed forest of Q. acutissima with various broad-leaved trees were higher than that in the pure forest of Q. acutissima. We can conclude that these two forest types have high wood productivity and ecological protection capacity, and can be the direction of future forest management.
To understand the coupling relationship between forest community characteristics and species diversity, three typical communities(pure forest of Quercus acutissima, mixed forest of Q. acutissima with various broad-leaved trees, and mixed forest of Q. acutissima with Pinus tabuliformis), were selected at Qiaoshan, southern Loess Plateau, to measure the community characteristics(height, diameter at breast height, and coverage). According to these indices, important values and species diversity were calculated, and redundancy analysis(RDA) was performed. The results showed that(1) the height and diameter at breast height and clear tree bole height of the arbor layer of Q. acutissima with P. tabuliformis were the highest in the mixed forest; the shrub height, shrub crown width, shrub ground diameter, shrub coverage were the highest in the mixed forest of Q. acutissima with various broad-leaved trees; and the herb ground diameter, herb coverage, and herb crown width were the highest in pure forest of Q. acutissima.(2) In three different forests, the important value of Q. acutissima in the tree layer was maximal, and the dominative species in the shrub layer were Sophora viciifolia, Celastrus orbiculatus, and Lespedeza bicolor, and that in the herb layer was Carex tristachya.(3) The biodiversity index of trees and shrubs in the mixed forest of Q. acutissima with P. tabuliformis were the highest, while the diversity index of herbs in the mixed forest of Q. acutissima and various broad-leaved trees were the highest.(4) There were differences in the relationships between the community structure characteristics and species diversity of different types of Q. acutissima forests. In the mixed forests of Q. acutissima with P. tabuliformis, the DBH, new twig length, and height of the shrub had the highest impact on species diversity. In the mixed forests of Q. acutissima with various broad-leaved trees, the height and crown width of the shrub had the highest impact on species diversity. In the pure forests of Q. acutissima, the DBH had the highest impact on species diversity.(5) Tree diameter breast height, tree height, and species diversity in the Q. acutissima with P. tabuliformis forest and in the mixed forest of Q. acutissima with various broad-leaved trees were higher than that in the pure forest of Q. acutissima. We can conclude that these two forest types have high wood productivity and ecological protection capacity, and can be the direction of future forest management.
引文
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[3] 丁晖,方炎明,杨新虎,袁发银,何立恒,姚剑飞,吴俊,迟斌,李垚,陈水飞,陈婷婷,徐海根.黄山亚热带常绿阔叶林的群落特征.生物多样性,2016,24(8):875- 887.
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[13] 赖江山,米湘成.基于Vegan软件包的生态学数据排序分析//第九届全国生物多样性保护与持续利用研讨会论文集.厦门:国际生物多样性计划中国委员会,中国科学院生命科学与生物技术局,2010.
[14] Jan L,Petr S.Multivariate analysis of ecological data using CANOCO.Cambridge University Press,2003:193- 193.
[15] Montagnini F,González E,Porras C,Rheingans R.Mixed and pure forest plantations in the humid neotropics:a comparison of early growth,pest damage and establishment costs.The Commonwealth Forestry Review,1995,74(4):306- 314.
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[17] 毛志宏,朱教君.干扰对植物群落物种组成及多样性的影响.生态学报,2006,26(8):2695- 2701.
[18] Buckley D S,Crow T R,Nauertz E A,Schulz K E.Influence of skid trails and haul roads on understory plant richness and composition in managed forest landscapes in Upper Michigan,USA.Forest Ecology and Management,2003,175(1/3):509- 520.
[19] 边巴多吉,郭泉水,次柏,罗大庆,等.西藏冷杉原始林林隙对草本植物和灌木树种多样性的影响.应用生态学报,2004,15(2):191- 194.
[20] Sagar R,Raghubanshi A S,Singh J S.Tree species composition,dispersion and diversity along a disturbance gradient in a dry tropical forest region of India.Forest Ecology and Management,2003,186(1/3):61- 71.
[21] de Grandpre L,Bergeron Y.Diversity and stability of understorey communities following disturbance in the southern boreal forest.Journal of Ecology,1997,85(6):777- 784.
[22] Gurarni D,Arya N,Yadava A,Ram J.Studies on plant biodiversity of pure Pinus roxburghii sarg.forest and mixed pine-oak forest in uttarakhand Himalaya.New York Science Journal,2010,3(8):1- 5.
[23] White P S.Pattern,process,and natural disturbance in vegetation.The Botanical Review,1979,45(3):229- 299.
[24] Connell J H.Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs.Science,1978,199(4335):1302- 1310.
[25] Collins S L,Glenn S M,Gibson D J.Experimental analysis of intermediate disturbance and initial floristic composition:decoupling cause and effect.Ecology,1995,76(2):486- 492.
[26] Mackey R L,Currie D J.The diversity-disturbance relationship:is it generally strong and peaked?Ecology,2001,82(12):3479- 3492.
[27] Cannon C H,Peart D R,Leighton M.Tree species diversity in commercially logged bornean rainforest.Science,1998,281(5381):1366- 1368.
[28] Thomas S C,Halpern C B,Falk D A,Liguori D A,Austin K A.Plant diversity in managed forests:understory responses to thinning and fertilization.Ecological Applications,1999,9(3):864- 879.
[29] 张建宇,王文杰,杜红居,仲召亮,肖路,周伟,张波,王洪元.大兴安岭呼中地区3种林分的群落特征、物种多样性差异及其耦合关系.生态学报,2018,38(13):4684- 4693.
[30] 汪媛燕,王立,满多清.民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带群落特征及其物种多样性研究.四川农业大学学报,2014,32(4):355- 361.
[31] 王磊,高贤明,孙书存.岷江上游人工油松林群落空间结构:物种丰富度和盖度.林业科学,2004,40(6):8- 12.
[32] 张佳,李生宇,靳正忠,雷加强.防护林下草本植物层片物种多样性与环境因子的关系.干旱区研究,2011,28(1):118- 125.
[2] 苏宇乔,薛跃规,范蓓蓓,莫佛艳,冯慧喆.广西流星天坑植物群落结构与多样性.西北植物学报,2016,36(11):2300- 2306.
[3] 丁晖,方炎明,杨新虎,袁发银,何立恒,姚剑飞,吴俊,迟斌,李垚,陈水飞,陈婷婷,徐海根.黄山亚热带常绿阔叶林的群落特征.生物多样性,2016,24(8):875- 887.
[4] 李皓宇,彭逸生,刘嘉健,王树功,陈桂珠.粤东沿海红树林物种组成与群落特征.生态学报,2016,36(1):252- 260.
[5] 刘灿然,马克平.北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性的研究.生态学报,1997,17(6):584- 592.
[6] Lindenmayer D B,Franklin J F,Fischer J.General management principles and a checklist of strategies to guide forest biodiversity conservation.Biological Conservation,2006,131(3):433- 445.
[7] Bordelon M A,McAllister D C,Holloway R.Sustainable forestry:Oregon style.Journal of Forestry,2000,98(1):26- 34.
[8] 吕江鱼.陕西省森林分区抚育经营初探.陕西林业科技,2016,(2):32- 35.
[9] 薛文艳,杨斌,张文辉,于世川.桥山林区麻栎种群不同发育阶段空间格局及关联性.生态学报,2017,37(10):3375- 3384.
[10] 黄财智,张文辉,李罡,于世川,尤健健.间伐强度对黄桥林区辽东栎林结实规律的影响.应用生态学报,2016,27(11):3413- 3419.
[11] 马克平,黄建辉,于顺利,陈灵芝.北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性的研究Ⅱ丰富度、均匀度和物种多样性指数.生态学报,1995,15(3):268- 277.
[12] Dixon P.VEGAN,a package of R functions for community ecology.Journal of Vegetation Science,2010,14(6):927- 930.
[13] 赖江山,米湘成.基于Vegan软件包的生态学数据排序分析//第九届全国生物多样性保护与持续利用研讨会论文集.厦门:国际生物多样性计划中国委员会,中国科学院生命科学与生物技术局,2010.
[14] Jan L,Petr S.Multivariate analysis of ecological data using CANOCO.Cambridge University Press,2003:193- 193.
[15] Montagnini F,González E,Porras C,Rheingans R.Mixed and pure forest plantations in the humid neotropics:a comparison of early growth,pest damage and establishment costs.The Commonwealth Forestry Review,1995,74(4):306- 314.
[16] 杨恩让,韩昭侠.秦岭华山松红桦混交林与纯林生长调查.陕西林业科技,2013,(5):10- 12,38- 38.
[17] 毛志宏,朱教君.干扰对植物群落物种组成及多样性的影响.生态学报,2006,26(8):2695- 2701.
[18] Buckley D S,Crow T R,Nauertz E A,Schulz K E.Influence of skid trails and haul roads on understory plant richness and composition in managed forest landscapes in Upper Michigan,USA.Forest Ecology and Management,2003,175(1/3):509- 520.
[19] 边巴多吉,郭泉水,次柏,罗大庆,等.西藏冷杉原始林林隙对草本植物和灌木树种多样性的影响.应用生态学报,2004,15(2):191- 194.
[20] Sagar R,Raghubanshi A S,Singh J S.Tree species composition,dispersion and diversity along a disturbance gradient in a dry tropical forest region of India.Forest Ecology and Management,2003,186(1/3):61- 71.
[21] de Grandpre L,Bergeron Y.Diversity and stability of understorey communities following disturbance in the southern boreal forest.Journal of Ecology,1997,85(6):777- 784.
[22] Gurarni D,Arya N,Yadava A,Ram J.Studies on plant biodiversity of pure Pinus roxburghii sarg.forest and mixed pine-oak forest in uttarakhand Himalaya.New York Science Journal,2010,3(8):1- 5.
[23] White P S.Pattern,process,and natural disturbance in vegetation.The Botanical Review,1979,45(3):229- 299.
[24] Connell J H.Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs.Science,1978,199(4335):1302- 1310.
[25] Collins S L,Glenn S M,Gibson D J.Experimental analysis of intermediate disturbance and initial floristic composition:decoupling cause and effect.Ecology,1995,76(2):486- 492.
[26] Mackey R L,Currie D J.The diversity-disturbance relationship:is it generally strong and peaked?Ecology,2001,82(12):3479- 3492.
[27] Cannon C H,Peart D R,Leighton M.Tree species diversity in commercially logged bornean rainforest.Science,1998,281(5381):1366- 1368.
[28] Thomas S C,Halpern C B,Falk D A,Liguori D A,Austin K A.Plant diversity in managed forests:understory responses to thinning and fertilization.Ecological Applications,1999,9(3):864- 879.
[29] 张建宇,王文杰,杜红居,仲召亮,肖路,周伟,张波,王洪元.大兴安岭呼中地区3种林分的群落特征、物种多样性差异及其耦合关系.生态学报,2018,38(13):4684- 4693.
[30] 汪媛燕,王立,满多清.民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带群落特征及其物种多样性研究.四川农业大学学报,2014,32(4):355- 361.
[31] 王磊,高贤明,孙书存.岷江上游人工油松林群落空间结构:物种丰富度和盖度.林业科学,2004,40(6):8- 12.
[32] 张佳,李生宇,靳正忠,雷加强.防护林下草本植物层片物种多样性与环境因子的关系.干旱区研究,2011,28(1):118- 125.